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고려 중.후기 '임진도로(臨津渡路)'의 부상(浮上)과 그 영향
정요근 한국역사연구회 2006 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.59
The Growth of the Imjindo-ro(臨津渡路) Route and Its Influence during the Middle and Late Era of the Kory Dynasty
정요근 진단학회 2006 진단학보 Vol.- No.101
A Study on Postal Station’s Residents and its Functions as a Local Administration Unit during the Early Era of Kory Dynasty 驛은 삼국시대 이래 전근대시기 중앙정부에 의해 운영되었던 핵심적인 공적 교통통신기관이었다. 이 글은 고려전기 역의 성격을 인적 구성의 측면과 지방 행정단위로서의 측면에 주목하여 파악하는 것에 그 목적이 있다. 고려전기의 驛屬層은 신분적 측면에서 驛吏, 驛丁戶, 驛白丁, 驛奴婢 등으로 구분되었다. 그 중에서 역정호층은 急走나 轉運 등 역의 실무를 담당하였던 驛役의 핵심담당층이었으며, 사실상 역리층도 역정호층의 상층부로 간주되었다. 따라서 역의 기능이 온전히 작동하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 역정호층을 확보하는 것이 가장 중요하였으며, 국가에서 전국의 역을 규모에 따라 분류할 때에도 역정호의 인원수가 주요한 기준이 되었다.또한 역속층은 지역공동체적 기반 위에 존재하였다. 이러한 지역공동체적 기반은 역정호층을 역속층 내부로부터 안정적으로 수급하도록 하는 주요한 장치가 되었다. 또한 중앙정부는 역속층에 대한 신분적 차별을 공고히 하는 법제적 규정을 마련하여 역속층을 역에 세습적으로 긴박시키고자 하였다. 이러한 역속층의 지역공동체적 기반은 신라하대로부터 기원한 것이며, 그 기본적인 성격은 13세기 몽고침입기까지도 유지되고 있었다. 하지만 역은 영역적인 측면에서 소재하는 上位郡縣에 예속되어 있었다. 상위군현은 역속층에 대한 戶口案 작성의 권한을 가지고 있었고, 田租나 貢物의 납부, 유사시 軍役의 동원 등을 통해 역속층을 통제하고 간섭할 수 있었다. 그러나 한편으로 역은 군현제의 영역과는 구별되는 독자적인 행정단위로 기능하고 있었다. 각 역은 驛道를 단위로 館驛使의 관할 하에 놓여 있었으며, 관역사의 권한이나 기능 및 관할 범위 등은 道制 등 郡縣制의 행정체계와는 구별되는 독자적인 체계를 갖추고 있었다. 이상과 같은 상위군현 및 관역사에 의한 이중적 통치체제는 역로망을 군현제 행정단위의 영향력으로부터 분리시켜 중앙정부의 통제 하에 두고자 하는 것에 그 목적이 있었다. 또한 이러한 역로망 운영의 특성은 국초 이래 외방의 변란 가능성과 외적의 위협에 대처하여 역로망을 원활히 운영하고자 하는 역사적 경험을 통해서 고착화되었다. 따라서 고려전기 개별 역에 대한 상위군현과 관역사의 이중적 통치체제는 국초 이래의 역의 지역공동체적 성격을 온존시키면서 역의 기능을 효율적으로 작동하도록 하는 고려전기 지방 통치방식의 주요한 측면으로 이해할 수 있다.
경상도 지역의 사례를 통해 분석한 여말선초 수령관(守令官) 신설의 역사적 의미
정요근 한국중세사학회 2024 한국중세사연구 Vol.- No.76
Previous studies have emphasized that establishing local magistrates in the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties was part of creating a new ruling system under the leadership of the so-called Neo-Confucian Literati who founded Joseon. Conversely, this paper empirically criticized the existing views that gave excessive historical significance to the reorganization of the local government system in the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties. The reform of the local government system during the period, which is represented by the establishment of the deputy magistrates called gammu or hyeongam, cannot be directly linked to the policy reforms for realizing the ideology behind Joseon’s establishment led by the Neo-Confucian Literati. The historical significance of establishing local magistrates in the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties should be limited, considering that it followed the trend of increasing the number of magistrates that had begun in the mid-Goryeo dynasty and triggered the institutionalization of the drastic difference in scale between the large counties called dae-eup, and the small counties called so-eup. There was a considerable difference in scale between the traditional large and small counties with the newly established local magistrates during the Joseon dynasty, as the number of households and population of the two units differed even by ten times. This characteristic, which was identified since the deputy magistrates were established in the subordinate county units, sokhyeon, in the mid-Goryeo dynasty, was maintained even after the reform in the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties to last until the late Joseon dynasty.
12~15세기 지방 제도 개편의 전개와 그 역사적 의미 -양광도 지역의 고을 연혁 분석을 중심으로-
정요근 한국중세사학회 2019 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.57
The organization of the Juhyeon(control counties) and Sokhyeon(subordinate counties) is one of the most distinctive characteristics of the regional system during the Goryeo dynasty. Academic circles have so far interpreted the disintegration of Goryeo’s Juhyeon and Sokhyeon system and the dispatch of local governors to each county as progress and development of the Joseon dynasty, which succeeded in developing the centralized system of government. This study examined the changes made in the organization of counties in Yangwang-do Circuit during three periods -the mid-Goryeo period, the Yuan intervention period and the late Goryeo and early Joseon period in order to verify whether the disintegration of the Juhyeon and Sokhyeon system was a product of the dynasty change from Goryeo to Joseon. This paper placed particular emphasis on the change in the status of the counties and their local governors during the approximately 350 years from the twelfth century to the mid-fifteenth century and examined how the regional organization during the Goryeo dynasty transformed into the system of the Joseon dynasty in the long run. The disintegration of the Sokhyeon began when the Gammu(deputy magistrate) was appointed in the mid-Goryeo period and the Juhyeon and Sokhyeon system was virtually destroyed during the Yuan intervention. Abolishing the Juhyeon and Sokhyeon, therefore, had no direct link to the founding of Joseon or the forces that led the founding. While the regional organization of the Joseon dynasty partly incorporated the regional system reorganized in the late Goryeo and early Joseon period, it was essentially a product of a number of reorganizations which began from the twelfth century and continued during the Yuan intervention and the early Joseon dynasty.
정요근 한국중세사학회 2013 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.37
Northeast Asian Historical Atlas Compilation Project supported by Northeast History Foundation has produced Goryeo dynasty’s historical maps of the eleven periods from the 23rd year of King Taejo to the 3rd year of King Gongyang on the basis of changes of boundary, territory and local administrative system. This project employs the cartographic way of digital map using GIS software. Historical map of each period is produced in the form of entire map of the whole Goryeo territory, but detailed maps of provincial areas, focusing on two or three periods, are additionally made. Over 500 cities and counties’ ruling centers are going to be displayed in the entire map of Goryeo on the scale of approximately 1:2,000,000. Provincial areas and upper ruling boundary of major cities called ‘do’, ‘gyesugwan’ and ‘juhyeon’ are also expressed. In addition to the geographical factors drawn on the entire map, centers of lower level’s towns such as ‘hyang’, ‘bugok’, ‘so’ and ‘yeok’ are displayed on detailed maps of provincial areas on the scale from 1:600,000 to 1:700,000, and traditionally famous mountains, mountain passes and rivers, and every city and county’s boundary lines are also expressed on the detailed maps. These Goryeo historical maps are produced on the reflection of academic accumulations of Goryeo local history. Therefore, after the publication these maps are expected to be meaningful reference on the study of Goryeo history.