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전방언 京畿大學校 傳統藝術大學院 2005 국내석사
蘇軾의 자는 子膽이고 호는 東坡이며 지금의 四川省 眉山縣 사람이다. 그는 북송 시대의 걸출한 문학가로 詩·辭·文章의 각 방면에 모두 탁월한 성취를 이루었고 저작으로는 《東坡全集》 일백여권이 있다. 散文家로서의 소식은 그의 스승인 歐陽修와 더불어 宋代 산문운동을 주도하여 唐代 韓愈·柳宗元에 의해 시작된 古文運動의 道統精神과 문학이론을 계승한 인물로 평가된다. 또한 밝고 웅장한 그의 辭는 호방한 辭風의 破散調辭가 되었으며 자연스럽고 꾸밈이 없는 그의 문장은 후세에 "唐宋八大家"의 한 사람으로 손꼽힐 정도였다. 소식은 蔡襄·黃庭堅·米帶등과 함께 宋 四大書藝家의 한사람으로 추앙되고 있으며, 墨竹의 대가이며 朱竹의 창시자로서 당시의 畵竹大家였던 文同과 더불어 宋代를 대표하는 文人畵家로 손꼽히고 있다. 특히 그에 의해서 본격적으로 주장되고 실천된 詩·書·畵 一律論은 중국 전통의 시·서·화에 내재된 예술정신을 일관된 축으로 관통하여 형성된 이론이라는 점에서 중국 문학·서예·회화사상사적인 견지에서 볼 때 대단히 큰 의의를 가지며 후대의 중국문화에 막대한 영향을 끼쳤다. 이러한 소식의 시문과 서화는 우리나라에도 적지 않은 영향을 끼쳤는데 일찍이 고려시대 부터 이미 우리의 문단은 소식의 영향을 크게 받고 있었다. 아울러 조선시대에 이르러서도 소식의 영향은 지속적으로 조선의 詩壇과 書壇에 작용하게 되는데, 조선시대를 대표하는 서예가인 秋史 金正喜와 紫霞 申緯 등은 특히 소식의 영향을 많이 받았다. 소식은 서예를 사대부의 취미요 자기 심령을 만족시켜 주는 일종의 유희로 보았다. 따라서 그는 韻趣와 속되지 않는 서예를 추구하면서 동시에 고상한 감상 취미와 높은 안목을 내세우고 있다. 그는 또한 뛰어난 감정가이면서 한편으로는 구속감 없으며 진실 되고 정감과 취미가 충만 되어 있는 題跋體의 서론을 개척하였다. 이러한 서예가의 인품과 수양이 글씨쓰는 것 못지않게 중요하다는 것을 간접적으로 시사하는 것으로 서예의 문인정신을 나타내는 근본적 사상이기도하다. 소식의 서론중에서 가장 특징적인 것은 寫意를 주장하면서 그것은 마땅히 出新意가 되어야 하고 또한 글씨가 속되지 않기위해서는 당연히 학문이 전제되어야 하므로 書卷氣와 인품을 중시하게 되었다. 이것이 발전하여 서품과 인품을 함께 논하는 論書及人이 되었으며 속되지 않기 위해서는 작품에서 자연스럽고 천진난만한 自然天趣가 있어야 한다는 것으로 후세에 많은 영향을 주었다. A pseudonym of Soshik(蘇軾) was Jacheom(子膽) and a pen name was Pajuk(東坡), and he came from current day Sacheonsung Esanhyeon(四川省 眉山縣). He was an outstanding literary figure in North Song(Buk Song) era and well-versed in various fields, and wrote about hundred books including ≪ Pajukjeonjip(東坡全集) ≫ . Soshik as a prose writer, he led the Song era's prose movement together with his teacher, Guyangsu(歐陽修). Thus, he was evaluated as a successor of the Philosophy of Enlightenment(道統精神) and literary theory of the Old Literary Movement(古文運動) initiated by Tang era's Hanyoo(韓愈) and Ujongwon(柳宗元). Moreover, his clear and splendid language(辭) became 'Pasanjosa(破散調辭)' of the broad-minded language style. His natural and simple sentences made him to be ranked as one of the "8 Masters from the Era of Tang and Song". Soshik is honored as one of the '4 Calligraphy Masters' of Song along with Chaeyang(蔡襄), Hwangjeonggyeon(黃庭堅) and Mibul(미불), was a great master of a 'Chinese-ink painting depicting bamboo(墨竹)', was an innovator of the red bamboo painting(朱竹), and is ranked as the representative of the Song era's literary painters together with Mundong(文同) who was a great master of bamboo paintings of that time. In particular, the unitary theory of poetry · calligraphy · painting (詩 · 書 · 畵 一律論) which was promoted and practiced largely by Soshik, was a theory formed through the coherent comprehension of the artistic spirit implied in the traditional Chinese poetry, calligraphy, and painting. Thus it had enormous significance from the perspectives of Chinese history of literature, calligraphy and painting, and had great impact on the Chinese culture as well. Such poetry and calligraphy paintings of Soshik also significantly influenced Korean literary trends, already from the Koryo era. Furthermore, the influence of Soshik was constantly present on poetry and calligraphy trends of Chosun, and especially the great calligrapher representing Chosun, Chusa Kim Jeonghee(秋史 金正喜), and Jaha Shinwi(紫雷 申緯) were heavily influenced by him. Soshik considered the calligraphy as a kind of play that satisfied spirit of oneself and as a hobby for Sadaebu(scholars and the privileged). Thus he pursued the unworldly calligraphy with a refined taste, and established elegant appreciation habit and deep insight simultaneously. He was also an outstanding appreciator and pioneered to develope a title and epilogue theory(題跋體) which was truthful, emotional, and with elegant taste and without sense of restraint. It was a fundamental philosophy indicating a literary scholar's spirit, and was indirectly suggesting that the character and cultivation of the calligrapher were equally significant as the writing itself. The most distinctive feature of the writing theory of Soshik was the promotion of allegory which should create new meanings(出薪意) therewith, and was the promotion of spirit of the writing and books(書卷氣) and character of the writer which had a scholarship as proposition so as not to let the writings be secular. These were developed into a 'debate writing and contemplate writer(論書及人) theory' that discussed both the writing and one's character. It meant that the work should possess the quality of naive 'taste of the natural(自然天趣)', and it influenced widely to the descendants.
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전방언 한국항공대학교 산업경영대학원 2009 국내석사
Cases of In-flight disturbance have been increased significantly in recent years and there are many signs that it is getting worse. In light of the fact that any unruly and offensive behaviors by passengers may harm the safety of other passengers and airline employees as well as that of the judicial authorities of many countries, airlines and international organizations. Commercial air carriers are in the best position to enact and implement safety and security measures that would deter dangerous passenger behavior Airlines should immediately change certain practices and implement new policies and procedures for identifying and responding to potentially disruptive passengers. Airlines should adopt policies and procedures for handling unruly passenger behavior, such as those suggested in the IATA guidelines. These policies and procedures must be supported by on-board mechanisms for monitoring passenger behavior. Passengers should be advised that the airlines will not tolerate certain prohibited behavior. Passengers should be given written notification of violations, and the airlines should readily enforce the available criminal and civil penalties when incidents occur. Airlines should make this information available at airline counters, at the gates, and in airline in-flight magazines. Preventive measures can impact the number of violent incidents that occur on-board commercial flights.
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