실감형 메타클래스(Meta Class)를 적용한신병 정신전력교육 교수학습설계 및 평가방안 제안

전도연,신영욱 국방정신전력원 2024 정신전력연구 Vol.- No.76

본 논문은 선행 연구인 “실감·체감·공감의 신병 정신전력교육 발전방안 연구”(전도연 외, 2022)와 “신병 정신전력교육을 위한 실감형 메타클래스(Meta Class) 교수학습설계”(전도연, 신영욱, 2023)의 후행 연구로서, 실감형 교육인 메타클래스 교수학습설계에서의 알맞는 평가체계 및 평가방안을 구체화하기 위해 연구되었다. 앞서 두 차례의 선행 연구를 통해 연구자는 ‘시, 공간을 초월한 / 현재 교육을 넘어선’ 의미인 메타(Meta)와 ‘교수학습, 학급, 수업’을 의미하는 클래스(Class)를 접목한 교수학습설계로서, ICT 기술발전과 변화된 교육환경, 그리고 Z세대 신병의 성향을 반영한 학습자 중심의 자기주도형, 실감형 메타클래스 교수학습의 정의와 구체적인 교수학습설계를 제시한 바 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 교수학습의 방식과 도구가 변화한 만큼 평가체계 및 방안에서도 새로운 방식과 도구의 활용이 필요하다는 문제의식을 갖고, 이를 기반으로 다음과 같은 연구 내용을 설정하였다. 【연구 내용 1】 실감형 메타클래스를 적용한 교수학습설계는 어떠한가? 【연구 내용 2】 실감형 메타클래스 교수학습에서의 평가방안은 어떠한가? 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 선행연구에서 제시한 실감형 신병 정신전력교육인 메타클래스(Meta Class) 교수학습설계의 개선안을 제시하고, 이와 더불어 구체적인 평가 기준으로서의 평가 루브릭과 VR 콘텐츠를 평가 도구로 활용한 새로운 평가방안을 제안하고자 한다. 군 정신전력교육의 방식은 지난 70여 년의 세월 동안 여러 가지 시도를 통하여 지속적으로 발전해 왔다. 그리고 지금은 4차 산업혁명의 발전된 ICT 기술과 Z세대 신병의 성향을 적극적으로 반영한 새로운 교육방식에 대한 시도가 이어지고 있다. 특히, 2022년부터 육군훈련소와 육군에서 시작한 메타클래스를 적용한 신병 정신전력교육은 군 정신전력 교육의 새 지평을 열었다는 점에서 큰 의미가 있다. 본 논문에서 제시하는 메타클래스 교수학습설계와 평가방안 역시 사회의 변화를 수용하는 동시에 대한민국의 자유민주주의 가치 수호에 이바지하기 위한 하나의 시도로서 바라봐 주길 바란다. This paper is a follow-up study of previous studies such as “Study on the Development of New Mental Power Education of Real Sense, Feeling, and Empathy”(Jeon Do-yeon, Shin Young-wook, 2023) and “Realistic Meta-Class Teaching and Learning Design for New Mental Power Education”(Jeon Do-yeon, Shin Young-wook, 2023). Through two previous studies, the researcher proposed the definition and specific teaching and learning design of meta-class teaching and learning, which reflects the development of ICT technology, the changed educational environment, and the tendency of Gen Z recruits. Therefore, in this paper, as the methods and tools of teaching and learning have changed, the following research contents were established based on the awareness that new methods and tools need to be used in the evaluation system and method. 【1】 What about the teaching and learning design applying the realistic meta-class in the first of research content? 【2】 What is the evaluation plan in the realistic meta-class teaching and learning in the second of research content? Accordingly, this paper proposes an improvement plan for the Meta Class teaching and learning design, which is a realistic new mental power education presented in previous studies, and proposes a new evaluation plan using evaluation rubric and VR content as specific evaluation criteria. The method of military mental power education has been continuously developed through various attempts over the past 70 years. And now, attempts are being made on new educational methods that actively reflect the advanced ICT technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the tendency of Gen Z recruits. In particular, recruit mental strength education applying meta-class, which began in the Army training center and the Army in 2022, is of great significance in that it opened a new horizon for mental strength education. I hope that the meta-class teaching and learning design and evaluation plan presented in this paper will also be viewed as an attempt to contribute to the protection of the values of liberal democracy in the Republic of Korea while accepting changes in society.

Differential Intracellular Localization of Mitotic Centromere-associated Kinesin (MCAK) During Cell Cycle Progression in Human Jurkat T Cells

전도연,류석우,김수정,김영호,Jun Do Youn,Rue Seok Woo,Kim Su-Jung,Kim Young Ho Korean Society of Life Science 2005 생명과학회지 Vol.15 No.2

인체 MCAK 단백질을 Escherichia. coli에서 재조합 단백질로 발현하였다. 이를 SDS-PAGE 후 electroelution으로 정제하고 항원으로 사용하여 rat에서 다클론성 항체생성을 유도한 결과, 생성된 항체는 Western blot analysis에 의해 인체 MCAK 단백질 (81 kDa)을 특이적으로 인식할 수 있었으며, Jurkat T cells과 293T cells에 있어서 MCAK 단백질의 대부분이 핵 내에 위치함을 확인할 수 있었다. 세포주기에 따른 MCAK 단백질의 발현양의 변화를 조사하기 위해, Jurkat T cells을 Hydroxy urea 또는 Nocodazole의 처리로 $G_{1}/S$ boundary 그리고 $G_{2}/M$ boundary에 blocking하고 이로부터 release 시키는 시간을 달리하여 다양한 세포주기상에 위치한 Jurkat T cells을 확보하였다. 각각의 Jurkat T cells로부터 cell lysate를 얻어서 Western blot analysis를 시도한 결과, MCAK 발현양은 S phase에서 가장 높았으며 MCAK의 SDS-PAGE상의 mobility가 81 kDa에서 84 kDa로 shift됨을 확인하였다. MCAK의 전기영동상의 mobility shift에 의한 slow moving $p84^{HsMCAK}$는 S phase 후반부터 나타나기 시작하며 $G_{2}/M$ phase에 최대였고 $G_{1}$, phase에서는 확인되지 않았다. 이는 세포주기에 따라 MCAK의 단백질의 인산화 양상이 달라짐을 시사한다. 생성된 항체를 이용한 Immunocytochemical analysis의 결과, 인체 MCAK 단백질은 세포주기의 interphase에서는 주로 중심체와 핵에 존재하며, M phase의 각 단계에 따라서 spindle pole, centromere, spindle fiber 또는 midbody에 존재함을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 E. coli에서 발현된 재조합 HsMCAK 단백질을 항원으로 하여 rat에서 생산한 다클론성 항체가 HsMCAK 단백질을 특이적으로 인식할 수 있음과 또한 HsMCAK 단백질의 인산화를 나타내는 SDS-PAGE상의 mobility-shift가 $G_{2}/M$ phase에 최대에 도달하는 양상으로 세포주기에 따라 변동됨을 나타내며, HsMCAK의 인산화와 HsMCAK의 세포 내 위치간의 관련성을 시사한다. 아울러 이러한 연구결과는 hamster 및 Xenopus 등에서 주로 연구되고 있는 MCAK의 세포주기상의 주요기능이 인체세포에도 적용될 수 있음을 시사한다. Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), which is a member of the Kin I (internal motor domain) subfamily of kinesin-related proteins, is known to play a role in mitotic segregation of chromosome during M phase of the cell cycle. In the present study, we have produced a rat polyclonal antibody using human MCAK (HsMCAK) expressed in E. coli as the antigen. The antibody specifically recognized the HsMCAK protein (81 kDa), and could detect its nuclear localization in human Jurkat T cells and 293T cells by Western blot analysis. The specific stage of the cell cycle was obtained through blocking by either hydroxyl urea or nocodazole and subsequent releasing from each blocking for 2, 4, and 7 h. While the protein level of HsMCAK reached a maximum level in the S phase with slight decline in the $G_{2}-M$ phase, the electrophoretic mobility shift from $p81^{MCAK}\;to\;p84^{MCAK}$ began to be induced in the late S phase and reached a maximum level in the $G_{2}/M $ phase, and then it disappeared as the cells enter into the $G_{1}$ phase. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that HsMCAK protein localized to centrosome and nucleus at the interphase, whereas it appeared to localize to the spindle pole, centromere of the condensed mitotic DNA, spindle fiber, or midbody, depending on the specific stage of the M phase. These results demonstrate that a rat polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant HsMCAK expressed in E. coli specifically detects human MCAK, and indicate that the electrophoretic mobility shift from $p81^{MCAK}\;to\;p84^{MCAK}$, which may be associated with its differential intracellular localization during the cell cycle, fluctuates with a maximum level of the shift at the $G_{2}-M$ phase.

Application of the apoptogenic pretreatment to enhance the anti-tumor immunity of the Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)-secreting CT26 tumor cells

전도연,Elizabeth M Jaffee,김영호 대한면역학회 2005 Immune Network Vol.5 No.2

Background: As an attempt to develop a strategy to improve the protective immune response to GM-CSF-secreting CT26 (GM-CSF/CT26) tumor vaccine, we have investigated whether the apoptogenic treatment of GM-CSF/CT26 prior to vaccination enhances the induction of anti-tumor immune response in mouse model. Methods: A carcinogen- induced mouse colorectal tumor, CT26 was transfected with GM-CSF gene using a retroviral vector to generate GM-CSF-secreting CT26 (CT26/GM-CSF). The CT26/GM-CSF was treated with γ-irradiation or mitomycin C to induce apoptosis and vaccinated into BALB/c mice. After 7 days, the mice were injected with a lethal dose of challenge live CT26 cells to examine the protective effect of tumor vaccination in vivo. Results: Although both apoptotic and necrotic CT26/GM-CSF vaccines were able to enhance anti-tumor immune response, apoptotic CT26/GM-CSF induced by pretreatment with γ-irradiation (50,000 rads) was the most potent in generating the anti-tumor immunity, and thus 100% of mice vaccinated with the apoptotic cells remained tumor free for more than 60 days after tumor challenge. Conclusion: Apoptogenic pretreatment of GM-CSF-secreting CT26 tumor vaccine by γ-irradiation (50,000 rads) resulted in a significant enhancement in inducing the protective anti-tumor immunity. A rapid induction of apoptosis of CT26/GM-CSF tumor vaccine at the vaccine site might be critical for the enhancement in anti-tumor immune response to tumor vaccine.

실감·체감·공감의 신병 정신전력교육 발전방안 연구 - 육군훈련소 신병 정신전력교육 혁신 시범적용 성과를 중심으로 -

전도연,황신애,정지영,김국전,이성룡,성하준,권민영,김지호,신영욱,박원호 국방정신전력원 2023 정신전력연구 Vol.- No.72

This thesis examines the achievement of training goals, satisfaction with training methods, and effect on enhancement of military service value through the trial application results of "innovative spiritual & mental force training for trainees that can realize, feeling and empathize. This program was developed by KATC in 2022 and its purpose is to suggest future development measures. In 2022, this project was launched by the department of public affairs and spiritual & mental force training at KATC in order to achieve ultimately the goal of "cultivating soldiers with soldiers' values" as part of innovation in spiritual & mental force training. This was achieved through designing appropriate teaching methods and instructional designs for each integrated task. We considered it in terms of academic framework of the t and the pedagogical theory. From April 2022, after a two-month research period, "innovative spiritual & mental force training application plan" was prepared, and it was applied to a total of three training units from September to November. Focus Group Interview(FGI) and questionnaire survey were conducted for trainees to diagnose the achievement. The results of the study are as follows. First, at the Ministry of National Defense level, a comprehensive and policy review are required in order to train experts and carry out an organizational reform, establish action practice and evaluation system that can specify and evaluate the training goals for each task, which currently remain at the cognitive-affective level, to the level of action. Second, by changing the existing one-way lecture style training method to an realistic·feeling·empathic training method in consideration of the characteristics of trainees, the level of achievement of the training goal, which had remained at the cognitive level of understanding and cognition, was expanded to the level of affective and behavioral level, thereby promoting active participation and concentration. Also, it was able to bring out what they understood with their brain and felt with their heart to a level that could be implemented into action. The realistic·feeling·empathic spiritual & mental force training gained a lot of sympathy and favorable reviews from not only trial application units but also many relevant officials of observation units. Its achievements were also recognized by civilian experts. Based on these research results, we would like to make the following suggestions. First, at the Ministry of National Defense level, a comprehensive and policy review are required in order to establish action practice and evaluation system, training experts and carry out an organizational reform that can specify and evaluate the training goals for each task, which currently remain at the cognitive-affective level, to the level of action. Second, it is necessary to prepare a master plan for expansion of this training by reviewing the meaningful results and supplementary items of training method applied during the trial application at KATC, and to systematically promote it through training of experts. Lastly, it is suggested to build a spiritual & mental force training center for trainees to create an educational environment that focuses on learner-centered customized and participatory education system while responding sensitively to the educational paradigm. Finally, it is hoped that this study will once again form a consensus on the importance of spiritual & mental force training for trainees and be actively used as a useful material for strengthening spiritual & mental force in consideration of changes in times and generations. 본 논문은 2022년 육군훈련소가 개발·적용한 ‘실감·체감·공감의 신병 정신전력교육 혁신 시범적용 성과’를 통해 교육목표 달성 여부와 교육방식의 만족도, 군 복무 가치 제고 등에 미친 영향을 고찰하여 향후 발전방안을 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 2022년 육군훈련소 공보정훈부는 신병 정신전력교육 혁신의 일환으로 교육과제를 영역별로 통합하고 통합된 과제별 적절한 교육방식을 고안, 교수설계를 통해 궁극적으로 ‘군인의 가치관을 지닌 군인 만들기’라는 신병 정신전력교육의 목표를 달성하기 위해 출발했으며, 논문이란 학술적 틀과 교육학적 이론으로 재고찰해 보았다. 2022년 4월부터 2개월의 연구기간을 거쳐 「신병 정신전력교육 혁신 시범적용안」을 마련하였고, 9월부터 11월까지 총 3개 교육대를 대상으로 적용하였으며, 이들을 대상으로 집단 심층면접법(FGI)과 설문분석결과를 통해 성과를 진단하였다. 연구결과 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 교육과제의 영역별 통합과 교육과제별 적절한 실감·체감·공감의 교육방식을 적용한 교수-학습방법을 설계하였다. 둘째, 기존 일방향적 강의형 교육방식에서 신병의 특성을 고려한 실감·체감·공감의 교육방식으로 변화시킴으로써 이해와 인지라는 인지적 차원에서 머물던 교육목표 달성 수준을 정의적-행동적 차원으로 넓혀 적극적 참여와 몰입을 유도한 가운데, 머리로 이해하고 가슴으로 느낀 것들을 행동으로 구현할 수 있는 수준으로 이끌어낼 수 있었다. 실감·체감·공감의 신병 정신전력교육은 시범적용 부대는 물론, 다수의 참관부대 교육관계관들로부터 많은 공감을 얻었으며, 민간 교육전문가로부터 그 성과를 인정받았다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 다음과 같은 제언을 한다. 첫째, 국방부 차원에서 현재 인지적-정의적 수준에서 머물러 있는 과제별 교육목표를 행동화 수준으로 구체화하고 이를 평가할 수 있는 행동화 실습 및 평가체계 정립과 이를 위한 전문인력 양성 및 조직 개편 등에 대한 종합적이고 정책적인 검토가 필요하다. 둘째, 육군훈련소 신병 정신전력교육 시범적용 간 적용한 교육방식의 유의미한 결과와 보완사항을 검토하여 단계별 확대 적용을 위한 마스터플랜을 마련, 전문인력 양성을 통한 체계적 추진이 필요하다. 마지막으로, 교육 패러다임에 민감하게 반응하면서 학습자 중심의 맞춤형·참여형 교육에 중점을 둔 교육환경 조성 차원에서 신병 정신전력교육 센터 신축을 제시한다. 끝으로 본 연구가 신병 정신전력교육의 중요성에 대해 다시 한번 공감대를 형성하고 시대와 세대의 변화를 고려한 정신전력 강화를 위한 유용한 자료로 적극 활용되기를 희망한다.

일회성 대나무 밟기가 노인의 혈압과 자율신경계에 미치는 영향

전도연,윤희영,권은표,손희수,구봉오,Jeon, Do-yeon,Yun, Hui-young,Kwon, Eun-pyo,Son, Hee-su,Goo, Bong-oh 대한물리치료과학회 2019 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of blood pressure and autonomic neural system through one-time bamboo stepping in hypertensive elderly people. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods: We recruited 26 elderly people aged 65 or older for study. They sat for 10 minutes in a chair, rested, and measured pre-exercise blood pressure and autonomic neural system. The blood pressure was measured three times and the mean value was used and the autonomic neural system was measured once. Bamboo stepping exercise was performed for 20 minutes. Blood pressure and autonomic neural system were measured 5 times immediately after exercise, and every 15 minutes at 60 minutes after bamboo stepping exercise. Results: There was a significant difference in the decrease of systolic blood pressure after one-time bamboo stepping exercise, the change of parasympathetic activity (HF), heart rate variability (HRV) and BPM measured immediately after exercise at 15 minutes after exercise, There was no significant difference in autonomic neural system change. Conclusion: One-time Bamboo stepping exercise is effective in decreasing systolic blood pressure of the hypertensive elderly.

Anti-Adipogenic Activity of 2-Carbomethoxy-2,3-Epoxy-3-Prenyl-1,4-Naphthoquinone from Rubia cordifolia L.

전도연,Cho Rong Han,Ji Young Lee,Wan Park,최명숙,Mi Hee Woo,김영호 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.5

To examine anti-adipogenic activity of 2-carbomethoxy-2,3-epoxy-3-prenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (CMEP-NQ) isolated from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L., its effects on cell viability, apoptosis, and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were investigated. The inhibitory effect of CMEP-NQ on cell viability was more significant in differentiated mature adipocytes than in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In 3T3-L1 cells, the cytotoxicity of CMEP-NQ (20–40 μM) was accompanied by apoptotic events such as mitochondrial membrane potential loss, caspase-3 activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-meidated dUTP nick-end labeling–positive apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Although the presence of 10 μM CMEP-NQ during induced adipocytic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells for 6 days failed to influence the cell viability, it did reduce the differentiation-associated accumulation of intracellular lipid by approximately 48.5%. A similar level of inhibition was observed when 10 μM CMEP-NQ was present during the early stage (Days 0–2) of the differentiation period. At the same time, the expressions of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2, and adiponectin were down-regulated. However, the presence of 10 μM CMEP-NQ during either the middle (Days 2–4) or late (Days 4–6) stage of the differentiation period caused the inhibition to a lesser extent. These results indicated that CMEP-NQ at high concentrations (20–40 μM) exerted cytotoxicity via inducing apoptosis, whereas CMEP-NQ at a low concentration (10 μM) suppressed adipocytic differentiation without exerting cytotoxicity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.

Apoptotic Effect of Proso Millet Grains on Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells Is Exerted by Activation of BAK and BAX, and Mitochondrial Damage- mediated Caspase Cascade Activation

전도연,한초롱,김영호 한국생명과학회 2023 생명과학회지 Vol.33 No.1

To examine the antitumor effect of proso millet grains, whether proso millet grains exert apoptotic activity against human cancer cells was investigated. When the cytotoxicity of 80% ethanol (EtOH) extract of proso millet grains was tested against various cancer cells using MTT assay, more potent cytotoxicity was observed against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells than against other cancer cells. When the EtOH extract was evaporated to dryness, dissolved in water, and then further fractionated by sequential extraction using four organic solvents (n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol), the BuOH fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. Along with the cytotoxicity, TUNEL-positive apoptotic nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and several apoptotic responses including BAK/BAX activation, mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm) loss, mitochondrial cytochrome c release into the cytosol, activation of caspase-8/-9/-3, and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were detected. However, human normal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells exhibited a significantly lesser extent of sensitivity compared to malignant MDA-MB- 231 cells. Irrespective of Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-deficiency or caspase-8-deficiency, human T acute lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells displayed similar sensitivities to the cytotoxicity of BuOH fraction, excluding an involvement of extrinsic apoptotic mechanism in the apoptosis induction. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of BuOH fraction from proso millet grains against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells is attributable to intrinsic apoptotic cell death resulting from BAK/BAX activation, and subsequent mediation of mitochondrial damage-dependent activation of caspase cascade.

세계채소센터 고추, 파프리카, 토마토 자원의 국내 적응성 평가

전도연,서윤희,강명용,강예은,정효봉,양은영,조명철,이우문,황인덕,여경환,장성회 한국국제농업개발학회 2023 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.35 No.2

The World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) maintains the world’s largest public vegetable germplasm collection. The Genebank contains over 65,000 accessions and consists of more than 130 genera and 330 species. It includes around 12,000 accessions of indigenous vegetables. The WorldVeg Korea Office (WKO) has been conducting regional adaptability evaluations in the fields of the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), with a focus on major solanaceous vegetable crops such as tomato, chili, and bell pepper. As climate change significantly affects vegetable crop productivity, the development of high-performing cultivars, tolerant to various abiotic and biotic stresses with enriched nutrients inside, is essential to enhance agricultural sustainability and human health. In this regard, the evaluation of growth and horticultural characteristics of pepper and tomato accessions from the WorldVeg will help contribute to the generation of new and improved cultivars, to address global challenges that affect food security, sustainability, and adaptation to climate change. Here, we summarize our activities and the results of the regional adaptability evaluation using the WorldVeg accessions of pepper and tomato germplasms.

총설 : 아미노산 구조유사체의 세포독성 기전

전도연 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 2004 생화학분자생물학회 소식 Vol.24 No.2

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench var. Hwanggeumchal Grains in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 Murine Macrophage Cell Line

전도연,우현주,고지연,김영호 한국생명과학회 2022 생명과학회지 Vol.32 No.12

To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the grains of sorghum, three Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench variants (Hwanggeumchal, Huinchal, and Chal) being cultivated in Korea, the 80% ethanol (EtOH) extracts of individual sorghum grains were compared for their inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Among them, the EtOH extract of sorghum Hwanggeumchal grains could exert the highest inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced NO production. However, under these conditions, the viability of RAW264.7 cells was not affected. When the EtOH extract of sorghum Hwanggeumchal grains was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol, the anti-NO production activity was predominantly detected in both MC and EtOAc fractions. In particular, treatment with the MC fraction reduced dose-dependently the expression levels of iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Simultaneously, the MC fraction could prevent LPS-induced activating phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). HPLC analysis of the MC fraction showed gentisic acid and naringenin as the major phenolic components. Both gentisic acid and naringenin commonly exhibited a potent inhibitory activity against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Together, these results provide the evidence of the inhibitory activity of Hwanggeumchal grains on LPS-induce inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and also suggest that sorghum grains possess beneficial health effects which can be applicable in development of the grain-based functional foods.