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비오톱 1등급 토지 보전을 규정한 서울특별시 도시계획조례와 관련된 공법적 쟁송에 대한 검토
장혜진 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2023 法과 政策 Vol.29 No.2
Types of claims including lawsuit brought by individuals who prohibited them from developing their properties due to the 1st grade Biotope became varied, because the concept of “Administrative Disposition” was complicated and the passive judgements made by the constitutional appeal, and etc.. The administrative claims have in general two types, such as the constitutional appeal and administrative lawsuit. The former was mostly the constitutional appeal on the 1st grade biotope Ordinance itself or the Designated Notice regarding 1st grade biotope; and the latter was mostly lawsuit for confirming invalidity of Designated Notice on the 1st grade biotope. The Constitutional Court ruled “rejection” on the constitutional appeal based on Article 68 (1) of the Constitutional Act, due to lapse of time in filing a claim regarding the 1st grade biotope Ordinance and Designated Notice on the 1st grade biotope. With respect to the lawsuit for confirming invalidity of Designated Notice on the 1st grade biotope, the Seoul Administrative Court decided that the 1st grade biotope Ordinance was the administrative disposition combined with the Designated Notice on the 1st grade biotope. However, the Seoul High Court decided that the Designated Notice on the 1st grade biotope was the administrative disposition, while the 1st grade biotope Ordinance was not the administrative disposition, but the losing party, plaintiff, did not appeal and the High Court’s judgement was confirmed and finalized. But the Constitutional Court should have not decided based on lapse of time only which is seemingly easy to determine. The 1st grade biotope is not a one-time disputing matter and it is an issue that influences to society. Depending on legal nature of the Ordinance, it should be determined whether the Ordinance is subject to the Constitutional appeal or not. The Constitutional Court should have made decision on the constitutional appeal on the 1st grade biotope Ordinance or the Designated Notice of the 1st grade biotope from the individual’s remedy aspect taking legal nature of such Ordinance and Designated Notice as well as limited period of filing claim or lawsuit into consideration. And with respect to the administrative lawsuit regarding the 1st grade biotope, unlike the Administrative Court, the High Court decided that the Designated Notice of the 1st grade biotope has the administrative disposition even though the 1st grade biotope Ordinance has no administrative disposition. The cause of such ambiguous guide is the Court has been broadening the concept of ‘nature of disposition’ by viewing ‘legal relation directly determined by law (jik-jeop-gyu-ryul-sung in Korean)’ or ‘targeted legal relation by law (teuk-jung-sung in Korean)’ as an element of the ‘nature of disposition’ through the cases, such as ‘Du-mil-bun-gyo-pyu-ji’ and ‘Yak-ga-go-si’. All things including nature of administrative disposition and meaning of the 1st grade biotope Ordinance and mandatory preservation considered, the 1st grade biotope Ordinance is “administrative disposition”. With respect to unconstitutionality, unlike the decisions by the Seoul Administrative Court and the Seoul High Court, ownership on the 1st grade biotope land means nothing but property right in nominal terms because the 1st grade biotope prohibits individual from exercising the right to use its property nor dispose its land at its will. Such restrictions are beyond the limits of social constraints that the individual land owner must accept, which is unconstitutional. 토지소유자의 보전 의무만을 규정한 서울특별시 비오톱 1등급 조례가 시행된 이후 이와 관련하여 진행된 공법적 쟁송은 크게 헌법소원과 행정소송으로 나뉘는데, 헌법소원은 비오톱 1등급 조례 자체에 대한 헌법소원, 비오톱 1등급 지정고시에 대한 헌법소원이 제기되었고, 행정소송은 비오톱 1등급 조례와 비오톱 1등급 지정고시에 대한 무효 확인 소송이 대표적인 사례이다. 헌법재판소는 비오톱 1등급 조례나 비오톱 1등급 지정고시의 법적 성질과 관련된 헌법재판소법 제68조 제1항의 헌법소원에 대하여 각 청구기간 도과라는 이유로 이들의 법적 성질에 대하여 아무런 판단을 하지 않고 각하 결정하였다. 행정소송으로 진행된 비오톱 1등급 조례 및 비오톱 1등급 지정고시의 무효확인 소송에서는 비오톱 1등급 조례도 비오톱 1등급 지정고시와 결합하여 처분이라는 서울행정법원 판단과 비오톱 1등급 지정고시는 처분이지만 비오톱 1등급 조례는 처분이 아니라는 서울고등법원 판단이 나온 끝에 패소자인 원고가 상고하지 아니하여 원고의 청구가 받아들여지지 않는 것으로 확정되었다. 그러나 헌법재판소는 외견상 파악하기 용이한 청구기간의 문제에 국한되어 쉽사리 청구를 각하하는 것이 아니라, 1회성 분쟁이 아닌 사회적 여파가 있는 사안으로 조례의 법적 성질에 따라 헌법소원의 대상이 될 수 있는지 여부가 달라지는 데다가 한정된 헌법소원의 청구기간과 행정소송 제소기간의 측면을 고려하여 당사자의 권리구제 측면에서 비오톱 1등급 조례나 비오톱 1등급 지정고시의 법적 성질에 대하여 판단을 하였어야 한다. 또한 비오톱 1등급과 관련된 행정소송의 경우, 1심과 달리 항소심에서는 비오톱 1등급 조례에는 처분성을 인정하지 않고 비오톱 1등급 지정고시에만 인정하였으나 이는 결국 그동안 법원이 두밀분교 폐지사건과 약가고시 사건 등을 통해 ‘직접 규율성’, ‘특정성’ 등을 처분성의 요소로 보며 처분성 개념을 넓혀가면서 발생한 혼란이라 할 것이다. 나아가 위헌성과 관련하여서도 서울행정법원과 서울고등법원의 판단과 달리 비오톱 1등급 토지의 소유권은 이름과 껍질만 남았을 뿐, 재산권의 본질적 내용인 사적이용권을 부인함은 물론 사적인 처분권능을 사실상 부정하고 있어 토지소유자가 수인하여야 하는 사회적 제약의 한계를 넘어 위헌이라고 보아야 한다.
통합 디자인 아이덴티티 관점으로서 모바일 폰 브랜드 디자인 개발
장혜진 한국디자인문화학회 2008 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.14 No.1
The management for mobile phone was focused on its function and design in the past, but recently, integrated design identity management for the mobile phone design including package, promotion, user interface, interactive media is becoming significant. Therefore, this research would like to find out the importance of integrated design identity strategy, and conduct case study on mobile phone brands which have successfully implemented it, and suggest actual mobile phone brand design that identity strategy is reflected, and find out the real application possibility and future development direction of integrated design identity strategy. In this research, it was proven that new integrated design identity strategy is needed which could be uniformly applied to newly emerging media such as user interface and interactive media as well as traditional media. It was also found that the new brand design of mobile phone called NOUT which is suggested by this research could be uniformly applied to all media such as logo, package, ad poster, and newly changing mobile user interface, and interactive as design identity. This research confirmed if the interaction, which has not been positively included in the existing integrated design identity strategies, can be included in identity strategy by developing actual design and derived other issues to be solved. The findings of this study can be utilized for further studies for establishing integrated design identity strategies including interactions.
형상기억특성 및 자극감응성을 지니는 다상 셀룰로오스 기반의 피부 접착 패치 및 웨어러블 비색센서
장혜진,이상현,성민호,황인솔,강민수,김재일,최건준,박성진,이동혁,김소미,박채빈,선가현,정훈의 대한기계학회 2021 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2021 No.05
Photonic skins enable a direct and intuitive visualization of various physical and mechanical stimuli with eye-readable colorations by intimately laminating to target substrates. Their development is still in infancy compared to that of electronic skins. Here, an ultra-adaptable, large-area (10 × 10 cm2), multipixel (14 × 14) photonic skin based on a naturally abundant and sustainable biopolymer of a shape-memory, responsive multiphase cellulose derivative is presented. The wearable, multipixel photonic skin mainly consists of a photonic sensor made of mesophase cholesteric hydroxypropyl cellulose and an ultra-adaptable adhesive layer made of amorphous hydroxypropyl cellulose. It is demonstrated that with multilayered flexible architectures, the multiphase cellulose derivative-based integrated photonic skin can not only strongly couple to a wide range of biological and engineered surfaces, with a maximum of ≈180 times higher adhesion strengths compared to those of the polydimethylsiloxane adhesive, but also directly convert spatiotemporal stimuli into visible color alterations in the large-area, multipixel array. These colorations can be simply converted into 3D strain mapping data with digital camera imaging.
음주운전과 복수 운전면허 취소 범위에 관한 대법원 판결에 대한 비판적 검토 - 대법원 2018. 2. 28. 선고 2017두67476 판결을 중심으로 -
장혜진 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2022 法과 政策 Vol.28 No.3
대법원은 그동안 복수의 자동차 운전면허를 보유한 사람에게 음주운전 등 면허 취소의 사유가 발생한 경우 어떻게 처리할 것인지에 대한 기준과 관련하여, 한 사람이 여러 종류의 운전면허를 취득하는 경우뿐 아니라 이를 취소 또는 정지하는 경우에도 서로 별개의 것으로 취급하는 것이 원칙이고, 다만 취소사유가 특정 면허에 관한 것이 아니고 ‘다른 면허와 공통된 것’이거나 ‘운전면허를 받은 사람에 관한 것’일 경우에는 여러 면허를 전부 취소할 수도 있다는 기준을 정립하였다. 한편, 대법원은 자동차 운전면허에 대하여 대인적 면허라고 보면서도, 위와 같은 기준에 기초하여 복수 운전면허를 가진 운전자가 음주운전을 한 경우, 해당 운전자가 당시 어떤 종류의 차를 운전하였는지, 그 차량을 운전할 수 있는 면허의 종류는 무엇인지 등을 분석하여 면허가 취소될 수 있는 범위를 정하는 판단을 지속적으로 하고 있고, 그에 따라 해당 면허만 취소하거나(원칙에 따른 판단), 운전자가 보유한 면허 중 위반행위 당시 운전한 차량을 운전할 수 있는 다른 면허까지 전부 취소하거나, 취소 대상이 되는 면허에 포함되는 다른 면허는 전부 취소하는 판단(예외에 따른 판단)을 지속적으로 하였다. 한편, 대상판결의 사안에서는 1종 대형, 1종 보통, 1종 특수, 2종 소형면허를 보유한 운전자가 원동기장치자전거에 해당하는 125cc 오토바이(원동기장치자전거)를 음주운전을 하여 모든 면허가 취소되었는데, 원심에서는 125cc 초과 이륜자동차를 운전하였다면 2종 소형면허만 취소되나, 상대적으로 위험성이 낮은 125cc 원동기장치자전거를 운전하였다는 사유로 모든 면허를 취소하는 것은 형평에 반한다고 판단하였지만, 대법원에서는 원고에 대하여 제1종 대형, 제1종 보통, 제1종 특수(대형견인・구난) 운전면허를 취소하지 않는다면, 원고는 위 각 운전면허로 배기량 125cc 이하 원동기장치자전거를 계속 운전할 수 있어 실질적으로는 아무런 불이익을 받지 아니하게 되고, 운전면허의 취소에서는 그 취소로 인하여 입게 될 당사자의 불이익보다는 이를 방지하여야 하는 일반예방적 측면이 더욱 강조되어야 한다는 이유로 면허 전부를 취소하는 것은 재량권 일탈・남용이 아니라고 보았다. 결국, 위와 같은 대법원의 판단기준에 따르면 음주운전으로 인한 복수 운전면허의 취소 범위가 어디까지에 미치게 되는지에 관한 문제점은 복수 면허를 보유한 사람이 1종 특수면허 또는 2종 소형면허를 보유한 경우에 두드러지는데, 이들 면허의 경우 고유 면허로 운전할 수 있는 차량의 종류가 제한적이라는 점에서 이들 면허로만 운전할 수 있는 차량을 음주운전한 경우에는 같은 음주운전 사안임에도 불구하고 해당 면허만 취소되나, 도리어 상대적 위험성이 낮은 자동차(예를 들어, 1종 특수면허의 특수자동차에 비교하여 승용자동차, 125cc 초과 이륜자동차에 비교하여 원동기장치자전거를 운전한 경우 등)를 운전한 경우에는 모든 면허가 취소되는 납득하기 어려운 결론을 초래하게 된다. 음주라는 행위에 대한 결과로 면허를 취소하는 것을 규정하고 있는 이유는 당시 ‘그 사람이 어떤 차량을 운전하였는지’에 대한 제재가 아니라, ‘그 사람이 음주운전을 하였기 때문’에 제재가 가해지는 것이라는 점에서 마땅히 ‘운전면허를 받은 사람에 관한 것’이라고 보아야 한다. 이것이 기본적으로 자동차 운전면허가 ... The Supreme Court set the general standard, regarding revocation of driving license on a driving license holder due to cause of revocation of the driving license, including DUI or DWI, which is persons who want to obtain a driver’s license must apply for the right level of license that they want to drive, and likewise, persons who are subject to revocation or suspension of the driver’s license shall be treated the same as the case of obtaining the driving license, provided, however, if the cause of revocation is not a matter of level of driving license and it is a matter of “commonly applying to all levels of driving license” or “driving license holder”, all levels of driving license such person holds may be subject to revocation, exceptionally. At the same time, the Supreme Court is of the view that driving license belongs to person not vehicle. That being said, in case where a person who has multiple types and levels of driving license is arrested on DUI, the Supreme Court tends to determine scope of revocation taking into consideration what types of vehicle the drunk driver drove and/or analysis on relations of type of vehicle and level of driving license, which results in revocation of one of three i) certain level of driving license only (applied by general standard), ii) driving licenses which allowing such vehicle the drunk driver drives with, or iii) all level of driving licenses the drunk driver holds (applied by exceptional consideration). Further, the Supreme Court case discussed in this Review was that a driving license holder who has multiple licenses for Level 1 (large), Level 1 (regular), Level 1 (special) and Level 2 (small) drove 125cc motorcycle under DUI. The Appeal Court decided revocation of all level of driving license is out of equity, because the 125cc motorcycle the drunk driver drove is less dangerous than motorcycle exceeding 125cc, and therefore revocation of only Level 2 (small) is acceptable. However, the Supreme Court overturned the case in that the drunk driver revoked Level 2 (small) is able to continue driving the 125cc motorcycle with unrevoked Level 1 (large), Level 1 (regular) and Level 1 (special) which does not put the drunk driver at a disadvantage, and more importantly the purpose of driving license revocation is to prevent drunk driving as a precautionary way instead of putting the drunk driver at a disadvantage. The Supreme Court is of the view that revocation of all level of driving license is not out of equity. After all, the discussion point of the scope of revocation pursuant to the general standard of the Supreme Court on multiple levels of driving license holder due to DUI arises where the holder has Level 1 (special) or Level 2 (small), because a vehicle such level holder can drive is limited and therefore in the event that such level holder drove on DUI, it may be ended up with revocation of such level license only, or revocation of all levels of license that the drunk driver has even if the drunk driver drove comparatively less dangerous vehicle (for instance, a case of driving a passenger car as opposed to special purpose car with Level 1 (special) or driving a motorcycle with Level 2 (small)), which appears illogical conclusion. If a person who had multiple levels of driving licenses drove a vehicle requiring a certain level of license by chance under the influence and it ended up with revocation of such limited license only not being revoked all levels of licenses the drunk driver has in that the revoked license allowing to drive such vehicle is limited, the administrative disposition would turn out to be unreasonable and illogical. It is important to note that the revocation of driving license related to DUI is administrative penalty caused by “drunk driving” not “what vehicle the drunk driver drove”, which supports the norm “driving license belongs to person not vehicle”, and it should be a general standard at least to avoid unreasonable an...