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장준구(張俊九) 한국미술연구소 2017 美術史論壇 Vol.- No.45
Since the late 16<SUP>th</SUP> century the Ming dynasty reached a high plane of achievements in terms of culture while it encountered crisis in terms of politics and military. In those days, The Story of the Water Margin (Shuihuzhuan, 『水滸傳』) was more than a novel. At that time its story was published in books and performed as a play. The general public enjoyed pictures pertaining to this novel and moreover indulged in this story even using gambling devices on which figures from this story were portrayed. This fever for Water Margin was one of the immediate causes of the situations brought about at the end of the Ming dynasty that was on the verge of ruin. The content of Water Margin can be deemed anti-government and anti-state. Characters in the story include outlaws who commit crimes, formed a group, and resist against the government in the first half of the novel. However, those heroic persons subjugated the Liao dynasty founded by the Khitan people and the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchen people as well as suppressed rebellions domestically. With this content implicatively reflecting the situations of the late Ming dynasty, this novel has been able to work as a symbol of patriotic sentiment. Images associated with The Story of the Water Margin were existent mainly in the form of illustrations. The typical images are from Water Margins Game Cards (Shihu yezi, 《水滸葉子》) by Chen Hongshou(1599~1652). Water Margins Game Cards is a collection of the prints of 40 key figures Chen portrayed among 108 heroes in The Story of the Water Margin. Chen appropriated the image of Guan Yu who had respected as the guardian god of the state for Song Jiang and Lu Junyi and the image of Zhuge Liang who had been regarded as the epitome of wisdom for Zhu Wu and Wu Yong, thereby wishing for salvation from the threat of foreign power. He also represented patriotic sentiment with f lowers set on the heads of good-looking heroes such as Chai Jin and Shi Shou. Chen’s illustrations are not mere portrayals of figures from The Story of the Water Margin but reflect the painter’s patriotic sentiment. The manifestation of such sentiment by the medium of The Story of the Water Margin was closely associated with representations and expressions by ordinary personas as well as intellectuals during the end of the Ming dynasty. They enjoyed the novel The Story of the Water Margin in a variety of forms such as book, theater, painting, gambling, and discourse. The Story of the Water Margin, a novel that emerged at the end of the Ming dynasty was an alternative medium in its chaotic society and a spiritual haven as well as a symbol of patriotic sentiment and a phenomenon penetrating society.
Adenovirus Vectors: Excellent Tools for Vaccine Development
장준 대한면역학회 2021 Immune Network Vol.21 No.1
Adenovirus was originally used as a vector for gene therapy. In recent years, with the development of the next-generation vectors with increased safety and high immunogenicity to transgene products, its utility as a vaccine vector has continued to increase. Adenovirus-based vaccines are currently being tested not only to prevent various infectious diseases but also to be applied as cancer vaccines. In this review, I discuss the innate and adaptive aspects of the immunological characteristics of adenovirus vectors and further examine the current status of advanced adenovirus-based vaccine development. Various methods that can overcome the limitations of currently used adenoviruses as vaccine vehicles are also discussed. Through this study, I hope that vaccine development using adenovirus vectors will be expedited and more successful.
Cyclophosphamide 투여로 유발된 과민성방광에서 Cyclooxygenase-2 억제제 방광 내 주입의 효과
장준,김준철,이윤보,서성일,박용현,황태곤 대한비뇨의학회 2004 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.45 No.12
Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effects of intravesical instillation of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) inhibitors on the cyclophosphamide-induced overactive bladder. Materials and Methods: The 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups; the control group, the overactive group, and the COX-2 inhibitor treated group. Cystometrograms(CMG) were performed and the contraction interval, inter-contraction interval, contraction time and contraction pressure were measured. After CMG, the bladders of each group were dissected out, and weighed. Results: On CMG, the contraction interval and inter-contraction interval for the overactive group were significantly decreased compared with the control group. After treatment with COX-2 inhibitor, the contraction interval and inter-contraction interval were significantly increased compared with the overactive group(p<0.05). The contraction time in the overactive group was significantly increased compared with the control group, and it was also decreased in the COX-2 inhibitor treated group compared with the overactive group(p<0.05). The contraction pressure in the overactive group and the COX-2 inhibitor treated group were significantly increased compared with the control group. There were no significant differences between the overactive and COX-2 inhibitor treated groups. The bladder weights of the overactive and COX-2 inhibitor treated groups were significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Intravesical instillation of COX-2 inhibitor can suppress cyclophosphamide-induced detrusor overactivity. Therefore, intravesical instillation of COX-2 inhibitor may be considered as a possible treatment for the overactive bladder. (Korean J Urol 2004;45:1241-1245)
장준,조재명,이광희,이원웅,최우천 한국정밀공학회 2019 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.36 No.8
If fatigue failure occurs during aircraft operation, it can cause catastrophic injuries. So, it is necessary to study fatigue failure at the design stage. Frequency domain fatigue analysis is used to predict fatigue failure. During frequency domain fatigue analysis, results can be calibrated by PSD analysis. In this study, fatigue failure is predicted by the Dirlik method, Lalanne method and Steinberg method. Regarding results, life determined by the Dirlik method, Lalanne method and Steinberg method were 8.737, 8.314, and 7.901 times the standard life, respectively. The Steinberg method is the most conservative but the difference with other methods was approximately 10%. In the cycle histogram, the Dirlik method had more counts than the Lalanne method in lower stress range. However, it does not affect the life of material used in this study. However, if material has a lower fatigue limit or stronger PSD data is used, life difference will occur.
Efficient amplification of melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells usingartificial antigen presenting complex
장준 생화학분자생물학회 2006 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.38 No.6
In vitro large amplification of tumor-specific cyto-toxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and adoptive transfer of these cells is one of the most promising approaches to treat malignant diseases in which an effective immune response is not achieved by active immuni-zation. However, generating sufficient numbers of tumor-specific CTLs stimulated with autologous antigen presenting cells (APCs) in vitro is one of the most problematic steps in the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy. To circumvent this problem, we have developed an artificial antigen presenting complex (aAPCs) using MHC class I molecules loaded with a sults show that TRP-2-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by immunization with recombinant adenovirus expressing the mini-gene epitope are efficiently stimulated and amplified in vitro to a greater extent by aAPCs than by natural splenic APCs. These aAPC-induced CTLs recognized endogenously pro-cessed antigens present on B16F10 melanoma cells. Efficient stimulation and proliferation of antigen- specific T cells was also confirmed using ovalbumin peptide-loaded aAPCs and OT-I TCR transgenic cells. These results demonstrate that prior in vivo immunization, which increases the precursor fre-quency, simplifies posterior expansion of tumor- specific CD8+ T cells, and aAPCs is superior to autologous APC for in vitro amplification. This prime and expand regimen can be an alternative method for large amplification of rare tumor-specific CTLs and aAPCs should be a useful tool for ACT immunotherapy.