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장응혁(Chang Eung Hyeok),최대현(Choe Dae Hyun) 경찰대학 경찰학연구편집위원회 2013 경찰학연구 Vol.13 No.2
When public peace and order was in serious danger or the crime occurred in massive unlawful violent assembly and demonstration, the police has taken shooting and recording to understand the situation and to collect the evidence of guilty. But progressives civic groups have long insisted that such measures of the police have no plain legal basis under existing law. 55) I agree with their opinion on the matter partially. but, Today the mankind society lives under the disclosure to all types of danger unknowingly. In the circumstances, if we do not broadly interpret the individual empowerment clauses in the Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers or do not authorized the police to his own discretion, the police can not prevent new patterns of danger despite the hazard to the public and system very soon. This is also true in assembly and demonstration. To prevent serious danger in public peace and order and to collects the evidence of guilty, the police must take such measures in massive unlawful violent assembly and demonstration. Therefore, Article 2, No 6, of the Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers must be interpreted broadly as the general empowerment clause. As a result, the shooting and recording of the police in massive unlawful violent assembly and demonstration have legal basis on this regulation. First of all, an authority rule for the shooting and recording of the police in assembly and demonstration should be established in the Law on Assembly and Demonstration.
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수사목적 실내 동영상 촬영의 적법성 : 대법원 2019.10.31. 선고 2019도10226 판결을 소재로
장응혁(Chang, Eung-Hyeok) 한국형사법학회 2021 형사법연구 Vol.33 No.1
최근 cctv 동영상이 범죄의 증거로서 형사절차에서 많이 활용되고 있는데 이러한 동영상은 범죄예방 등의 목적으로 설치되어 촬영된 동영상이 수사를 위해 이용되는 것에 불과하고 처음부터 수사의 목적으로 촬영된 동영상에 대한 논의는 매우 부족한 상황이다. 최근 대법원은 게임장에서 이루어지는 불법환전을 사인이 촬영한 동영상에 대하여 수사기관으로부터 빌린 촬영 장비를 이용하여 촬영하였다는 점에서 수사기관의 수사로 보고 이러한 촬영이 강제수사이며 영장을 발부받지 않았다는 이유로 관련된 증거들의 증거능력을 부정하였다. 본고는 위 판결을 소재로 수사목적 동영상 촬영의 법적 성격 및 적법성 확보를 위한 입법적 대안을 검토하였다. 프랑스는 별도의 근거규정을 두고 있으나 다른 나라들은 판례 등을 통하여 수사목적 촬영을 허용하고 있으며 실외에서 이루어지는 수사목적 촬영의 경우 임의수사로, 실내에서 이루어지는 수사목적 촬영의 경우 강제수사로 보고 있다. 우리나라의 기존 판례는 특히 일본의 판례와 매우 유사한데 일본의 최고재판소는 1969년 공도상에서 데모행진중인 인물을 촬영한 것에 대하여 현행범인성, 증거보전의 필요성 및 긴급성, 촬영방법의 상당성을 기준으로 허용하였고 2008년에는 파친코 가게내에서 이루어진 촬영도 임의수사로 적법하다고 인정하였다. 그러나 게임장 카운터 뒤의 사무실이라는 실내 공간에서 이루어진 본 판결의 사진촬영은 강제수사로 보아야 한다. 다만 우리 형사법은 사후 영장을 제한적으로 인정하고 있는데 본 판결의 사안의 경우 긴급성이 인정되지 않고 더 나아가 체포하는 경우에 사후 영장을 인정하려는 취지에도 반한다. 또한 사전 영장의 경우 제시가 의무화되어 있어 본 판결의 사안은 물론 일반적인 사진 및 동영상 촬영 자체에 적합하지 않다. 문제의 해결을 위해서는 형사소송법에 촬영에 대한 별도의 규정을 두는 것이 타당하며 영장보다는 통신비밀보호법상 법원의 허가와 통지제도를 활요하는 것이 가장 적절한 대안이 될 수 있을 것이다. South Korean criminal justice system has established the exclusionary rule since 2007. A number of convictions have been quashed on the basis of this rule. Such circumstances lead to a change in practice, in particular, criminal investigation. The Korean Supreme Court Decision decided October 31, 2019 is the first judgement that revealed the Supreme Court’s position on the Legitimacy of Video Surveillance. But the Criminal Procedure Code that regulates compulsory investigation have no provision about Video Surveillance. The present article studies investigative inspection, which have been relatively less focused in criminal process: video surveillance. The article analyzes these topics: (1) what is the legal nature of video surveillance under the Criminlal Procedure Code and what are the requirements for the warrant for the surveillance, (2) whether warrantless video surveillance should be allowed, and if so, under what requirements. Reviewing the current domestic debates as well as foreign court’s decisions regarding these topics, this article suggest: (1) Video Surveillance should be ruled by the Criminal Procedure Code: (2) A police officer who has the qualification as a lawyer should be given the right to request of the permission of judge like the prosecutor. To analyse current situations in South Korea, a comparative research method has been mainly employed. Japanese system of criminal justice can be a significant comparator because it has a similar system.
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촉법소년 조사의 개선방안 - 제22대 국회 발의안과 딥페이크 포르노 관련 변화를 소재로 -
장응혁(Chang, Eung Hyeok),최대현(Choe, Dae Hyun) 경찰대학 경찰학연구편집위원회 2025 경찰학연구 Vol.25 No.1
최근 몇 년 동안 소년범죄에 대한 강력한 대응이 우리 사회의 주요 이슈로 떠올랐다. 그런데 새로 문제되고 있는 딥페이크 성범죄의 경우, 미성년자-그중에서도 나이가 어린 촉법 소년들이-단순한 호기심에서 범죄를 저지르는 사례가 상당수 차지한다. 이러한 경우 기존의 폭력・절도 중심의 소년범죄에 비해서도 범죄에 대한 인식 부족과 낮은 처벌 가능성이 더 크게 작용하기 때문에 대응을 위한 논의를 새롭게 할 필요가 있다.<BR/> 즉 이러한 사건들에는 보호처분 등 소년법상의 특례를 보다 적극적으로 활용할 필요가 있는데 소년법은 형사소송법과 달리 수사에 해당하는 조사절차에 대한 규정이 제대로 정비되어 있지 않아 향후 많은 문제가 예상된다.<BR/> 본고는 이러한 관점에서 제22대 국회에서 발의된 입법안을 중심으로 검토하였다. 이와 관련 일본에서는 이미 2007년 소년법을 개정하여 촉법소년의 조사에 관한 규정을 정비하였기에 많은 시사점을 제공하고 있다.<BR/> 소년범죄가 점점 더 심각해지고 있는 상황을 고려하면 더 이상 관련 논의를 미룰 수는 없으며 오히려 문제는 촉법소년에 대한 조사에서 발생할 수 있는 부작용을 어떻게 최소화할 것인지가 될 것이다. Tackling juvenile crime has been an important issue in our society in recent years. However, the recent problem of deep-fake sex crimes is quite different from previous years, as minors, especially young boys, are committing crimes out of simple curiosity.<BR/> In such cases, it is necessary to utilize the Juvenile Act more actively, but unlike the Criminal Procedure Act, the Juvenile Act does not provide adequate provisions for investigative procedures, and many problems are expected in the future.<BR/> From this perspective, this article focuses on the legislative bills proposed by the 22nd Diet. In this regard, Japan has already revised the Juvenile Law in 2007 to establish regulations on the investigation of juvenile delinquents, which provides many implications.<BR/> Given the increasingly serious nature of juvenile offenses, it is no longer possible to postpone the discussion, but rather the issue will be how to minimize the adverse effects of investigating juveniles.
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장응혁 ( Chang Eung-hyeok ) 한국경찰법학회 2016 경찰법연구 Vol.14 No.2
Compensation for the damage by criminals is a significant element to help victims. The South Korean system mostly depended on reconciliation made by individuals. However, it has developed recently to adopt criminal case meditation. The first measure was the compensation order which was developed in other jurisdictions. The compensation order is the most significant regime since it reimburses damage by criminals after convictions. The South Korean system is similar to the German. However, the German system is not generally employed because of several reasons. Now, it is time to reform the Korean system by considering other developed jurisdictions. The Japanese system should be another important example. In 2007, they established the compensation order by referring to the German system. However, unlike in Germany, they have often used the method to compensate for victims by serious crimes.
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형법 제305조 제2항의 비교법적 검토 - 위헌제청과 일본의 2023년 개정 형법을 소재로 -
장응혁 ( Chang Eung-hyeok ) 한국형사정책학회 2024 형사정책 Vol.36 No.1
The Korean Criminal Code treats victims of sexual violence crimes differently by age, and Article 305(1) of the Criminal Code punishes adultery and molestation of a person under the age of 13, even if no special means are used. In addition, Article 305(2) of the Criminal Code, which was introduced in 2019 in response to the Room N case that shocked society, expands the scope of punishment and protects minors between the ages of 13 and 16 by punishing adults over the age of 19, even if the sex is voluntary and consensual. However, the basis for such punishment and protection is not clear, as the Supreme Court of Korea considers the legal interest of protecting sexual crimes against adults to be the right to sexual self-determination, while the legal interest of protecting sexual crimes against minors under the age of 13 to be the sexual protection of children. The recent unconstitutional petition and the counter-opinion written in response to it can be seen as a result of a different understanding of the protective legal interest. In this regard, Japan amended its Criminal Code in 2023, which, like ours, criminalizes indecent assault and rape of minors between the ages of 13 and 16, with a five-year age difference. According to this, unconstitutional cases are not punished because the victim is 15 years old and the perpetrator, who is 19 years and 2 months old, is not more than 5 years old. However, unlike Japan, where the age of adult is 18, Korea's age of adult is 19, making it difficult to introduce an age difference. However, considering that most sexual intercourse is punishable under other penalties, it would be excessive to punish voluntary consensual sexual intercourse with adolescents in the same way as rape and forced molestation. Furthermore, the scope of the criminalized behavior is overly broad, and the relevant provisions are set forth in special laws rather than the Criminal Code. More in-depth discussions and efforts are needed to address these issues, and we look forward to the Ministry of Justice's efforts.
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스토킹범죄의 정의에 관한 연구 ― 독일과 일본의 논의를 중심으로 ―
장응혁 ( Chang Eung-hyeok ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2017 法學硏究 Vol.27 No.1
Features of stalking crime is that most of the victims are women, the occurrence of stalking often happens by the acquaintances of the victims and the situation gets worse as time passes. Therefore, in order to protect the victim of the stalking, an effective countermeasure is needed. Because the law is limited to the initial response to stalking punishment, the necessity of a special law has been raised. Many bills were proposed until 20th National Assembly but fail to become legalized. Therefore, it is necessary to enact special law of stalking in the 20th National Assembly to inform the public and law enforcements that stalking is not a mere personal matter but a serious social problem. In principle, every crime should be considered as depriving offense. If a crime is considered as endangering offense, the crime should be specified concretely. If an exeception is needed, the exeception should have the enough reason to be accepted and have the rational grounds. I hope that stalking bill go through the parliament which enables the country to actively intervene stalking crimes in the future.
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