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Transcriptional Regulation of Lipogenesis and Adipose Expansion
장영훈 한국생명과학회 2022 생명과학회지 Vol.32 No.4
PPARγ and C/EBPα are master adipogenic transcription factors (TFs) required for adipose tissue development. They control the induction of many adipocyte genes and the early phase of adipogenesis in the embryonic development of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue continues to expand after birth, which, as a late phase of adipogenesis, requires the lipogenesis of adipocytes. In particular, the liver and adipose tissues are major sites for de novo lipogenesis (DNL), where carbohydrates are primarily converted to fatty acids. Furthermore, fatty acids are esterified with glycerol-3-phosphate to produce triglyceride, a major source of lipid droplets in adipocytes. Hepatic DNL has been actively studied, but the DNL of adipocytes in vivo remains not fully understood. Thus, an understanding of lipogenesis and adipose expansion may provide therapeutic opportunities for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic diseases. In adipocytes, DNL gene expression is transcriptionally regulated by lipogenesis coactivators, as well as by lipogenic TFs such as ChREBP and SREBP1a. Recent in vivo studies have revealed new insights into the lipogenesis gene expression and adipose expansion. Future detailed molecular mechanism studies will determine how nutrients and metabolism regulate DNL and adipose expansion. This review will summarize recent updates of DNL in adipocytes and adipose expansion in terms of transcriptional regulation. PPARγ와 C/EBPα는 adipose tissue 발생에 필요한 핵심 adipogenic TFs이다. 두 TFs는 adipose tissue의 배아 발생에 있어 초기 adipogenesis와 adipocytes 유전자 발현을 조절한다. Adipose expansion은 adipose tissue가 태어난 뒤에도 계속 팽창이 지속되는 것을 말한다. 이러한 adipose expansion은 후기 adipogenesis의 과정인 lipogenesis가 요구된다. 특히 간과 adipose tissue은 탄수화물이 기본적으로 fatty acids으로 전환되는 de novo lipogenesis (DNL)의 주요 장기이다. Fatty acids는 이어서 glycerol-3-phosphate에 에스테르화되어 adipocytes의 lipid droplets 생성을 위해 triglycerides로 전환된다. 간의 DNL이 활발하게 연구가 된 반면, in vivo에서 adipocytes의 DNL은 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 그러므로, adipose expansion과 DNL에 대한 이해는 비만, 2형 당뇨 그리고 대사성 질환을 위한 치료제 개발에 도움을 줄 수 있다. Adipocytes에서 DNL 유전자 발현은 ChREBP나 SREBP1a와 같은 lipogenic TFs 뿐 아니라, lipogenesis coactivator에 의해 전사 수준에서 조절된다. 최근 in vivo 연구에 의해 lipogenesis 유전자 발현과 adipose expansion의 새로운 측면이 밝혀졌다. 향후 구체적인 분자기전 연구는 어떻게 영양분이 DNL과 adipose expansion을 조절하는 지를 규명해 줄 것이다. 본 리뷰논문은 전사조절 관점에서 adipocytes와 adipose expansion에 있어 DNL에 대한 최신 연구결과를 요약정리 할 것이다.
방탄소년단의 디지털 스토리피케이션: 팬들의 정체성 융합을 강화시키는 스토리텔링의 구조적 과정
장영훈,박재현 한국경영정보학회 2019 한국경영정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2019 No.11
본 연구는 최근 K-POP의 선두주자로 빌보드와 전 세계 음악차트를 휩쓸고 있는 방탄소년단이 어떻게 그들의 팬 그룹인 아미들과 소통하는지를 연구의 주제로 설정해, 소셜미디어를 통해 소통하는 다양한 커뮤니케이션과 그 일련의 과정을 새로운 “디지털 스토리피케이션” 개념이라고 정의한다. 이를위해 버크의 드라마티즘의 여섯 요인들을 (헥사드) 바탕으로 정체성 융합의 개념을 도입하여 개념적 연구 모형을 제시하였다. 이를 통해서 차별화된 디지털 스토리텔링이 어떻게 강력한 팬덤을 형성하는지에 대한 과정을 증명하고, 이와 관련된 시사점을 제공하고자 한다.
비만에서 adipose tissue 호르몬에 의한 metabolic signaling
장영훈 한국생명과학회 2023 생명과학회지 Vol.33 No.3
Healthy adipose tissue is critical for preventing obesity by maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Adipose tissue plays an important role in energy homeostasis through glucose and lipid metabolism. Depending on nutritional status, adipose tissue expands to store lipids or can be consumed by lipolysis. The role of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ is emerging, and many studies have reported that there are various adipose tissue hormones that communicate with other organs and tissues through metabolic signaling. For example, leptin, a representative peptide hormone secreted from adipose tissues (adipokine), circulates and targets the central nervous system of the brain for appetite regression. Furthermore, adipocytes secrete inflammatory cytokines to target immune cells in adipose tissues. Not surprisingly, adipocytes can secrete fatty acid-derived hormones (lipokine) that bind to their specific receptors for paracrine and endocrine action. To understand organ crosstalk by adipose tissue hormones, specific metabolic signaling in adipocytes and other communicating cells should be defined. The dysfunction of metabolic signaling in adipocytes occurs in unhealthy adipose tissue in overweight and obese conditions. Therapy targeting novel adipose metabolic signaling could potentially lead to the development of an effective anti-obesity drug. This review summarizes the latest updates on adipose tissue hormone and metabolic signaling in terms of obesity and metabolic diseases.
장영훈,민도식 생화학분자생물학회 2012 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.44 No.10
Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate the lipid second messenger, phosphatidic acid. PLD is localized in most cellular organelles, where it is likely to play different roles in signal transduction. PLD1 is primarily localized in vesicular structures such as endosomes, lysosomes and autophagosomes. However, the factors defining its localization are less clear. In this study, we found that four hydrophobic residues present in the N-terminal HKD catalytic motif of PLD1, which is involved in intramolecular association, are responsible for vesicular localization. Site-directed mutagenesis of the residues dramatically disrupted vesicular localization of PLD1. Interestingly, the hydrophobic residues of PLD1are also involved in the interruption of its nuclear localization. Mutation of the residues increased the association of PLD1 with importin-β, which is known to mediate nuclear importation, and induced the localization of PLD1 from vesicles into the nucleus. Taken together, these data suggest that the ydrophobic amino acids involved in the interdomain association of PLD1 are required for vesicular localization and disturbance of its nuclear localization.