백석 시와의 연관성을 통해 본 오장환의 초기시 : 인간을 위한 문학의 옹호와 선택적 부정의 양상

장만호(Jang Man-Ho) 한국시학회 2009 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.25

This paper aims at finding a relationship between Oh Jang-hwan's poetry and Baek Seok's poetry, clarifying Oh Jang-hwan poetry's thematic consciousness, and characterizing the inner logic of Oh Jang-hwan's early poetry. This kind of work helps finding out the logical reasons for the complex aspects of Oh Jang-hwan's early poetry. A desirable poem for Oh Jang-hwan is the one that reveals a poet's emotion, opinions, and visions. The 'sentimentalism' for him is the emotion that a true person has to feel when he confronts with the real life and the natural effect of the contents over the forms. On the one hand, Oh Jang-hwan's criticism for Baek, Seok is caused by this kind of reason. On the other hand, Oh tries to find Baek Seok poetry's good points, the characteristics of returning family and hometown and refinding a value of the present reality and the future directionality. The thematic tendency of Oh Jang-hwan's early poetry is perceiving the past with the present perspective and narrating the past with the vision for future. This kind of tendency is embodied in <Jongga [the head family]>. However, Oh Jang-hwan does not reveal his commentary and critical attitude in the poems depicting the low class whom he empathizes or feels sympathy. This kind of tendency proves that Oh Jang-hwan's critical voice is not his own voice but an intentional one resulted by his poetic theory. The reason why he shows a critical attitude in his many poems in spite of this tendency is that he thinks criticizing the old customs, the false consciousness and the deceptive attitude of the Yangban [the upper class], human alineation of the capitalistic society, and the small businessmen is more important than sympathizing with the lower class. This kind of attitude tells that Oh Jang-hwan does not deny all aspects of the contemporary reality and tradition but negate them selectively differentiating between the objects of negation and the objects of empathy. The reason why the critical poems are more visible than the empathizing poems is that the object of denial is the structure of reality itself.

부정의 아이러니와 환멸의 낭만주의

장만호(Jang Man-ho) 한국비평문학회 2009 批評文學 Vol.- No.32

Oh, Jang-Hwan is the poet who demonstrated the contemporary social reality and its contradictions obviously through his literary practice living through the Japanese colonial period, the emancipation and the division. Oh, Jang-Hwan’s perspective covers such a broad range as the denial of old customs, a firm belief in progress, the criticism on the capitalistic modern urban civilization, a decadent experience of sailing, an ambivalent emotion on his hometown, which is regarded as an exceptionally broad spectrum comparing his contemporary poets. This paper aims at grasping an inner logic that can explain Oh, Jang-Hwan poetry’s heterogeneous and contradictory characteristics, which are produced by its complex and various aspects. The inner logic is the doubleness of Oh, Jang-Hwan’s consciousness of denial, in other words, an irony emergedby negating both reality and self and the attitude of romantic disillusionment. First of all, this paper analyzes that Oh, Jang-Hwan’s consciousness of denial is expressed with the double aspects. Oh, Jang-Hwan is the poet who revealed a strong interest on the social reality. While he wrote poems that sympathize the lives of the low-class, he also created the poems that criticize the social reality. They negate tradition and old customs and criticize their fakeness. When this consciousness of the denial is toward his interiority, Oh, Jang-Hwan’s poems reveal the artificial pose and the decadent aspects. This paper regards the double negation and the contradictory attitude as the conspicuous characteristics of Oh, Jang-Hwan’s early poetry and named it as ‘the Irony of Denial.’ Second, this paper analyzes the characteristics of Oh, Jang-Hwan’s early poetry as the transformation from the romantic disillusionment to lyricism. This paper named this character as the ‘Romantic Disillusionment’ in that the emotions of self disillusionment are expressed with the romantic spaces. The frequent expressions in this early period such as ‘tears,’ ‘regret’, ‘sorrow’, and ‘death’ are the results of the lyric attitude that poetic subject inevitably had to arrive after getting through the disillusionment.

식민과 해방; 두 탑 사이의 거리 -발굴 작품을 중심으로 본 오장환의 해방기 시-

장만호 ( Man Ho Jang ) 민족어문학회 2011 어문논집 Vol.- No.64

This paper examines the relationship between Oh, Jang-hwan`s career as a poet and political practices from the liberation to detection to North Korea through his poems of the liberation period in ``Byeong-deun Seoul``(Diseased Seoul) published after the liberation and poems written after his detection to North Korea, newly unearthed by the author. Especially, his poem ``T`ap``(Pagoda) and translated poem ``Mister Twister`` newly unearthed and Han, Hyo`s criticism related to Oh, Jang-hwan are expected to offer new perspectives on the understanding of Oh`s poems. It seems that Oh, Jang-hwan had been thoroughly and consistently reflecting on his whereabouts in the colonial period not as a one-off thing and in this respect, we needs to shed new light on Oh`s self-reflection. His poems in the liberation period much more clearly showed self-reflection and hesitation of a poet who had passed the history of colonized nation than any other poets in that period and displayed ``individual sincerity`` based on this. After detection to North Korea, Oh wrote ``Pagoda``, which showed the cross-referential characteristics with poem ``Song of Zenith`` written in the colonial period. He expressed his hope and promise for a new world in poem ``Pagoda``, however, it was criticized as feudal and conventional in North Korea. To Oh, Jang-hwan, the distance between two ``Pagodas``, objects of poems, was the distance of his hope and promise for a new world, free from the suppression due to the colonization, but it also showed the distance between South and North Korean, or politics and poetry in the liberation period from the perspective of poetic history back then.

해방기 시의 공간 표상 방식 연구

장만호(Jang Man-ho) 韓國批評文學會 2011 批評文學 Vol.- No.39

이 글은 해방기 시에 형상화된 공간의 양상을 고찰하여 해방기 시문학에 나타나는 공간 표상을 살피고자 하였다. 이를 통해 당대의 현실 상황이 시적 주체의 인식과 상상력을 통해 어떻게 변용되는가를 살펴보고자 한 것이 이 논문의 목적이다. 해방공간의 서울은 식민지 시기의 ‘경성’이 지녔던 식민성을 재삼 확인하는 공간이며, 새로운 역사와 국가를 정립해야 하는 시발점으로 인식되었다. 대표적으로 오장환과 임화는 ‘서울’을 과거의 삶에 대한 반성과 ‘다가올 미래’에 대한 실천적 의지의 장으로 표상한다. 그러나 이후 다른 시인들의 시에서 서울은 구체적 공간성을 상실하고 ‘사건’이 발생한 ‘현장’으로 등장하거나 해방된 조선의 당대 현실을 제유하는 것으로 표현된다. 서울이라는 ‘해방기의 중심 공간’은 그 실감과 구체성을 상실하고 사건의 배경으로 등장하거나 하나의 관념적인 대상으로 성립되는 것이다. 서울이라는 공간이 시적 주체들이 삶을 영위하고 사회 · 정치 제도의 변화에 직간접적으로 관여하는 실제적인 공간이었다면 아시아, 소련, 미국 등의 공간은 일정 부분 지리학 및 언론 매체를 통해 습득한 간접 지식을 바탕으로 형상화된 ‘상상’의 공간이라 할 수 있다. 직접 체험하거나 거주하지 못한 장소나 공간을 문학적 대상으로 포섭하고자 할 때 필연적으로 개입되는 것이 시인의 상상력과 그 장소 및 공간의 특징들이다. 이런 점에서 이 공간들은 시적 주체의 상상력과 문화, 문학, 지리, 역사 등 실제 공간에 대한 예비적인 지식과 정치적 지향의 총체라고 할 수 있다. 박인환, 임화, 김기림 등은 아시아, 소련, 미국의 문화적 아이콘들을 호명하고 나열함으로써 해당 국가(공간)을 형상화하고 있는데, 나열의 방식을 통해 공간을 표상한다는 점에서 이 시들의 공간 표상 방식은 다분히 ‘환유적’ 방식에 기대고 있다고 할 수 있다. This paper aims to examine the spatial representation in poems by investigating the aspects of space in poems of the liberation period. Through this, it will look into how the reality of the period was transfigured with perception and imagination of the poetic subject. During the liberation period, Seoul was the space where people reconfirmed coloniality once Kyungseong had and had to be the starting point for the establishment of new history and nation. Oh, Jang-hwan and Im, Hwa represented Seoul as the space of self-reflection of the past life and practical will for the coming future. In poems of other poets after them, however, Seoul lost the concrete spatiality and was described as the site of events or as the synecdoche of the liberated Joseon’s reality. Seoul, the central space of the liberation period, lost its reality and concreteness and was appeared as the background of events or became an ideological object. While Seoul was the real space where poetic subjects lived their lives and directly and indirectly related to the change of social and political systems, Asia, the Soviet Union, the United States of America were imagined spaces formed with indirect knowledge attained through geography and mass media. When spaces or places where the poet has never been to or lived in were to be included into literary world, the poet's imagination and features of the spaces and places are necessarily intervened. In this respect, these spaces could be called as the whole of poetic subjects’ imagination, preliminary knowledges on real space such as culture, literature, geography and history, and political orientation. Park, In-hwan, Im, Hwa, Kim, Gi-rim embodied those nations(spaces) by calling and listing cultural icons of Asia, the Soviet Union and the United States of America. In that they represented spaces with enumeration, the way of spatial representation in their poems seems to be relied upon metonymic method.

최남선 창가의 문화정치학과 『소년』 계몽기획의 이중적 구도

장만호(Jang, Man-ho) 한국시학회 2016 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.46

이 글은 최현식의 『최남선·근대시가·네이션』(소명출판, 2016)의 서평이다. 저자는 이 책을 통해 근대·계몽의 주체(최남선, 근대 매체)와 근대·계몽의 내용(네이션 기획), 근대·계몽의 문학적 형식(근대시가)을 살피고 있다. 최남선과 근대시가, 네이션의 삼각구도를 통해 최남선의 문학 및 문화 기획과 문학 양식의 문제를 검토하고 있는 셈이다. 이 서평은 크게 두 가지 관점에서 이 책을 읽고자 한다. 2장에서는 최남선의 철도창가와 근대 투어리즘의 관계에 대한 저자의 논의를 소개하고 그 특징을 파악하고자 한다. 저자는 최남선이라는 ‘문제’를 그 시기적 추이에 따른 변모를 기본축으로 삼으면서도, 대상 작품들과 그 주제나 창작 시기, 매체적 상동성·상사성을 지닌 대상들을 지속적으로 호출한다. 「경부텰도노래」에 대해서 오오와다 다케키의 「만한철도창가」를, 근대계몽기 한양의 모습에 대해 일제의 시각인 ‘경성’의 표상을, 「세계일주가」에 대해서는 이케베 요시다카의 「세계일주창가」를 호명한다. 이 과정에서 영향 관계가 밝혀지고, 창가의 공통적 특질이 드러나며, ‘문명국이며 제국주의 국가’ 일본의 기차와 ‘문명국이 되고자 노력하는 조선’의 기차가 실어나르는 문명과 역사, 심상지리의 차이가 구별된다. 3장에서는 『소년』의 계몽기획이 중요한 변화를 겪고 있다고 보는 저자의 논리를 따라가고자 한다. ‘소년’을 호출하고 ‘신대한’의 건설을 계획하던 최남선의 계몽기획은 당연히 좌절될 수밖에 없었고, 이에 ‘신대한’이라는 국민국가를 대신할 새로운 이념형의 찾을 필요가 있었다. 저자는 ‘신대한’을 대체한 것이 바로 ‘대조선’이라고 보았다. ‘신대한’이란 국민국가의 수립은 현실과는 무연한 욕망임을 깨달은 최남선이 문화 담론을 통해 그 활로를 개척할 수 있는 민족으로 전환한 결과가 ‘대조선’의 호출이었다는 것이다. 저자의 논리에 따르면 시조의 등장이란 이처럼 ‘대조선’의 정신을 앙양하고 민족의 기원과 영광을 상징하는 ‘대황조(단군)’를 기림으로써 ‘국가 만들기’에서 ‘민족 지키기’로 방향 전환한 최남선식 계몽기획의 필연적 결과였던 셈이다. This writing is a Choi, Hyun-sik’s book review on Choi, Nam-sun Geondaesiganation(Published by Somyung, 2016). Through this book, the author examines the subject (Choi, Nam-sun, modern media), content (Nation Planning) and literary expression form (Modern poem) of modern enlightenment. He reviews on the issues of literature, culture planning and literary form of Choi, Nam-sun through the triangular structure of Choi, Nam-sun Geondaesiganation. The book review is largely divied into two perspectives. Chapter 2 introduces author’s discussion on the relationship between Choi, Nam-sun’s railway song and modern tourism to idenfiy its feature. Chapter 3 follows the author’s logic of that enlightened planning of Boy is going through major changes to observe the characteristic and meaning of this book.

김용호 시 연구 - 고향의 형상화와 변모양상을 중심으로

장만호(Jang, Man-ho) 한국비평문학회 2022 批評文學 Vol.- No.83

이 논문은 김용호 시에 나타나는 ‘고향’의 형상과 그 변모과정을 통해 김용호 시의 특징을 확인하고자 하였다. 김용호의 시에 등장하는 고향의 형상과 그 변모 과정은 초기에는 원형적 공간이자 자기정체성의 장소, 그 장소의 상실과 이로부터 유래하는 노스탤지어와 멜랑콜리적 감성의 소환으로 이어지며, 후기에는 현대인의 모순적인 삶을 극복할 수 있는 이상향이자 대안 공간으로 나타난다. 「낙동강」으로 대표되는 초기시에서 고향은 유년의 체험과 공동체의 행복이 깃든 장소로 등장하며, 일제의 수탈과 자연 재해로 인해 상실된 공간으로 형상화된다. 그럼에도 고향의 상실이 단순한 패배가 아니라 새로운 시작이며 이향 역시 건설과 창조적 행위임을 발견하고자 노력하고 있었다는 점이 이 시기의 중요한 성과라 할 수 있다. 이후 김용호 시의 시적 주체는 회복불가능하며 귀환불가능한 곳으로서의 고향에 집착하며 스스로를 멜랑콜리의 상태로 몰아간다. 도달할 수 없는 곳에 대한 강한 집착은 멜랑콜리를 유발하며, 멜랑콜리의 심화는 다시 노스탤지어의 대상을 고향만이 아니라 ‘너’와 ‘그대’ 등 부재하는 타자에게 전이시키는 결과를 낳고 있었다. 이후 『날개』나 『의상세례』로 대표되는 후기시에서는 비판적 시각을 통해 현실의 문제를 진단하고 새로운 고향의 모습을 형상화한다. 현실에 대한 비판의식과 응전의 태도를 취함으로써 고향을 상실된 것이 아닌 추구해야 할 이상향으로 전환시킨 것이다. 이처럼 김용호의 시에 등장하는 ‘고향’의 변모는 김용호의 시의 전반적인 변화와 직접적인 연관관계를 갖는다. 나름 의욕적인 기획이었던 장시 「낙동강」의 창작, 감상적 서정성의 추구, 나아가 현실 비판과 새로운 대안의 모색이라는 김용호 시의 큰 줄기는 ‘고향’에 대한 다양한 형상화와 의미 부여를 통해 구체화될 수 있었다고 볼 수 있다. This thesis tried to confirm the characteristics of Kim Yong-ho"s poetry through the shape of ‘hometown’ and its transformation process. The shape of hometown in Kim Yong-ho"s poems and the transformation process lead to the loss of the original space and place of self-identity in the beginning and the summoning of nostalgia and melancholic sensibility derived therefrom. It appears as an utopia and an alternative space to overcome the hostile life. In the early poetry represented by 「Nakdonggang」 the hometown appears as a place where childhood experiences and community happiness reside, and is shaped as a space lost due to Japanese exploitation and natural disasters. Nevertheless, the fact that the loss of one"s hometown was not a simple defeat but a new beginning, and that relocation was also a construction and creative act was an important achievement during this period. Afterwards, the poetic subject of Kim Yong-ho"s poetry is obsessed with his hometown as an irrecoverable and non-returnable place, driving himself into a state of melancholy. A strong obsession with unreachable places causes melancholy, and the deepening of melancholy has resulted in transferring the object of nostalgia not only to the hometown but also to others who are absent, such as ‘you’. In later poems, represented by Wings and Baptism of Costumes, they diagnose the problems of reality through a critical perspective and shape the appearance of a new hometown. By adopting a critical awareness of reality and an attitude of response, he transformed his hometown into an utopia to be pursued rather than lost. As such, the transformation of ‘hometown’ in Kim Yong-ho"s poetry has a direct relationship with the overall change of Kim Yong-ho"s poetry. It can be seen that the main stems of Kim Yong-ho"s poems, such as the creation of the long poem 「Nakdonggang」r criticism of reality and the search for new alternatives, could be embodied through various shapes and meanings of ‘hometown’.

헤테로토피아로서의 인문도시와 공동체 내에서의 타자의 문제 - 인문도시 진주 사업을 중심으로

장만호 ( Jang Man-ho ) 전남대학교 인문학연구소 2021 용봉인문논총 Vol.- No.58

First of all, this study examines the operation methods and goals of the Humanities City Support Project, and then describes the theoretical background, the process of setting the subject, and specific project details of the ‘Humanities City Jinju’ project selected as the Humanities City Support Project in 2020. The Humanities City Support Project is a project aiming at the formation of a local community and a humanities community through the use of local cultural heritage to spread humanities to citizens. For the efficient progress of the project, it is necessary to review the problems of modern city and urban life, and the possibility and character of community formation. In this process, this study explored the possibility of functioning as a heterotopian space for Foucault as well as the “community as a luggage storage” that Sigmund Bauman referred to as a humanities city. Based on this perception, the Humanities City Jinju Project decided that the value needed in Jinju City, was ‘to go with the other within us’. The fact that we are all fundamentally other people, and that I and I have no choice but to be the other’s other at the same time, is that we are always exposed to the alienation and exclusion within the same group. It reminds us that it is not caring, it is a fundamental problem with me and us. Based on the recognition that overcoming exclusion and alienation is an urgent responsibility that humanities must bear, the subject of “Humanities, Embracing Jinju” has been derived, and efforts are being made to spread the values of communication, healing, and companionship.

산문시의 형식과 근대 문학 담당층의 산문시 인식

장만호(Jang Man-ho) 한국시학회 2006 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.15

This paper aims to study the concept and theory of prose poem of Korea and to examine the awareness of prose poem by the people in charge of early modern poetry. For a long time, prose poem was not properly understood by people. From the beginning of modern literature, prose poem was introduced and written with free verse at the same time, however, meaningful poetics or studies has not been accumulated. Until today, prose poem occupies an important place in contemporary poetry, without being precisely defined nor the aesthetic rules being laid down. Prose poem has been developed through antagonism with free verse and this is not just the problem of prose poem, but it is also deeply related to the various quests and experiments of Korean poetry. Free verse has been continuously developed, on the other hand, prose poem has showed the aspect of reduction and expansion. This means that prose poem is the form in which we can confirm the reduction and expansion of the horizon of Korean modern and contemporary history of poetry. In other word, how prose poem has been created and through which process it settled down as a concrete form become not only the concern of prose poem but the concern of Korean poetry. In this aspect, the question on prose poem can, over the question of 'what is prose poem?', be the indirect answer to question on the birth and self-confirmation of Korean poetry, that is, the fundamental question of 'What was poetry and what was the poetic thing?' This paper is planned as a preparatory study to clarify this question and critical mind and paid attention especially to comments and works of 이광수(Lee, Kwangsoo), 최학송(Choi, Haksong) and 김억(Kim, Eok). This paper tries to examine that prose poem was what kind of form at that time and how it was understood within the practical writings and comments on prose poem by them. It is because 이광수 and 김억 greatly influenced on the formation of modern literature and stated their own theory of literature and poetics. In conclusion, prose poem at that time was variously used not as a fixed form, but as a prose literature, the same concept with free verse. Writings by 최학송(Choi, Haksong) were very close to aesthetical sentence rather than poetry and 김억(Kim, Eok) possessed a form of contemporary prose poem and created ‘님’, a part of Korean literary tradition, however, this ended as a one-time and fragmentary, especially exceptional attempt. There could be various reasons for these disorder and confusion, but most of all, the emphasis on musicality, that is, poetry is to recite was rooted. When 'to recite' and 'emphasis on musicality' are perceived as the essence of poetry, poetry with the form of prose poem and prose poem which would be understood as not being possessed with a fixed form as a poetry become estranged from the interest of people in charge of literature in this period.

해방기의 지역문학론 -파성 설창수를 중심으로

장만호 ( Man Ho Jang ) 우리어문학회 2013 우리어문연구 Vol.45 No.-

This paper discussed the characteristics of regional literature during the period of Korean liberation by focusing on the theory of regional literature from Seol, Chang-Soo. Regional literature for the liberation period shows the paradoxical nature of a mismatch between the claims and the results. Left-wing or North Korea emphasized the spread of the ``local culture``, but this rather strengthened the control of the central area over the regions. <Eung-Hyang> event was the representative case. Right wing gave little attention to the literature of the region, and at this point, it was possible indigenous and distinctive literature was born. Nevertheless, as the left-wing and right-wing`s ethnic literary discourse during the liberation period regarded the nation/ethnic, a single and universal unit as its premise, the uniqueness of local literature was not the target of interest. The ``local literature`` could be great interest for the regions in the nature of ``local`` literature, but for the center, it was not the problem to be concerned. In this situation, The activities of Paseong Seol, Chang-Soo are one of the most valuable cases in the study of the local literature during the liberation time. He did many activities mostly in Jinju area in Kyungnam province during liberation, stressing the necessity of regional literature and showed a variety of activities for the establishment of a regional literature in conjunction. In comparison that the literature movement of other regions in this time didn`t show a significant theoretical deployment for the purpose and the way to establish local literature, Seol, Chang-Soo`s effort has meaning as an example representing the theory of local literature in the liberation period as well as establishing the local literature only in Jinju area. He reasoned the regional literature in the dimension of the national literature and his view of whole-person literature defined ``whole-person`` as one thing including the ethnic, humanity and divinity and organically connected the individual with the collective and the integral part with the whole. It was a theory of literature avoiding purity and claiming ``JunSunChamHoik`` in the opposite position of the national literature of ChungMoonHyup. Ironically, there shows similarity in many parts between his literary movement and theory and the theory of left wing and North Korea. 5 monolithic (Trinity or one body) principals which are tendency Trinity, literature-bureaucracy Trinity, literature-people Trinity, literature-Study Trinity and literature-construction Trinity, has similar way of practicing and its goal to the ones of establishing the national literature whose premises are the close link between the center and the left wing`s regional organizations, the bureaucratization and politicization of literary persons, popularization of the art and literature and establishment of a nation-state. The problem was his theory of whole-person literature``. The literature had to be closely linked to the overall environment, systems and all that surround it with an emphasis on practical aspects as long as it claims ``Monolithic body``. As any extension of the one body expanded, the literary theory of Seol, Chang-Soo and the left wing came to show some aspects similar to each other. In addition, it is still doubtful that the literary theory comprehensive of humanity and the gods could be the national literary theory.

윤동주 시의 아이러니

장만호 ( Jang Man-ho ) 현대문학이론학회 2024 현대문학이론연구 Vol.- No.97

This study described the poems of Yun Dong-ju through irony as a mode of thought. The reason the poetic subject in Yun Dong-ju’s poems separates itself is due to the ironic realization that understanding the world and achieving self-fulfillment are impossible when the poetic subject is considered a holistic entity based on self-identity. Only by attempting to differentiate itself between subjects can understanding and achievement be painfully felt as attainable. Another characteristic of Yun Dong-ju’s poetry lies in the future perfect tense of will and hope, which seeks to transform the indeterminacy of the past and the anxiety of the present into certainty for the future. This reflects the poetic subject’s desire to actualize the hope for a better life and the infinite longing for the absolute value of poetic completion. In the poem “Easily Written Poem,” there appears a moment where the fragmented subjects, which could not be seen in any other poem by Yun Dong-ju, achieve wholeness and regain identity. The poetic subject that once divided itself regains self-identity. In this regard, this moment of “handshake” can be considered symbolic and truthful. However, the prospect of this moment lasting is unclear, because in an ironic system of thought, truth is not something that can be “possessed,” but rather something that can be encountered “momentarily” at a dialectical stage.