현대미술관의 방문객 중심 경영관리 연구 : 심미적 반응과 문화추구 행동을 중심으로

장경화 조선대학교 2010 국내박사

ABSTRACT A Study on Visitor-centered Management to Contemporary Museum of Art - Focused on Aesthetic Response and Culture Seeking Behavior- Jang, Kyung - Hwa Adviced By Prof. Park, Chung - Gi, Ph.D. Jung, Hyung - Shik, Ph.D. Department of Aesthetics and Art History, Graduate School of Chosun University More people participate in cultural activities actively owing to increase of their income and rise of their concerns on culture from the five-day workweek. Thus art museum manager also makes efforts to reflect on visitors' opinions and improve their experiences in order to attract more visitors. Although more subdivided and systematized research of art museum for its efficient management and functional extension should be conducted, existing researches were centered on characteristics of art museum visitors and their education and research of art museum management factors to attract more visitors is insufficient. Therefore this study divides managerial factors available by art museum managers into visitor factor, physical and environmental factors of art museum, responsive factor through art museum visit and further behavioral factor, reveals the process of relevance and causation among these factors and aims to present managerial suggestions of art museum. Data for this study were collected through questionnaire and the period of survey was about one month. Subjects of questionnaire were art museum visitors and the researcher interviewed them personally at art museum for achieving their high understanding and responsiveness of survey and had them make questionnaire on the spot and collected their answers. Total 320 questionnaires were distributed, 300 questionnaires were collected and 292 except 8 unfaithful responses were used for analysis. The empirical results are shown as follows. First, frequency of visit and experience of art museum and time required for viewing exhibition at art museum which are characteristics of art museum visitors had significant influences on functional and cognitive images of art museum and it is found that as they experience and visit art museum frequently and they spend more time at art museum, they have more affirmative image of art museum. Further characteristics of art museum visitors have greater relative influence on functional image of art museum than cognitive image and for inducing visitors to have an affirmative image of art museum, art museum should be academic and interesting and be place of playing the functional roles like explaining the past history, having rich academic resources and knowledge of the future. Second, influence of relative phase recognition of art museum on functional and cognitive image of art museum have not significant influence on its functional image. Such a result means that art museum visitors had greater recognition of cognitive image in emotional side through art museum rather than its functional image which emphasizes functions and roles of art museum through relative level recognition compared to foreign and domestic art museums. Third, exhibition and physical environment of art museum have significant influence on its functional image, but it has not significant influence on its cognitive image. Thus physical and environmental factors have an affirmative influence on its functional image, but the cognitive image having a strong emotional aspect is not made. Therefore, for making art museum visitors have functional image of art museum positively, consideration of circulation related to exhibition, exhibition methods and reinforcement of physical environment such as installation of resting place and museum shop and supply of brochures should be achieved. Fourth, influence of functional and cognitive images of art museum on aesthetic responses of art museum visitors have significant influences on both functional and cognitive images of art museum. Of the two images of art museum by art museum visitors before visiting art museum, functional image shows greater influence on aesthetic response of art museum visitors after visiting museum and it is found that aesthetic response of art museum is increased more by influence of functional image. Fifth, functional and cognitive image of art museum have significant influence on its visitors' satisfaction. In addition, functional image has more influence on art museum visitors' image of art museum than cognitive image and it is considered that strengthening functional aspects of art museum image can increase art museum visitors' satisfaction. Such a result suggests that since cognitive and functional image made before visiting an art museum is seen as attitudinal factor of art museum, their satisfaction can be enhanced. Sixth, although aesthetic response of art museum visitors has not significant influence on their satisfaction, it has a significant influence on behavior for pursuing culture and art museum visitors cannot have satisfaction only through aesthetic impression of harmony among colors, qualities and designs of exhibition works and relics and learning of historical background. However, aesthetic response within art museum follows behaviors for pursuing culture and then it will be effective to improve aesthetic response by developing a variety of programs including fine arts centered design, architecture, image and animation strengthening aesthetic impression and effective sides of learning and offering wide visual art education. Seventh, as art museum visitors' satisfaction is higher, it has a significant influence on behaviors for pursuing culture and then experience of art museum, participation in its special programs and art lectures, opinions of government's support policies for art museum and participation in making communication between art museum and general public can be accomplished. As art museum visitors' concerns on art have been enhanced through art museum visit, they can take part in a variety of education programs and lectures offered by museum, policy concerns on art have been also increased and extension of professionals in the area of art and active communication between art museum and general public can be achieved. In conclusion, it is suggested that inducing art museum visitors' satisfaction should be preceded to enhance concerns on the areas of culture and art and attract policies for supporting art. Since art museum visitors are seen as culture consumers having high concerns on culture unlike potential customers who don't visit art museum, relationship to and management of them will be important.

잠계 이전인의 시문 연구 : 詩와 『關西問答錄』을 중심으로

장경화 동국대학교 2013 국내석사

탄닌이 2,4-dinitrochloroben zene(DNCB) 피부염 생쥐의 모발성장에 미치는 영향

장경화 조선대학교산업기술융합대학원 2018 국내석사

ABSTRACT The effect of tannin on hair growth in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB)-dermatitis mice. Kyoung-Hwa Jang Advisor : Eun-Mi Ryu, Ph.D Dept. of Beauty and Cosmetic Graduate School of Chosun University Appearance is being perceived as competitive by not only women but also men, so hair and scalp are exposed to chemicals such as frequent dyeing and bleaching and permanent for enhancing appearance. Those reasons cause problematic scalp disease or dermatitis on the scalp and hair growth impediment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tannin, which has antimicrobial and immunological properties, on hair growth in contact dermatitis induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB). Twenty male 5 week old balb/c mice adapted for one week at Samtako were examined for a total of 8 weeks. First, mice(DNCB-DM) were exposed to dermatitis, and tannin aqueous solution (0.2w/v in 200ml of tap water) was orally taken to dermatitis induced mice(DNCB-DM+T). The results were as follows: First, skin symptoms of mice in the DNCB-DM+T group treated for 3 weeks and 5 weeks showed dermatitis symptoms such as skin rash, papule, eczema and scab formation, but significantly reduced over the DNCB-DM group. There was no change in skin symptoms in the control group, O,A group. Secondly, histological analysis of H&E staining showed clearly the boundary between the epidermal layer and the dermal layer, the border of the hair follicle, and the hair follicle cells in the DNCB-DM+T group than in the DNCB-DM group. Third, the gene related to the hair cycle through transcript analysis of total RNA is as follows. In the DNCB-DM group, the mRNA amount of G protein-coupled receptor(Gprc5d), msh homeobox 2(Msx2), patched 2(Ptch2), wingless-type MMTV integration site family(Wnt10b), desmoglein4(Dsg4), keratin associated protein 4-16(Krtap4-16), homeobox C13(Hoxc13), adenomatosis polyposis coli down-regulated 1(Apcdd1) and SRY(sex determining region Y)-box 21(Sox21) were decreased compared with the those of control group. Fourth, the expression of melanin biosynthesis-related genes in the DNCB-DM group was decreased in mRNA amount of tyrosinase (Tyr), oculocutaneous albinism II (Oca2), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) and dopachrome tautomerase(Dct), in contrast, it was increased in the DNCB-DM+T group than in the control group. Fifth, gene expression profiles of DNCB-DM+T group by analyzing transcripts of isolated total RNA were analyzed and mRNA levels of G protein-coupled receptor(Gprc5d), desmoglein 4(Dsg4), keratin associated protein 4-16(Krtap4-16), patched 2(Ptch2), homeobox C13(Hoxc13), forkhead box Q1(Foxq1), forkhead box N1(Foxn1), and adenomatosis polyposis coli down-regulated1(Apcdd1) were increased compared to the DNCB-DM group. In conclusion, tannin helps to improve symptoms of contact dermatitis, and changes in hair-related gene expression may help to improve the cycle or growth impediment of hair caused by dermatitis.

이종기판 위 GaN 박막의 성장 연구

장경화 서울시립대학교 대학원 2005 국내석사

Ⅲ-Ⅴ족 GaN 계 질화물 화합물 반도체는 1.9 eV(InN) 로부터 6.2 eV(AlN), 그리고 3.4 eV(GaN)의 넓은 띠 간격(wide bandgap)을 가지는 직접 천이형 화합물 반도체로서 앞으로 응용가능성이 큰 물질이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 GaN계 질화물 반도체의 에피 박막 성장은 GaN와 격자 정합을 이루는 기판 재료가 없는 관계로 사파이어, SiC, 사파이어 및 스피넬 기판 위에 이종 에피 성장을 한다. 본 연구에서는 MOCVD 장치의 사파이어 기판 위 2-step 성장 조건을 확립하고, 최적화하여 GaN/Si 직접 성장 연구를 수행하였다. 사파이어 기판 위 2단계 성장 조건 확립과 특성 실험 연구를 통하여 고온 성장시간, 고온 성장온도, 5족/3족 유량변화에 따라 사파이어 기판 위 성장된 GaN 에피층의 구조와 물성이 의존함을 알 수 있었으며, 표면형상과 거칠기, HRXRD, PL 등 물성치를 종합하여 2단계 성장 조건을 얻을 수 있었다. 사파이어 기판 위에서의 성장 조건을 바탕으로 저온 GaN 버퍼층을 Si 기판에 직접 형성 후, 850℃ 이상의 최종성장 온도 실험 결과, random한 성장 방향의 다결정 GaN 박막이 성장되어, 에피구조를 얻기 불가능하였으며, 아울러 성장온도가 증가할수록 표면 형태와 평탄도가 더욱 심하게 열화되어, 성장온도의 증가만으로는 에피성장방향을 가지는 GaN/Si 이종 에피구조를 얻을 수 없었다. TMGa 선처리에 의해 일부 조건에서는 거시적인 XRD 결과로는 (002) 성장방향이 지배적이도록 변화하는 가능성이 보였으나, SEM 의 미세구조 관찰 결과, wetting 불량과 Si 기판 표면이 드러나는 문제점이 있었다. TMGa 선처리 후 저온 GaN 버퍼층 형성 시에도 wetting 불량과 Si 기판 표면이 드러나는 문제점이 발생하였다. 이 경우 계속 전체 고온 성장 후 GaN 박막은 random한 성장방향을 지니는 다결정의 형태로 형성되었다. 300℃ 성장온도에서 비정질 GaN 박막 층을 Si 기판 위에 직접 증착시킨 후, 500℃ in-situ 고상결정화 결과, 표면 형상이 균일하고 표면 거칠기도 우수한 박막을 얻을 수 있음을 관찰하였다. 이를 최종 GaN 고온 증착(850℃이상)에 의해 GaN/Si 구조를 형성시킬 수 있었다. 성장된 GaN/Si은 다결정 상태였으나, 특정한 조건 하에서는 (002) 방향이 우세한 결과를 얻을 수도 있었다. 또한 SEM 단면 관찰 결과 wetting 불량이나 기판 표면이 드러나는 등의 문제점들은 보이지 않았다. 주요어: GaN, MOCVD, 사파이어 기판, Si 기판 The objective of this research is to develop a MOCVD process for the direct growth of GaN on Si substrate. Direct growth of GaN on Si in this research means with no additional buffer layer inserted between GaN layer and Si substrate like some previous results using AlN or some oxide thin layers. We developed a two-step growth condition on c-plane sapphire substrate by horizontal MOCVD at a low-pressure as a reference condition in this research. The structures and properties of GaN epilayer on sapphire substrate were dependent upon growth time, growth temperature, V/III ratio, buffer layer thickness, etc. The best condition of GaN buffer layer for two-step growth was at growth temperature 500℃, V/III ratio=1370, thickness 40 nm. Two-step growth condition showed the epitaxial relationship of GaN layer even at 850℃ growth temperature and also above that. Then, we applied the above two-step growth condition to the GaN thin film growth on Si substrate. Only by using the above buffer layer condition and then following high-temperature growth directly to Si substrate, it was not possible to grow epitaxial GaN on Si substrate successfully at 850℃, nor above that temperature, which showed a worse surface morphology with increasing final growth temperatures. For the direct GaN growth on Si substrate using TMGa pre-treatment, the macroscopic XRD results showed a dominance of (002) growth orientation. However, microscopically, severe problems in wetting and surface coverage on substrate were observed. Severe problems in wetting and surface coverage also existed even during the formation stage of low-temperature buffer layer, which induced the randomly oriented GaN films on Si after final high-temperature growth. We studied a direct GaN growth on Si substrate by using the deposition of amorphous GaN layer and in-situ solid phase recrystallization. Amorphous GaN thin film could be deposited directly on Si substrate at 300℃ and a typical deposition rate was 25 nm/min. After following in-situ solid phase recrystallization at 500℃, the surface morphology and roughness became more uniform than those of amorphous layer. After solid phase recrystallization, we could obtain GaN/Si structure by high-temperature deposition of GaN at 850℃ or higher. The resultant GaN film showed polycrystalline nature, but under some conditions, (002) growth orientation became predominant by macroscopic XRD pattern. Moreover, the previous severe problems in wetting and surface coverage did not exist in this process. Thus, using amorphous GaN deposition and solid phase recrystallization is expected to be a promising approach to fabricate direct epitaxial GaN/Si structure, which suggest the further studies for this research. keywords : GaN, MOCVD, sapphire substrate, Si substrate

탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동에서 협상에 기반한 논의가 학생들의 의문 및 주장-증거 변화에 미치는 영향

장경화 부산대학교 2013 국내박사

이 연구에서는 탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동에서 협상에 기반한 논의가 학습의 과정에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위해 활동의 단계가 진행되면서 나타나는 의문 및 주장-증거의 변화를 통해 협상에 기반한 논의의 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 남녀공학 중학교 1학년 4개 학급의 학생(126명)을 대상으로 1년에 걸쳐 5개의 탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동 프로그램을 적용하였다. 연구를 위해 사용된 5개 주제의 활동에 대한 글쓰기를 모두 수집하였으며, 활동 전 · 후 선정된 학생들을 대상으로 탐구적 과학 글쓰기에 대한인식을 알아보기 위한 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동에서 학생들이 제시한 의문 및 주장-증거의 변화를 분석하기 위한 평가틀을 개발하였고, 개발된 평가틀을 이용하여 5개 주제의 활동의 글쓰기에 나타난 의문 및 주장-증거를 평가하였다. 또한 의문 및 주장-증거의 변화 요인을 알아보기 위해 활동 전 · 후에 실시한 학생 인터뷰 내용을 전사하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 (a) 탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동에서 학생들이 제시한 의문은 나의 의문에서 조의 의문, 학급 의문으로 진행됨에 따라 의문의 수준이 높아지고, 활동이 거듭됨에 따라 나의 의문 및 조의 의문 수준이 높아졌다. (b) 탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동에서 나타난 주장-증거의 변화는 나의 주장-증거에서 조의 주장-증거로 가면서 수준이 높아졌다. 나의 주장이 조의 주장으로 가면서 주장의 수준이 높아지는 변화의 폭은 활동이 진행됨에 따라 증가하였고, 나의 증거 및 조의 증거의 수준은 활동이 진행됨에 따라 뚜렷한 변화가 나타나지는 않았으나 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. (c) 탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동의 반성 글쓰기에서 나타난 주장 수준은 나의 주장에서 나타난 주장 수준보다 높았고, 활동의 횟수가 거듭됨에 따라 반성 주장의 수준이 점차 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 반성 증거의 분석 결과는 활동의 횟수가 거듭됨에 따라 반성 증거 수준이 뚜렷한 변화가 나타나지는 않았으나 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 활동의 횟수가 거듭됨에 따라 학생들이 제시한 반성 증거의 수가 증가하였고, 반성에 대한 증거로 실험 결과보다 읽기 자료나 학급 논의 결과를 많이 사용하였다. 또한 자신의 생각 변화를 진술하는 논리성 역시 향상되었다. (d) 탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동 전 · 후에 실시한 인터뷰 내용을 분석한 결과 조, 학급 수준에서 실시한 논의가 탐구적 과학 글쓰기 활동에서 나타난 의문 및 주장-증거 변화에 영향을 끼친 주된 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 과학교육에서의 핵심 활동인 실험은 학생들에게 정보를 재구성할 기회를 제공하고, 의문을 제기하며, 주장-증거를 제시하게 하여 과학 지식을 능동적으로 구성하도록 한다. 또한 과학학습은 다양한 언어를 이용하여 학생과 교사 사이에 의미 있는 협상이 이루어질 때 진정한 학습이 이루어졌다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 과학교육에서는 학생들에게 탐구과정을 통해 스스로 과학 지식을 구성하는 과정에 참여시켜야하며, 이 과정에서 협상에 기반한 논의를 사용함으로써 과학 지식을 능동적으로 구성하는 경험을 제공해야 한다. The purpose of this study was to investigate how argumentation-based negotiation in the Science Writing Heuristic(SWH) approach influenced students’ question and claim-evidence. A total of 126 first grade middle school students participated in this study. We developed five SWH activities and applied to students throughout the year. Student writing samples from the SWH students templates were collected and analyzed. We interviewed students before and after the SWH approach to investigate their recognition on the SWH approach. Our first step in this part of the analysis was to develop an assessment framework to examine changes of student generated question and claim-evidence in the SWH approach. All student writing samples collected were scored using the assessment framework developed for this study. To investigate how argumentation-based negotiation influenced students’ question and claim-evidence, We examined the overall quality of the question and claim-evidence produced by personal negotiation and social negotiation. The study findings showed that; (a) There were improvements in student's questions as they progressed from individual question to group and class question. The level of individual and group question was increasingly enhanced as the SWH approach went on. (b) There were improvements in student's claim-evidence as they progressed from individual claim-evidence to group claim-evidence. The variation of improvements in student's claim as they progressed from individual claim to group claim was increased as the activities were progressed. (c) The level of claim in the reflection section was higher than individual claim and the level of claim in the reflection section tend to enhance as the activities were progressed. The evidence in the reflection section showed that as the SWH approach went on, the level of evidence student generated was in general enhanced. As the SWH approach went on, the number of evidences which students used was also increased and they used more information from reading materials and class argument rather than the result of the experiment as an evidence to support their claim in the reflection section. Also as they stated why their thinking have been changed, the logicality in their statement was improved. (d) According to the analysis of the student's interviews, group and class level argument were the main causes which influenced on question and claim-evidence change in the SWH approach. The science inquiry is about finding thoughtful claim and evidence to questions that matter. Argument as a core of science inquiry can give students an opportunity to learn how to participate in the process of science and construct the science knowledge. The best way to learn science is negotiation of meaning using various languages. Therefore, it needed for students to participate in the construction of scientific knowledge in science classroom and the experience to actively construct scientific knowledge using argumentation-based negotiation was provided in the process.

글쓰기를 강조한 과학 탐구 활동 프로그램의 효과

장경화 부산대학교 2008 국내석사

韓國 美術에서 Realism의 樣相

장경화 朝鮮大學校 大學院 1988 국내석사

"Realism," originally a critical term borrowed from philosophy, is closely connected with the French Revolution (1789-1802), and was gradually revealed by being generally used by Courbet and Champfleury in 1855. We use "sasiljueui" (寫實主義) for "realism" in Korean, but it is such a restricted term with only one aspect (as a technique in particular), and sometimes another term, "hyeonsiljueui" (現實主義) is used in confusion. In addition, the term "realism" is often used with various modifiers today, which proves how ambiguous "realism" is. This paper deals with the concept of realism summed up, and its manner fo influence on Korean Western painting, especially shown in the academism of the National Art Exhibition after liberation, and the new painting style of the 1980's In fact, realism could have taken hold as a new trend of thought (in the historical meaning), considering the conditions of the times from the introduction of Western painting after liberation from Japanese rule, but this realism did not take hold in our art world because of the passive attitude of expression of artists and their lack of firm consciousness at that time. (At that time, realism wasn't determined pure realism, but a realism based on naturalism aesthetics without knowing reality as it were.) Then at the end of the 70's, the aesthetics was changed and elevated by some young artists as best as could be in our art world, and realism has been divided roughly into two tendency groups. One of them includes various tendency groups of personal and subjective realism chasing their own internal reality, and the other is a tendency group which inherited and updated the spirit of the realism of the 19th century like die Neue Sachlichkeit or the Mexican realists. (It includes social realism and all kinds of realism of the 3rd World.) Accordingly, the realism movement in true meaning started at the beginning of the 80's in the Korean art world. Yet the true intention of realism is to search for reality itself as an artistic task, and the conservative spirit of realism has been extensively comprehended in the classics of Korean painting history, especially in the delicate expression techniques and the wittly satires on reality. This is why, we should by all means escape from our reckless adhesion to Western art and our art education based on Western art of today.

생성문법에서의 수동구문 연구 : Passive Constructions in Generative Grammar

장경화 충남대학교 대학원 2008 국내박사

언어는 인간과 아주 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다. 역사적으로 언어습득은 줄곧 신비하게 여겨져 왔다. 언어습득에서 하나의 획기적인 제안으로 촘스키가 제기한 보편문법이 있는데 그는 인간의 언어에 보편문법이 존재한다고 주장한다. 본 논문에서는 생성문법이론을 바탕으로 이러한 보편문법이 지난 50 년동안 어떻게 수동구문의 해석에 영향을 미쳤는가를 비교적 관점에서 살펴보고 더 나아가서 언어간에 공통적 특징이 존재함을 증명한다. 수동구문에 관한 연구는 문법연구에서 아주 흥미로운 과제로서 여러 문법이론들에서 이 주제를 둘러싸고 깊은 연구를 진행하여 왔다. 예를 들면, 생성문법, 관계문법 그리고 핵어문법 등 이다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 생성문법체계에서의 수동구문 연구를 주요하게 다룬다. 우선, 영어의 수동연구 이론들을 살펴본다. 영어 수동이론은 생성문법의 발전과 함께 아주 큰 변화를 보여주고 있다. 초기 변형문법 시기 수동구문은 수의적인 변형규칙을 통해 도출되었고 그 후 원리와 매개변항이론에서는 수동화 이론을 중심으로 전개되었다. 이런 수동화이론은 조합문법의 한 부분으로 간주되는 격이론, 의미역 이론 그리고 이동이론 등을 토대로 설명을 전개한다. 격할당을 위한 수동화이론은 아주 설득력있고 이동에 대한 강한 이론적 동기를 보여준다. 최소주의에서는 언어의 내적특징을 탐구하기 위하여 자질점검이론을 도입한다. 간단히 말하면, 수동구문에 대한 해석은 언어의 표면현상에 대한 기술적 연구로부터 언어의 내적특징을 탐구하는데로 나아가고 있다. 둘째로, 영어 수동구문의 여러가지 형태를 생성론자의 관점에서 살펴본다. 영어 수동구문의 원형으로 불리우는 "be + -en"을 제외하고도 영어는 기타 여러가지 수동구문의 형식을 가지고 있는데 대표적인 것으로 get-수동, become-수동, 전치사적 수동, 동사구 수동, 의사 수동 그리고 명사적 수동 등이 있다. 수동구문의 한 가지 특수한 형태인 중간구조는 능격동사구문, 중간동사구문과 감각동사구문 등을 포함한다. 이들은 구조적으로 능동이지만 의미적으로는 수동을 나타낸다. 비록 수동구문의 해석에 보편적인 법칙들이 존재하지만 동사, 목적어, 의미적 등 방면에서는 일정한 제약을 보여준다. 셋째로, 중국어 수동구문을 생성이론체계에서 그 발전을 살펴본다. 주요하게 Feng (1990, 1997), Ting (1998), Huang (1999)과 Tang (2004) 등 학자들의 관점을 토론한다. 중국어에서 수동구문에 대한 해석은 장기간 많은 논쟁이 있었으며 지금도 여전히 진행되고 있다. 주요한 논점은 수동표기 "bei"의 범주적 특징과 이동에 대한 동기 등이 포함된다. 중국어 수동구문은 영어의 수동화와 다르게 아주 큰 다양성을 보여준다. 문법학자들이 제기한 통합적 관점과 비통합적 관점이 공존한다. 저자는 중국어 수동표기인 "bei"가 동사적 범주이며 단수동과 장수동은 각각 논항이동과 비논항이동을 포함한다고 주장한다. 그리고 중국어 수동구문의 분류에 대해 "bei"수동구문, "jiao, rang, gei"수동구문 등이 존재하는데 그 중 후자는 자체의 사역 의미에서 비롯된 것이다. 그 외에 비변형적인 어휘적수동과 전통적으로 의미적수동으로 불리운 중간구조도 논의된다. 마지막으로 영어와 중국어 수동구문의 비교를 통하여 언어에는 공통적 특징이 존재함을 제시한다. 그러나 반면에 영어의 통합된 수동구문 이론과 비교할 때 중국어 수동이론은 중국어의 유연성으로 인한 많은 특수성을 갖는 것을 알 수 있다. 언어의 보편원리와 매개변항을 탐구하는 것은 우리가 언어의 본질을 파악하고 언어습득을 연구함에 있어서 이론적인 근거를 제공하게 될 것이다. Languages have a close relation to human beings. Language acquisition proves to be very mysterious. One of the revolutionary proposals to language acquisition is a Universal Grammar (UG) proposed by Chomsky. He argues there is a Universal Grammar in human languages. This dissertation examines how these Universal Principles are applied to the explanation of the passive constructions in the generative grammar framework in its 50 years history and further provides evidence for universality in human languages. The passive construction is one of the hottest research topics in grammar research. Various grammar frameworks have researched passive constructions in depth including generative grammar, relational grammar and head-driven phrase structure grammar etc. Nevertheless, this dissertation chiefly focuses on the generative framework. First, theories of the English passive constructions change with the development of generative grammar. In the early transformational-generative grammar, the passive construction is argued to be derived via optional transformational rules. In the following Principles and Parameters framework, passivization theories involving Case Theory, Theta Theory and Movement Theory etc. (parts of the modular grammar) are applied to explain the derivation of the passive constructions. Case-driven movement is argued to be very powerful in explaining the motivation of movement. Later in the Minimalist Program, feature checking (deletion of uninterpretable features) is introduced in order to explore the inner quality of the language. In brief, explanation of the passive constructions changes from description of the superficial language phenomena into exploring the inner quality of language features. Second, we analyze various types of passive constructions in English from a generative perspective. In addition to the "be + -ed" pattern, we find many other forms of passive constructions such as get-passives, become-passives, prepositional passives, phrasal verb passives, pseudopassives and nominal passives etc. Middle constructions as one of the special types of passives are introduced, too. Ergative verb constructions, middle verb constructions and perception verb constructions prove to be syntactically active, but semantically passive. Notwithstanding the universal principles, there are some exceptional cases involving verb constraints, object constraints, semantic constraints, and idiom chunks constraints etc. Third, we look at the development of the Chinese passive constructions by applying the generative theoretical framework. We discussed some of the representative scholars' perspectives such as Feng (1990, 1997), Ting (1998), Huang (1999) and Tang (2004) with comments. Their perspectives provide us many creative and compelling thoughts. Nevertheless, defining some of the crucial concepts such as, the categorial feature of "bei" and motivation of the movement are still controversial. Derivation of the Chinese passive constructions proves to be different from the English passivization and it shows great diversity. Both unified and non-uniform approaches are proposed by the scholars. However, we argue that "bei" is a verbal category and the short passives and long passives involve A-movement and A'-movement respectively. Furthermore, patterns of Chinese passive constructions are displayed including "bei" passives and "jiao, rang, gei" passives which originated from their causative usage. In addition, lexical passives which are non-transformational are discussed and middle constructions which are traditionally called notional passives are examined as well. Finally, English and Chinese passives are discusssed from a comparative perspective. English and Chinese passives are argued to have universality. However, compared with a unified approach to the passives of English, Chinese passive constructions show idiosyncrasy because of the flexibility of the Chinese language. Exploring universal principles and parameters of the languages will provide a theoretical basis for the study of language and language acquisition.

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