Almost Sure Limits of Sample Alignments in Proportional Hazards Models

임요한,Seung-Jean Kim 한국통계학회 2006 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.35 No.3

The proportional hazards model (PHM) can be associated with a non-homogeneous Markov chain (NHMC) in the sense that sample alignmentsin the PHM correspond to trajectories of the NHMC. As a result the partiallikelihood widely used for the PHM is a probabilistic function of the tra-jectories of the NHMC. In this paper, we show that, as the total numberof subjects involved increases, the trajectories of the NHMC,i.e.samplealignments in the PHM, converges to the solution of an ordinary dieren-tial equation which, subsequently, characterizes the almost sure limit of thepartial likelihood.AMS 2000 subject classications.Primary 62N99; Secondary 60K10.Keywords.Non-homogeneous Markov chain, proportional hazards model.1. IntroductionLetT be a continuous random time associated with an event, representingthe survival or event time. The hazards rate ofT is the instantaneous conditionalprobability dened by(t) = lim! 0P(t T t+ jT t)= :The probability that the survival time is larger thantis given byP(T > t) = expZ t0(s)ds:Received May 2006; accepted July 2006.1Corresponding author. Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,Korea (e-mail: johanlim@yonsei.ac.kr)

Association Between Oral Health and Airflow Limitation: Analysis Using a Nationwide Database

임요한,김선형,김정애,조준연,강혜란,신윤미,최강현,이기만,양범희 대한내과학회 2022 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2022 No.2

A note on independence assumption on binding sites in biological sequence analysis

임요한,이경은 한국통계학회 2011 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.40 No.1

Finding significant patterns from sequence data is an important issue in various fields extending well beyond biology. Despite their potential utility, a difficulty in direct application of the recent methods stems from the independence assumption between sites. Markovian assumptions have recently been made for either informative binding sites or non-informative background sites. In this article, it is shown that under certain specifiable conditions, making the independence assumption yields better results in finding binding sites from sequence data with substantial Markovian dependency.

Mulit Element를 이용한 PIFA 구조의 Intenna에 관한 연구

임요한,장기훈,윤영중,김용진,김영일,윤익재,Lim, Yo-Han,Chang, Ki-Hun,Yoon, Young-Joong,Kim, Yong-Jin,Kim, Young-Eil,Yoon, Ick-Jae 한국전자파학회 2007 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.18 No.7

본 논문에서는 휴대폰용 내장형 PIFA 형태를 바탕으로 안테나 면을 4개의 element로 나눔으로써 넓은 대역폭과 향상된 이득 특성을 갖는 multi element 안테나를 제안하였으며, CDMA 대역인 $824{\sim}896MHz$와 RFID 대역인 $908.5{\sim}914MHz$를 동시에 만족하도록 설계하였다. 제안된 안테나의 크기는 $35{\times}15{\times}5mm^3$로 S사 A 모델의 케이스를 바탕으로 설계되었으며, 각 element를 안테나 안쪽으로 접어 넣음으로써 안테나의 소형화를 이루었다. 안테나의 광대역 및 향상된 이득 특성을 얻기 위해 안테나의 면을 4개의 element로 나누었다. 그 결과 전류의 패스가 길어지고 나뉘어짐에 따라, 안테나의 중심 주파수가 낮아지고 대역폭이 넓어지는 특성을 보였다. 또한, 안테나를 여러 개의 element로 나눔으로써 좀 더 고른 전류 분포를 갖게 되어 안테나의 효율이 향상되고 이득 값이 향상되는 특성을 가질 수 있었다. 좀 더 고른 전류 분포를 유도하여 안테나의 효율을 향상시키기 위해 전류가 각 element로 직접 전달되도록 급전 점에 변화를 주었다. 그 결과, 안테나의 이득 값이 더욱 향상되었으며, 급전 구조에 변화를 주면서 element를 4개로 설계하여 그 특성을 고찰한 결과, 가장 높은 이득 값을 보임을 확인하였다. 안테나의 이득 값을 유지한 상태로 소형화하기 위해 전류 방향을 고려하여 안테나의 각 element를 안테나의 앞면은 아래쪽으로 양 옆면은 안테나의 안쪽으로 접어 넣었다. 또한, 급전 위치를 조절하여 안테나의 공진 길이를 늘리기 위해 급전 점의 위치를 접지면의 윗부분에 배치하였다. 케이스를 고려하지 않은 상태로 원하는 안테나 특성을 얻었다고 하더라도, 케이스에 부착되면 주파수가 이동되고 원하는 주파수 대역에서 안테나 이득 값이 저하되기 때문에 휴대폰 케이스에 부착 시 $150{\sim}200MHz$의 주파수 이동이 발생함을 확인한 후에 1.08 GHz에 공진 주파수가 나타나도록 설계하였으며, 공진 주파수에서의 측정된 최대 이득 값은 3.1 dBi를 나타내었다. 케이스를 고려하여 측정한 경우, VSWR<2 기준 임피던스 대역폭은 $0.824{\sim}0.936GHz$로 110 MHz의 대역폭을 갖고 CDMA 대역과 RFID 대역을 동시에 만족할 수 있음을 나타내었다. 측정된 이득 값은 최소 -3.4 dBi에서 최대 -0.5 dBi를 나타내었고, 무지향성 패턴을 보임을 확인하였다. In this thesis, the Multi element antenna with wideband and enhanced gain characteristic is proposed to operate at both frequency range from 824 MHz to 896 11Hz for the CDMA and frequency range from 908.5 MHz to 914 MHz for the RFID band. The proposed antenna has tile size of $35{\times}15{\times}5mm^3$ in order to put it in the A model of S company and each element of the proposed antenna is folded to obtain the minimum size. To obtain the antenna with wideband and high gain characteristic, the radiator of the antenna is divided into 4 elements. As a result, bandwidth of the proposed antenna become broader and lower center frequency is appeared due to increased and lengthened current path. Moreover, the enhanced gain characteristic is verified because divided element structure that induct uniform current distribution can get increased antenna efficiency. To attain more uniform current distribution, modified structure of the feeding point that can deliver currents directly is designed. The antenna that alters the feeding structure has higher gain value. Each element is folded to increase the current paths considering the current directions to attain the miniaturization of the antenna. To measure the handset antenna, the handset case must be considered. Even though antenna is designed for predicted characteristic, the resonance frequency is shifted and antenna gain is deteriorated at predicted frequency while antenna is set in the handset case. 1.08 GHz of the resonant frequency is determined after frequency shift from 150 MHz to 200 MHz is confirmed and the maximum gain is measured as 3.1 dBi while antenna is not set in the handset. In case handset case is considered, the experimental results show that the impedance bandwidth for VSWR<2 is from 0.824 GHz to 0.936 GHz(110 MHz). This result appears that the proposed antenna can cover both CDMA and RFID band at once. The measured gain is from -3.4 dBi to -0.5 dBi and it has omni-directional pattern practically.

치주질환으로 인해 유발된 하악의 만성 화농성 골수염의 치험 일례

임요한,표성운,한은영,Lim, Yo-Han,Pyo, Sung-Woon,Han, Eun-Young 대한치주과학회 2002 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.32 No.4

Osteomyelitis is an exhaustive disease whose main feature is an inflammation of inner part of bone, bone marrow. In oral and maxillofacial area, we have maxillary and mandibular osteomyelitis and the latter is dominant because of its impaired blood supply. The main cause of osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection and the ways of infections are by periapical odontogenic infection, fracture, post-operative complication, and periodontal disease. The predominant etiologic factor is periapical odontogenic infection mostly caused by advanced dental caries. It is generally believed that periodontal disease could be a cause of osteomyelitis. But periodontal disease is usually confined to the alveolar bone area and not extends to the underlying bone marrow. Accordingly periodontal infection per se rarely cause produce oseomyelitis. Even though osteomyeltis could be occurred by periodontal disease, its virulence of infection is milder than periapical odontogenic infection. So it usually provokes sclerosing or hyperplastic osteomyelitis rather than suppurative type. We had a case of suppurative osteomyelitis caused by periodontal disease and treated it with periodontal and oral and maxillofacial surgical method.

A text-linguistic reading of Jezreel in Hosea 1-3

임요한 칼빈대학교 2012 칼빈論壇 Vol.- No.32

페이스북, 사람이 있다

임요한 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2017 활천 Vol.764 No.7

Hyper-Parameter in Hidden Markov Random Field

임요한,유동현,변경숙 한국통계학회 2011 응용통계연구 Vol.24 No.1

Hidden Markov random field(HMRF) is one of the most common model for image segmentation which is an important preprocessing in many imaging devices. The HMRF has unknown hyper-parameters on Markov random field to be estimated in segmenting testing images. However, in practice, due to computational complexity, it is often assumed to be a fixed constant. In this paper, we numerically show that the segmentation results very depending on the fixed hyper-parameter, and, if the parameter is misspecified, they further depend on the choice of the class-labelling algorithm. In contrast, the HMRF with estimated hyper-parameter provides consistent segmentation results regardless of the choice of class labelling and the estimation method. Thus, we recommend practitioners estimate the hyper-parameter even though it is computationally complex.

나의 감사 일주일 : #굿트리씨 #소소한 감사

임요한 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2021 활천 Vol.813 No.8

성인 남성의 인구통계학적 특성에 따른 화장품 인식과 신뢰도, 만족도의 차이분석

임요한,이여진,송태임 동방문화대학원대학교 문화예술콘텐츠연구소 2021 문화와예술연구 Vol.17 No.-

본 연구는 남성화장품의 인식과 구매행동 및 만족도, 신뢰도에 관한 연구이며 광주 지역 20∼30대 남성을 대상으로 2020년 7월 20일부터 2020년 8월 30일까지 총 40일간 진행하였다. 첫째, 남성화장품 인식을 알아보고 조사대상자들의 일반적 특성에 따른 남성화장품 사용유무를 분석한 결과 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 둘째, 남성화장품 구매행동에 대해 분석한 결과 최종학력, 결혼여부에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 셋째, 남성화장품 신뢰도에 차이가 있는지를 분석한 결과 연령, 직업, 결혼여부, 월평균 소득에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 넷째, 남성화장품 만족도에 차이가 있는지를 분석한 결과 연령, 직업, 결혼여부, 월 평균 소득에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 이상의 연구결과를 미루어 보면 남성화장품을 사용한 남성들은 피부개선에 도움을 주는 것으로 나타났으며 본인의 피부에 적합하다고 생각되어 구매로 이어지는 것을 얼 수 있었다. 추후 연구에 대상의 다각화와 다양하고 높은 요인들을 활용한 구체적이고 체계적인 연구가 필요할 것을 시사하며, 남성화장품의 산업과 기업의 마케팅에 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다. This study attempted to investigate people’s perception, purchase behavior, reliability, and satisfaction with men’s cosmetics. For this, a survey was performed among adult men in their 20-30s living in Gwangju from July 20 to August 30, 2019 (40 days), and the results found the following: First, concerning the perception of men’s cosmetics, a statistically significant difference was observed when asked if they use men’s cosmetics (p<.05). Second, purchase behavior revealed a statistically significant difference depending on the subject's educational background and marital status (p<.05). Third, the reliability of men’s cosmetics also showed a statistically significant difference depending on age, occupation, marital status, and average monthly income (p<.05). Fourth, satisfaction with men’s cosmetics revealed a statistically significant difference depending on age, occupation, marital status, and average monthly income (p<.05). The above results confirm that men’s cosmetics helpful in improving men’s skin conditions led the respondents to purchase them. Therefore, there should be more specific and systematic studies using diverse factors. It is anticipated that the study results would be available as basic data for marketing in the men’s cosmetics industry.