기해사행(己亥使行) 통신부사(通信副使) 황선(黃璿)의 관직생활

임선빈 ( Yim Seon-bin ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2018 민족문화연구 Vol.81 No.-

This paper examines how participation in communication embassy affects the operation of bureaucracy in the late Joseon Dynasty through the official career of Hwang Seon, who visited Japan in 1719 as a deputy envoy in Kihae communication embassy. In 1710, Hwang Seon passed the Civil Service Examination and was mainly given practical positions in the central office in his early days. Then, he was on the fast track promotion not until 1719, when he started to perform the deputy envoy in age 38 during Kihae communication embassy visit, getting credit for his ‘expertise (專對)’ ability. Before he participated the trip, his position was too low to meet the stands of the deputy envoy position. However, over 2 months prior to the trip, he was constantly assigned a position until he became first tutor in Academy for the Crown Prince (世子侍 講院), which was appropriate to serve a deputy envoy position. Even though he didn’t passed Tonghundaebu, which was the first rank position in Danghagwan, and its nickname was ‘nowhere up to go (資窮)’, after 10 months visit, with a direct exceptional order “Bimangki” from the king, he was promoted to Tongjeongdaebu, which was the ministerial rank position (Dangsanggwan) higher than Danghagwan, in recognition of hard work he had done. Also, he was assigned to serve a royal secretary position who closely assists the king in “Seungjungwon”. As a result of participating communication embassy, Hwang Seon was able to win the ministerial rank position in just 10 years, which is the position usually takes more than 20-30 years and still hard to get promoted. Hwang Seon served a royal secretary position after the reign of Gyeongjong, since he had already worked in Academy for the Crown Prince. However, his work performance as the royal secretary also led to his three years banishment. On the contrary, after the reign of King Yeongjo. Hwang Seon was promoted to grand minister Gaseondaebu, and also was assigned to the junior second rank Gyeongsang province governor. However, in the following year (1728), he suddenly died at the war zone at the age of 47, immediately after he defeated the military official uprising in Gyeongsang province. His decease was contentious among his period and even in later generations, and his posthumous award was also controversial. However, Hwang Seon was eventually canonized as a fourth state councilor Jwachansung and the title “Unswerving Loyalty” was granted. Furthermore, his descendants were also hired in royal officials. Meanwhile, “Minchoongsa”―a shrine dedicated to Hwang Seon―was constructed by Gyeongsang province residents, and this shrine was both disposed and restored, depending on the central government situation and its Seowon policy. After examining the case of Hwang Sun's official career in detail as an example, it is confirmed that the communication embassy career of the Japanese ambassador was a great help for his promotion. Also we could find how the work as a royal secretary position had affected his official career. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that “Seungjungwon Diary” can be used as a useful data when reconstructing the governmental official’s career life in the late Joseon dynasty.

遯巖書院의 건립배경과 賜額 검토

임선빈 ( Yim Seon-bin ) 조선시대사학회 2018 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.85 No.0

Kim Jang-saeng established Donam private Confucian academy(遯巖書院) beside Yangseongdang(養性堂), an auditorium he used to teach his disciples. However, Yangseongdang and Donam private Confucian academy were originally erected in the forest, about 1.7km west from the current Donam private Confucian academy site. It is where Ahhanjeong(雅閑亭), a cottage owned by Choi Cheong-gang(崔淸江) who was scholar-official(文士) during the Reign of King Sejo during early Joseon dynasty, was located. Choi Cheong-gang, a close friend of Kim Jang-saeng’s fifth-great-grandson Kim Kook-gwang, was a person who passed Classics Licentiate Examination(生員試) with the first place and higher civil service examination(文科) right after the exam at the same year in 1438(King Sejong 20). Although the nobles of the day were often crowded in Ahhanjeong, Choi Cheong-gang’s last years were so unfortunate that the descendants could not keep their family prosperity. Ahhanjeong was transferred to the Gwangsan Kim Clan in the middle of the 16th century, and it burned down during Japanese Turmoil in the Cyclical Year Chŏng’yu, 1597 (King Seonjo 30). Kim Jang-saeng, who missed the house, built Yangseongdang at the ground of Ahhanjeong in 1602 (King Seonjo 35), and used it to lecture his disciples for about 30 years until he died. In 1634, the students of Kim Jang-saeng erected Sagye private Confucian academy(沙溪書院), a shrine dedicated to their teacher, beside Yangseongdang. Kim Jip, Kim Jang-saeng’s son, was enshrined at this shrine in 1658(King Hyojong 9). Also, the new name “Donam private Confucian academy(遯巖書院)” was granted by the king in 1660. The origin of “Donam(遯巖)” was commonly known as the nearby “Pig Rock”, but it is also related to the meaning of Donkwae(遯卦) in Zhou’s Book of Changes(周易), which likely came from “Donwong(遯翁)”, the pen name which Zhu Xi used in his old age. Furthermore, Donam private Confucian academy consists of an auditorium Eungdodang(凝道堂), which reproduces the house structure of three generations in China by Kim Jang-saeng’s historical research on Book of Etiquette and Ritual(儀禮) and Seokgung part of The Complete Works of Zhu Xi(朱子大全). It also consists of Keokyeongjae(居敬齋) and Jeongeuijae(精義齋), which depicts both side rooms(夾室) in Zhu Xi’s meeting hall(晦堂). The notions used in this shrine, Yangseong(養性), Donam(遯巖), Eungdo(凝道), Keokyeong(居敬), and Jeong eui(精義), all do not deviate from the scholarly practice and logic of Zhu Xi. Donam private Confucian academy, which initiated as School of the Westerner private Confucian academy, held its status as prime private Confucian academy(首院) of Hoseo scholar-official community until the end of the 17th century, but gradually became Old Doctrine private Confucian academy during enshrinement of Song Joon-gil and Song Si-yeol and exclusion of Yoon Seon-keo. In the 19th century, Donam private Confucian academy was often damaged by flooding as the surrounding terrain and the stream had been changed. Hence, in 1880 (King Gojong 17), it moved to a hillside in the woods to avoid frequent flooding. However, the magnificent auditorium Eungdodang had remained untransferable until 1971, when it could finally be relocated to its present site. Because of this difficult reconstruction process, the building layout of today’s Donam private Confucian academy is different from the original one.

송당 유홍의 생애와 관직 활동

임선빈 ( Yim Seon-bin ) 한국계보연구회 2024 한국계보연구 Vol.14 No.0

This paper examines the life and official career of Yu Hong, who began his governmental service through the civil service examination (mungwa) in the 8th year of King Myeongjong's reign (1553) and served for over 40 years until he became the Left State Councillor(jwa-uijeong) in the 27th year of King Seonjo's reign (1594). The study first reviews the nature and limitations of current research materials, and then explores Yu Hong's entry into government service, his work as a practical official during his chamoegwan and chamsanggwan periods, his political trajectory after being promoted to a high-ranking official (dangsanggwan), and his execution of state affairs as a meritorious vassal (gongshin). During his time as a chamoegwan, Yu Hong served his role of document censorship and management in the Office of Royal Decrees (Yemun-gwan) and as a major document officer in the Royal Secretariat (Seungjeongwon), allowing him to be promoted within two years. Also as a chamsanggwan official, he served in prestigious positions in important government offices such as the Office of Special Advisors (Hongmungwan), the Office of Press Officers (Saganwon), the Office of Inspector Generals (Saheonbu), the Ministry of Military Affairs (Byeongjo), the Ministry of Personnel (Ijo), and the Executive branch (Uijeongbu), achieving relatively rapid promotion without completing the full term of office typically required. Advancement to a high-ranking official in the Joseon bureaucratic system was challenging, yet Yu Hong achieved this by working as the official of the Royal Tomb Construction Directorate (Sanleungdogam) during the funeral of Queen Munjeong, earning him a promotion to Tongjeong Daebu. In a mere 12 years, he ascended from the junior 9th rank(jeong 9-pum) to the senior 3rd rank(jeong 3-pum) Dangsang-gwan in a rapid promotion trajectory. After achieving the rank of Tongjeong Daebu, Yu Hong began his high-ranking official career as a Senior Secretary (Seungji) in the Royal Secretariat early years of King Seonjo's reign, establishing a close relationship with the king. He subsequently held various positions such as Vice Ministers(Chamui, Champan) and Minister(Pan-seo) in the field of Taxation, Ceremony, Justice, Public Architecture, and Personnel. Furthermore, he served as local governor in several provinces including Chungcheong, Jeolla, Gyeongsang, Hamgyeong, and Pyeongan, and held significant posts such as Head Official of Public Management in Chuncheon, Hoeryeong, and Gaeseong-Yusu, third assistants and mayor of Seoul(Hanseong), and Deputy Prime Minister of Uijeong-bu. The promotion to high-ranking official status was not made by routine process but heavily depended on the king's favor. Addition to having close bond with King Seonjo by serving him closely as major document officer during early years of his reign, Yu Hong also resolved the issue of clarifying Joseon’s royal lineage legitimacy and fixing Ming dynasty’s document errors about it while his journey of diplomatic mission, earning him the title of Gwangguk Gongshin. He then was further given the title as Pyeongnan Gongshin for his contributions during the Gichukoksa purge, leading to several exceptional promotions. These circumstances likely made him a target of envy and frequent attacks from young elites who started their career through examination, particularly in fields of royal documents and inspection. As a Westerner (Seoin), his deep involvement in the Gichukoksa made him a prime target for attacks by the Northerners (Bukin). When the Japanese invasions of Joseon (Imjin War) erupted, Yu Hong was appointed as the Third State Councilor(Uijeong) and, at the age of 70, dedicated himself tirelessly to overcoming the national crisis. However, evaluations of Yu Hong during and after his lifetime varied significantly based on generational perspectives between elder statesmen(Jaesang) and young elites(Sagwan, Daegan), as well as differences made by political factional affiliations between Northerners and Westerners.

조선시대 ‘海美邑城’의 축성과 기능변천 : 충청병영성에서 호서좌영으로

임선빈(Yim Seon-Bin) 湖西史學會 2011 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.58

본 논문은 사적 제 11 6호로 지 정 되어 있는 ‘해미읍성’의 축성 과 규모, 조선시대 전·후기의 기 능변화에 대해 고찰한 글이다. 충청도 내포지 역에 위치한 ‘해미 읍성 ’은 원래 고을 치소성인 읍성으로 축성된 것이 아니고, 충청 병여성으로 축조된 것이다. 해미의 충청병영성은 여말선초 잦은 왜구의 출몰을 경험했던 조선초기에 내포의 외적 방어 중심지 기능을 수행하기 위해 세워진 것이다. 태종은 순성된 강무를 통해 직접 이곳을 돌아보고 병여성 축성의 적지를 살펴보았다. 늦어도 세종 3년(1421)까지는 병영성이 완성되었으며, 그 규모는 하삼도의 다른 내성성에 비해 조금도 손색이 없는 것이었다. 해미 의 병영성 에 는 수렵을 익혔기 때문에 말을 잘 타고 행동이 날렵한 신백정 이 배속되 기도 했는데,이 또한 여 말부터 내포에 자주 출몰한 왜구를 의식한 조치였다. 조선전기 해미의 충청병영성 에 는 전 입 병 마절도사와 함께 병마우후, 심약, 5 명 의 군관, 375 명 의 유방병, 수십명의 나장, 차비군,공장, 다수의 이속과 수백명의 노비가 거주하고 있었다. 이러한 병영 안에는 오륙백칸에 달한 공해와 창고가 갖추어져 있었으며, 충무공 이순신이 선조 12년(1595)에 군관으로 부임했을 뿐만 아니라, 선조 28년(1595)에 병사로 부임했던 원균의 송덕비가 세워졌던 것으로 추측된다. 조선후기에는 임진왜란을 통해 확인된 내포지역의 전략적 중요성 감소, 내포에 충청 병영과 수영이 함께 위치함으로써 야기되는 병 ·수사 지대로 인한 내포지역민의 과도한 부담 경감, 충청·감영·병영·수영이 모두 충청우도에 위치하였기 때문에 호서좌도에 생긴 치안공백의 해결등을 위해 충청병영 이 해미에 서 청주읍성으로 이치되자 반양리에 있던 해미현 치소가 해미 의 옛 내상성 안으로 옮겨졌다. 그런데 충청벙영의 청주 이치 직후 ‘ 해미읍성’ 안의 구 병영은 실화로 소진된 바 있으며, 이 후에 도 공해 의 수축이 있었으므로, 조선후기 기록에 등장하는 해미 읍성내의 공해와 창고 등 시설물은 조선전기의 병영성과 많은 차이를 보이고 있다. 조선후기 해미읍성은 현의 치소일 뿐만 아니라, 현감이 영장 겸 토포사를 겸한 호서좌영에 해당 하였으므로 일반 관아와는 디른 기능과 문화적 성격을 지니고 있었다. ‘해미읍성’의 발굴조사 및 정비 복원은 이와 같은 점이 충분히 고려된 상황에서 이루어져야 할 것이다. 또한 ‘해미읍성’을 교육자료로 활용할 때에도 조선전 후기의 달라진 기능을 고려해야 할 것이다. This study is to investigate the historical changes of 'Haemieupsung', the Historic Site No.116 of National designated Cultural Assets. The existing 'Haemieupsung' is a castle of barracks in Choongchung-do, which was built between the late period of King Taejong and the early period of King Sejong in order to make preparation against the invasion of Japanese pirates into Naepo. In the banoacks in Haemi in early Joseon, there were one Provincial Army District Commander, one Vice Army District Commander, one Simyak, five commissioned officers, 375 soldiers stayed for defense, dozens of Najangs and Chabiguns, 15 craftsmen, several lower-class public officials, and hundreds of slaves, and public buildings and warehouses with 5 ~600 compartments. In Chunghuhjeong, which was built in the barracks III the 22th year of King Seongjong (1491) and continued to exist until the mid-eighteenth century, scripts of bureaucrats, poets, and calligraphers of Joseon remained. Meanwhile, Admiral Lee Sunsin worked in the Haemi Barracks as a commissioned officer, and Won Kyun was in office as Choongchung Byungsa. In the second year of King Hyojong (1651), the Choongchung Barracks in Haemi was transfelTed to Chungjoo, and the old balTacks in Haemi became a eupsung as the Chiso (a government office) of Haemihyun was moved into it. However, the Haemjeupsung in late Joseon was not a mere Chiso (a government office) but had it own fun ctions and cultural properties di fferent from typical government offices because it was the Hoseojoayong (a government office for Hoseo region) in which the Hyungam (a small country magistrate) of Haemi was the same time Yongjang (the head of a Yong) and Toposa (an office for cathing thieves). The hi storical changes of Haemieupsung between the early and the late Joseon should be suffi ciently considered in the excavation, restoration, and maintenance of, and the use of educational material of 'Haemieupsung'.

명재 윤증의 학문과 사상; 명재종택전래자료(明齋宗宅傳來資料)의 현황과 성격

임선빈 ( Seon Bin Yim ) 충남대학교 유학연구소 2009 유학연구 Vol.20 No.-

This study examined the settlement of the Yun clan of Papyeong in Noseong, the family line of people who resided in Myeongjae`s head house, the present status of materials which have been transmitted in the head house, the head house`s recent entrusting of its relics to public institutions and the relics being currently held by the head house. In addition, the study arranged and introduced ancient documents by the type which have been handed down in the head house. Materials that have been handed down in Myeongjae`s head house are not only quantitively huge but also very valuable in quality. Recently, most of the materials have been entrusted to public institutions, but some were drained from the head house and then scattered. The research and collection of the materials in the head house is important. A comprehensive work to arrange the materials should be carried out through the thorough comparison of microfilm material(1989) by the Academy of Korean Studies, film materials(2002, 2004) by the National History Compilation Committee and materials that had been transmitted in Myeongjae`s head house until recently when they were entrusted to public institutions. Especially, the arrangement and analysis of the ancient documents of the head house will assist a lot in overcome the limitations of present studies being carried out based on chronicle materials and collections of works.

조선후기 內浦地域의 統治構造와 外官-洪州牧을 중심으로-

임선빈(Yim Seon-bin) 호서사학회 2005 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.40

朝鮮後期 忠淸道名의 改號와 錦營

임선빈(Yim Seon-Bin) 호서사학회 2004 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.37

조선 선조대 이산보의 관직생활

임선빈 ( Yim Seon-bin ) 청계사학회 2021 청계사학 Vol.23 No.-

This paper examines the official life of Yi San-bo during King Seonjo’s reign in the latter half of the 16th century. When the factional split between Easterners and Westerners developed and the Japanese in-vasions, or Imjin War, occurred, he was an influential figure but has never drawn much attention in academia. Worse, there are few histor-ical data left about him. He does not have a literary collection and moreover, all of the historians’ daily record of events in the bureau of state records for the Annals of King Seonjo were burnt up during the Imjin War. Thus, research had to be based on the other related materials such as the restored Annals of King Seonjo, the Revised Annals of King Seonjo, and Jeong Yeop’s “Biographical Account of Yi San-bo.” The in-formation collected from them is compared with each other and or-ganized as follows: his birth, lineage, and growth, his years before gov-ernment service, years in office as a low ranking official, years in office as a high ranking official and of political engagement, and his last years taking care of the aftermath of the Imjin War. All of them are inves-tigated in this article. On top of that, his life is portrayed, contrasted with his cousin Yi San-hae who studied under the same teacher Yi Ji-ham but belonged to the opposite faction.

임진왜란 초기 公州 의병의 활동과 성격

임선빈(Yim, Seon-bin) 호서사학회 2014 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.71

고문서를 통해 본 조선후기 직산향교의 운영실태

임선빈 ( Seon Bin Yim ) 한국고문서학회 2002 고문서연구 Vol.21 No.-

This study, a case study of the management of Hyanggyo(鄕校) in the late Yi dynasty, is to analyze the Komuns (古文書, Historical Manuscripts) and Kimun(記文) now left in Jiksan-Hyanggyo(JSH). The concrete facts about the management of JSH such as the history of JSH, family names of Yusaeng(儒生, Confucian scholars), the activities of country villages based on village regulations, the financial foundations through examining Yang-an(量案) and Dojoki(賭租記), the contents of repairing through going over Joongsoo-jeolmok(重修節目) are shown in this research. It`s difficult to know in detail how JSH was operated in the early Yi dynasty. However it can be find out that there had been ten or more repairings since the 18th century by going over Joongsoo-kimun(重修記文) hung on Myungmundang(明倫堂) in JSH. As a result of being ascertained by studying Chongkeumrok(靑衿錄) and Seonan(先案), major family names of the people who attended Hyanggyo were Lee(李), Kim(金), Choi(崔), Hong(洪), Park(朴), Jeong(鄭), Min(閔) etc. Though they had established Hyangan(鄕案) together in 1752, they were reluctant to be enrolled in Chongkeumrok as the number of non-Elite(非兩班) attending Hyanggyo gradually increased. It was Hyanggyo-dap(鄕校沓) that took the most important part of finance at JSH. In 1856 the dry fields and paddy fields recorded in Yang-an were 7 ky 1(結) 40 bu(負) 2 sok(束). They exceeded 5 ky 1, the legal sum paid to Hyanggyo in Hyun(縣) in Yi dynasty, the total value obtained from this sharecrop land came to 50 seuk(石). Since then the property of JSH had continually increased through Sachu(査推) and purchase. After studying the repairing of Daeseongjeon(大成殿) of JSH in 1841 through 『Jiksan Seongmyo Joongsoo Jeolmok(稷山聖廟重修節目)』, it can be found out that ceremonial procedures were very important in the repairing of Hyanggyo in yi dynasty. The burdens of supplying wood and subsidiary materials and labor mobilization for repairing were equally assigned to each village. In addition to Hyeokhajeon(劃下錢) from local government, Boojojeon(扶助錢) from Jaeyim(齋任) and Yusaeng(儒生), and Wonnapkjeon(願納錢) from Kyosaeng(校生) were spent to meet the expenses for repairing. And the money collected like these were mostly used for wages of workers, material and food expenses.