부모보고 형식의 아동언어능력 평가도구(ALDeQ) 적용 가능성 검토 연구

임동선(Dong Sun Yim),한지윤(Ji Yun Han),김신영(Shin Young Kim) 한국언어치료학회 2016 한국언어치료학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.12

자발화 분석을 통한 만 2-5세 아동의 상호작용 기술 특성 및 언어발달지체 아동 비교 연구

임동선(Dong sun Yim),박원정(Won jeong Park),천성혜(Seong hye Cheon),이여진(Yeo Jin Lee),이지연(Ji yeon Lee) 한국언어청각임상학회 2015 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.20 No.3

배경 및 목적: 자발화 분석은 아동의 발화의 의미, 구문 및 화용적 특성을 드러내 주는 검사 방식으로서 언어 수준 진단에 중요한 역할을 한다. 표준화 검사만으로는 아동의 실제 언어지식을 과소평가할 수 있으며, 상호작용 기술에 대해 충분한 정보를 제공받기 어려우므로 자발화 분석이 함께 실시되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 자발화 분석을 통해 일반 아동의 발화 수, 대화차례 개시 횟수, 반응 횟수, 대화차례 주고받기 횟수가 연령별로 어떤 양상을 나타내는지, 각각의 항목에서 일반 아동 집단과 언어발달지체 아동 집단 간에 차이가 나타나는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 만 2-5세 남녀 일반 아동 및 언어발달지체 아동 131명을 대상으로, 25분간 세 가지 지정된 놀이 상황에서 자발화를 수집하고 이에 대한 상호작용 기술 분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 일반 아동 집단에서 발화 수, 반응 횟수, 대화차례 주고받기 횟수는 연령이 높아질수록 유의하게 많아지는 경향을 보였으나, 대화차례 개시 횟수에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 발화 수, 대화차례 개시 횟수, 반응 횟수, 대화차례 주고받기 횟수 모두에서 일반 아동 집단과 언어발달지체 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 논의 및 결론: 자발화 분석을 통하여 아동 상호작용 기술 발달 양상을 볼 수 있으며, 언어발달지체 아동 집단과의 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. Objectives: Standardized tests and spontaneous speech sample analysis have been used to measure children's language abilities. However, standardized tests alone cannot provide complete information on each child's interaction skills. To obtain specific performance on interaction skills, spontaneous speech sample analysis is essential in clinical situations. Nevertheless, there is no standardized norm in spontaneous speech sample analysis. Thus, this study is designed to investigate performance in typically developing children (TD) in different age groups by analyzing spontaneous speech samples of four subtypes (the num-ber of utterances, initiations, responses, and turn-takings), compared to those of children with language delay (LD). Methods: A total of 131 children ages 2-5 participated in this study. Spontaneous speech samples were collected during three different structured play settings of 25 minutes each and analyzed for interaction skills. Results: The results are as follows. In the TD group, the number of utterances, responses, and turn-takings increased with age, but there was no significant difference in the number of conversation initiations. There was a significant difference in the number of utterances, conversation initiations, re-sponses, and turn-takings between TD and LD. Conclusion: Results suggest that children's spontaneous speech is representative of their language development and can be an effec-tive measure in screening for children at risk of language delay.

Non-native Speech Processing by Children with Phonological Disorders

임동선(Dong Sun Yim) 한국언어치료학회 2010 言語治療硏究 Vol.19 No.4

This study examined how children with and without Phonological Disorders (PD) process accented speech spoken by a non-native speaker. Two research questions were asked in this project. The first was to compare how children with and without PD perform on accented speech over non-accented speech. The second was to investigate which variables (age, speech, and language skills) correlate and best predict the performance of non-native speech processing. Children were aged from 3 to 8 years old and were native English speakers. Twenty children with PD and 35 children without PD participated. The task was to identify the final words of sentences on each condition. Both quantitative (accuracy) and qualitative (RT) methods were used to collect the data. Overall, both groups performed similarly on both conditions; speech spoken by a non-native speaker which was accented washarder than the non-accented speech. Additionally, there was group by condition interaction effect in which typical children were faster on non-accented speech. Correlation analysis showed that age was highly correlated with speech processing performance whether it was accented or not. Additionally, it was the accuracy of non-accented speech, and RT of accented speech that best predicted the performance for non-native speech processing performance. These results indicated that sound representation in children with PD are less stable than typically-developing children.

학령전기 단순언어장애 및 일반아동의 문법성 메타언어인식과 집행기능 수행능력 비교분석

임동선(Dong Sun Yim),양윤희(Yoon Hee Yang),조연주(Yeon Joo Jo),이지연(Ji Yeon Lee),성지민(Ji Min Seong) 한국언어치료학회 2015 言語治療硏究 Vol.24 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify whether children with and without SLI show differences in performance on each subtype of executive functioning and grammatical judgment task, whether these factors correlate with each other, and whether these subtypes of executive functioning predict children's meta-linguistic awareness skills measured by a grammaticality judgment task. Methods: Forty children (SLI 16, NL 24) between the ages of 5 and 6 participated in this study. The experimental tasks were working memory (CLPT: Competing Language Processing Task/ Matrix backward), SST (Stop Signal Task), DCCS (Dimensional Change Card Sort), and GJT (Grammatical Judgment Task). For data analysis, repeated measure of ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression were used. Results: There were significant differences on all tasks except non-linguistic working memory (Matrix backward) between the two groups.The strongest predictor of GJT (Grammatical condition) was linguistic WM (CLPT), and it was the SST (GO) task which significantly predicted GJT (Un-grammatical condition) in the NL group. However, in the SLI group, there was no variable which correlated with GJT. Conclusions: The results indicated that non-linguistic WM capacity was comparable between groups, and linguistic WM (CLPT), SST (GO) were important factors in the preschool-age NL group in which this trend was not found in the SLI group. It is necessary to plan to completely link each executive function such as working memory, inhibitory control, and shifting in clinical sessions to improve the language skills of children with language impairment.

메타 분석을 통한 언어발달장애 아동과 일반 아동의 자발화 분석 연구

임동선(Dong Sun Yim),천성혜(Seong Hye Cheon),이여진(Yeo Jin Lee),정필연(Pil Yeon Jeong) 한국언어치료학회 2015 言語治療硏究 Vol.24 No.1

Purpose: Screening is one of the most important factors for children who have communication difficulties. Using the results of the near ubiquity of smartphones in Korea, a smartphone application may be developed for screening children who have language difficulties. Therefore, spontaneous speech analysis is used to build the base of a smartphone application for future reference. The analysis of children's spontaneous speech is one of the informal assessments to evaluate their language abilities and communicative functions. The aim of meta-analysis of spontaneous speech between typical developing children and children with language impairment is to investigate the feasibility for screening language impairment. Therefore, MLU (Mean Length of Utterance), lexical diversity, and communicative function were chosen to analyze children's spontaneous speech. Methods: A systematic literature review was taken to analyze 27 studies which met the inclusive criteria by using meta-analysis (CMA2, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis-Ⅱ, 2005). A random effect model was used to analyze the differentiation of spontaneous speech between TD and LI children. Results: The results from the spontaneous speech and conversational condition indicate that children with language impairment have both lower MLU and lexical diversity than TD children. However, there is no significant different of community functions between two groups. Conclusion: MLU and lexical diversity are valuable measurements for a screening scale for children who are at risk for language impairment or delay. Moreover, MLU and lexical diversity should be included for developing a smartphone application.

일차성 언어장애(PLI)아동의 통계적 학습능력

임동선(Dong Sun Yim),곽아람(Ah Ram Kwak),이여진(Yeo Jin Lee),한우주(Woo Joo Han),이지혜(Ji Hye Lee),천소연(So Yeon Chun),이슬기(Seul Ki Lee),한지윤(Ji Yun Han) 한국언어치료학회 2016 言語治療硏究 Vol.25 No.3

Purpose : Statistical learning is known as the underlying mechanism that enables humans to acquire language implicitly. Children with primary language impairment (PLI) show low performance in both language and non-language areas compared to children with normal language (NL) because of the lack of statistical learning abilities. The purpose of this study was to compare statistical learning abilities between children with normal language (NL) and children with children with PLI. Method: A total of fifty seven children aged between 4 and 6 completed visual and auditory nonlinguistic statistical learning tasks. Group performances were compared via one-way ANOVA. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to identify the relation among variables, and stepwise multiple regression was used to find possible factors that predict each group’s receptive vocabulary. Results: Children with PLI performed significantly lower in both visual and auditory statistical learning tasks. In the NL group, expressive vocabulary significantly correlated with receptive vocabulary and visual statistical learning, respectively. No other correlation was significant. In the PLI group, there was strong correlation between performance IQ and auditory statistical learning, and another strong correlation was found between age and receptive vocabulary skills. Overall, age was the best predictor of receptive vocabulary skills in both NL and PLI groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that difficulties that children with PLI encounter are not limited to the linguistic domain. They exhibited deficits even in the nonlinguistic domain such as statistical learning. Therefore statistical learning abilities may be impaired in children with PLI.

스마트폰 프로그램 개발을 위한 의사소통장애 아동 부모 및 전문가 요구 분석

임동선(Dong sun Yim),김신영(Shin Young Kim),박원정(Won jeong Park),천성혜(Seong hye Cheon),이여진(Yeo Jin Lee) 한국언어청각임상학회 2014 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.19 No.4

배경 및 목적: 본 연구는 의사소통장애 아동의 부모 및 전문가(언어치료사)를 대상으로 '모바일 기반 의사소통 능력 증진 콘텐츠'의 요구도 및 필요성을 조사하여 언어중재 도구로서 스마트폰의 가능성을 탐색하고자 한다. 방법: 선행연구 및 기존의 검사도구, 통계청 자료를 참고하여 설문문항을 개발하고, 전문가 2인에게 문항의 타당도와 적절성을 검증받은 후 사전검사를 통하여 설문문항을 완성하였다. 대면 및 우편 발송, 온라인 참여를 통하여 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 총 189부(부모용 96부, 전문가용 93부)의 설문지가 분석 대상이 되었다. 결과: 의사소통장애 아동의 부모 96명과 언어치료사 93명, 총 189명의 연구 대상자 중 과반수가 아동의 의사소통능력 증진을 위한 스마트폰 어플리케이션 사용 경험이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 두 집단 모두 부모교육과 관련된 콘텐츠 요구도가 높았으며, 아동과의 대화 상황에서 발화의 양적인 정보에 대한 요구도는 자녀가 가진 의사소통 어려움의 종류와 무관하게 부모 집단에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 요구도가 높게 나타난 부모교육의 경우, 부모는 그 필요성을 높게 평가하였으나, 현재 이루어지고 있는 치료기관과 부모 간 협력은 주로 부모상담의 형식인 것으로 조사되었다. 논의 및 결론: 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 부모와 언어치료사의 실제적 요구를 반영한 스마트폰 어플리케이션을 개발하여 일상생활에서 사용할 수 있는 의사소통장애 선별 및 치료 도구로서의 가능성을 모색하는 후속 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다. Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the needs of parents and speech language pathologists (SLPs) when developing mobile-based contents as intervention tools for children with communication disorders. Methods: Questionnaires were developed through preceding research; assessment tools and reference data from Statistic Korea were verified by two professionals for validity and suitability. The survey was conducted in person, by mail, or online format. A total of 189 of questionnaires were chosen for analysis (96 families of children with communication disorders and 93 SLPs). Results: More than half of the 189 subjects responded that they have used smartphone applications to improve the communication skills of a child. Educational content for parents is highly desired by both parents and SLPs, while the parent group needed more quantitative information about proper utterances for themselves as conversation partners. And while parents highly desired educational material, most interactions between them and their SLPS were consultation-based. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that a follow-up study is needed to provide communication care service via smartphone applications for speech-language intervention.

정보처리 특성에 따른 작업기억 과제의 탐색적 요인분석

임동선(Dong sun Yim),김신영(Shin Young Kim),양윤희(Yoon hee Yang) 한국언어청각임상학회 2015 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.20 No.2

배경 및 목적: 작업기억 능력을 측정하는 다양한 과제들이 어떠한 기저요인으로 분류될 수 있는지 확인하며, 추출된 요인들 중 일반아동 및 수용어휘지체 아동의 수용어휘력과 빠른우연학습 수행력을 유의하게 예측해 주는 요인을 찾고자 하였다. 방법: 만 4-8세의 아동 56명(수용어휘지체 아동 24, 일반아동 32)을 대상으로 수용어휘력 검사(REVT)와 빠른우연학습(QUIL), 그리고 시각 및 청각 작업기억(숫자/색깔/모양/단어) 과제, 비단어따라말하기, 문장 폭 기억과제(CLPT), 매트릭스 등 총 11개의 작업기억 과제를 실시하였다. 통계적 처리는 탐색적 요인분석 및 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 일반아동 집단에서는 작업기억 과제들이 두 가지 요인(단순처리/복합처리 작업기억 과제)으로 분류되었으며, 수용어휘지체 아동 집단에서는 세 가지 요인(단순처리/이중처리/다중처리 작업기억 과제)으로 분류되었다. 일반아동 집단의 수용어휘력을 유의하게 예측한 것은 두 요인을 모두 입력한 모형이었으며, 수용어휘지체 아동 집단은 다중처리 작업기억 과제를 제외한 두 요인을 모두 입력한 모형이었다. 일반아동 집단의 빠른우연학습 수행력에 대한 설명력이 가장 높은 것은 복합처리 작업기억 과제인 것으로 나타났으며, 수용어휘지체 아동 집단의 빠른우연학습 수행력을 유의하게 예측하는 요인은 없었다. 논의 및 결론: 11개의 작업기억 과제들은 과제의 자극을 제시하는 양식과 정보처리 시의 부하(load)에 따라 몇 개의 요인으로 분류되었으나, 일반아동 집단과 수용어휘지체 아동 집단 간 다르게 나타났다. 시청각의 감각적 영역과 언어적ㆍ비언어적 양식을 포괄하는 인지적 처리 통합과제를 개발하는 후속연구가 필요할 것이다. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to classify working memory tasks into several categories and to find the coherent and predictable factors of children's receptive vocabu-lary and Quick Incidental Learning (QUIL). Methods: A total of 56 children (24 children with Receptive Vocabulary Delay [RVD] and 32 children aged 4 to 8 with Normal Language [NL]) participated in the study. Their language skills and working memory capacity were mea-sured through the Receptive Vocabulary Test (REVT-R), QUIL, the Working Memory Tasks (WMT)-varying in modality (visual vs. auditory) and stimulus types (numbers, colors, shapes, and words)-Nonword Repetition, the Compete Language Processing Task (CLPT), and Matrix. Exploratory factor analysis and stepwise regression were used in data analysis. Re-sults: In NL group, 11 WMTs were classified into two factors: Simple WMT (SWMT) and Com-plex WMT (CWMT, i.e., Dual-processing WMT [DWMT] + Multi-processing WMT [MWMT]). However, in RVD group, WMTs were classified into three factors: SWMT, DWMT, and MWMT. SWMT and CWMT were the strongest predictors of receptive vocabulary for the NL group, whereas SWMT and DWMT were the strongest predictors for the RVD group. In addition, CWMT was the best predictor of QUIL for the NL group, whereas no predictor of QUIL was found for the RVD group. Conclusion: All of the 11 WMTs were classified into several fac-tors depending on domain, modality and information processing load. These results indi-cate that it is important to pay attention to integrated cognitive measures for working mem-ory in visual and auditory modalities, and linguistic and non-linguistic stimulus types.

단순언어장애 아동과 일반 아동의 작업기억 제시방식 및 과제유형에 따른 수행능력 비교

임동선(Dong sun Yim),양윤희(Yoon hee Yang),김신영(Shin young Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2015 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.20 No.1

배경 및 목적: 작업기억 제시방식 및 과제유형에 따라 단순언어장애 및 일반 아동 간 작업기억 수행에 차이를 보이는지 알아보고, 각 집단에서 어휘력을 가장 잘 예측해줄 수 있는 과제는 무엇인지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 서울 및 수도권의 만 4-8세 단순언어장애 아동 25명(남15, 여10)과 연령 및 성별이 일치하는 또래 일반 아동 25명, 총 50명을 대상으로 수용어휘력검사, 시각 및 청각 작업기억(숫자, 색깔, 모양, 어휘) 과제를 실시하였다. 통계적 처리는 분산분석 및 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 단순언어장애 아동은 또래 일반 아동에 비해 유의하게 낮은 작업기억 수행을 보였다. 또한, 시ㆍ청각 자극제시방식, 자극유형 각각에 대한 주효과가 유의하였으며, 자극제시방식과 유형, 자극유형과 집단에 따른 이차상호작용이 유의하였다. 또한, 단순언어장애 아동 집단은 '시각-단어 폭 작업기억'이, 또래 일반 아동 집단은 '청각-숫자 폭 작업기억'이 수용어휘력을 가장 잘 예측해주는 과제로 나타나 차이를 보였다. 논의 및 결론: 단순언어장애 아동의 작업기억 결함은 이 아동들이 축적해온 어휘 학습 어려움의 근거가 되었을 가능성이 제기된다. 특히 각각의 집단의 수용어휘력을 가장 잘 예측한 과제를 살펴보았을 때, 자극제시방식 및 유형이 모두 다르게 나타난 결과는 단순언어장애 아동의 평가뿐 아니라 효과적인 중재를 위해 감각적 제시 및 자극 유형의 선택에서 세심한 고려가 필요하다는 중요한 의미를 지닌다. Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to investigate children's working memory performances by modality and task type, and to find the best predictor of receptive vocabulary in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing (TD) children. Methods: A total of 50 children between 4 to 8 years of age participated in this study: 25 children with SLI and 25 TD children. The working memory tasks were composed of four different task types (digit, color, shape, and word span) and were presented in two modalities (visual and auditory). Results: There were significant differences across the groups, modalities, and task types. The SLI group performed significantly lower on all working memory tasks compared to the TD group. A two-way interaction between group and task type, and modality and task type was significant. Visual-word span was the best predictor of receptive vocabulary (REVT-R) in SLI, whereas auditory-digit span was the best predictor of receptive vocabulary (REVT-R) in TD. Conclusion: When selecting the best predictor for receptive vocabulary, the visual-word span and auditory-digit span can be used for the SLI and TD groups, respectively. Thus, it is important to consider both the presentation method and type of stimuli when identifying language impairment.

단기종단연구를 통한 아동의 언어능력 예측요인 탐색연구: 작업기억을 중심으로

임동선(Dong Sun Yim),한지윤(Ji Yun Han),강다은(Da Eun Kang) 한국언어치료학회 2020 言語治療硏究 Vol.29 No.2