Pressor Action of Intracerebroventricular Nicotine and Muscarine in the Rabbit

이충경,Lee, Choong-Kyoung The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1991 대한약리학잡지 Vol.27 No.1

미주신경절단 가토에서 니코틴성약물인 nicotine과 DMPP뿐아니라 무스카린성 약물인 muscarine과 bethanechol은 측뇌실내 투여로 모두 혈압상승작용을 나타냈다. Nicotine과 DMPP에 대한 승압반응은 측뇌실내 mecamylamine처리로 현저히 감약되었으나 측뇌실내 pirenzepine처리에 의해서는 영향받지 않았고, muscarine과 bethanechol에 대한 승압반응은 pirenzepin에 의해서는 억제되나 mecamylamine에 의해서는 영향받지 않았다. 이는 뇌내의 니코틴성 수용체 및 무스카린성 수용체가 모두 혈압상승에 관여함을 가리키고 있다. Nicotine과 muscarine에 대한 승압반응은 regitine, reserpine, enalapril, saralasin, SK&F-100273, regitine과 enalapril, regitine과 saralasin의 정맥내 처리에 의해서는 억제되지 않았으며 nicotine에 대한 승압반응은 regitine과 SK&F-100273 두약물의 병용처리에 의해서 억제되었고 muscarine에 의한 승압반응은 regitine, enalapril과 SK&F-100273의 세가지 약물의 병용처리에 의해서만 억제되었다. Nicotine이나 muscarine에 의한 혈압상승상태에서 정맥내 regitine의 투여는 혈압하강을 일으켰으나 enalapril이나 SK&F-100273은 혈압하강을 일으키지 못하였다. Enalapril은 regitine처리나 regitine과 SK&F-100273병용처리 가토에서 nicotine에 의해 상승된 혈압을 하강시키지 못하였으나 SK&F-100273은 regitine처리 가토에서 nicotine에 의한 상승된 혈압을 하강시켰다. Enalapril은 이러한 SK&F-100273의 할압하강작용을 강화시키지 못하였다. Enalapril은 regitine 처리 가토에서 muscarine에 의하여 상승된 혈압은 하강시키지 못하였으나, regitine과 SK&F-100273병용처리 가토에서 muscarine에 의해 상승된 혈압은 하강시켰다. SK&F-100273은 regitine처리 가토에서 muscarine에 의해 상승된 혈압을 하강시키지 못했으나 regitine과 enalapril병용처리 가토의 상승된 혈압은 하강시켰다. 이상의 성적은 뇌실내 nicotine에 의한 혈압상승에는 말초에서 교감신경계와 vasopressin이 관여하며 muscarine에 의한 혈압상승에는 교감신경계, vasopressin 및 angiotensin계가 관여함을 시사하고 있다. Regitine의 정상 가토 혈압하강작용은 enalapril이나 SK&F-100273의 단독처리에 의해서는 영향받지 않았으나 이 두약물을 병용처리시에는 유의하게 강화되었고, 이는 가토 동맥압의 유지에 교감신경, renin-angiotensin 및 vasopressin계가 관여함을 시사하고 있다. When administered intracerebroventricularly (icv), cholinergic nicotinic agents, nicotine and DMPP, as well as cholinergic muscarinic agents, muscarine and bethanechol, produced pressor responses in urethane-anesthetized vagotomized rabbits. The response patterns to nicotine and to DMPP were similar, while the bethanechol response resembled the muscarine pattern. The pressor response to nicotine and DMPP was markedly inhibited by icv mecamylamine but not by icv pirenzepine, whereas the response to muscarine and bethanechol was inhibited by icv pirenzepine but not by icv mecamylamine, suggesting that both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the brain are involved in the action. Intravenous pretreatments of animals with regitine, reserpine, enalapril, saralasin, both regitine and enalapril, both regitine and saralasin, SK&F-100273 did not prevent the pressor response to nicotine and muscarine. Iv pretreatments with both regitine and SK&F-100273 inhibited the nicotine response without affecting the muscarine response, whereas pretreatments with three agents, regitine, enalapril and SK&F-100273, inhibited the muscarine response. The nicotine-induced elevated blood pressure as well as the muscarine-induced were lowered by regitine but not by enalapril or by SK&F-100273. Enalapril was without effect on the nicotine hypertension in rabbits treated with regitine or both regitine and SK&F-100273, whereas SK&F-100273 lowered the nicotine hypertension in regitine-treated animals. Enalapril did not enhance the lowering effect of SK&F-100273 in regitine-treated ones, nor did it cause a fall of the muscarine hypertension induced in regitine-treated rabbits, but it did lower the blood pressure in animals treated with both regitine and SK&F-100273. Likewise, SK&F-100273 did not cause a fall of the muscarine hypertension induced in regitine-treated rabbits, but it did lower the blood pressure in animals treated with both regitine and enalapril. These data suggest that the nicotine-induced hypertensive state is related to at least two systems in the periphery-sympathetic and vasopressin, whereas in the muscarine-induced hypertensive state three systems in the periphery are involved, i.e., the sympathetic, vasopressin and angiotensin system. The hypotensive effect of regitine on basal arterial blood pressure levels of rabbits was not influenced by pretreatment with either of enalapril or SK&F-100273, but significantly potentiated by treating with both enalapril and SK&F-100273, suggesting participation of the sympathetic and the renin-angiotensin system as well as the vasopressin system in maintenance of arterial blood pressure.

殺人 15例를 포함한 精神鑑定 50例에 대한 精神醫學的 考察

吳世元,李忠敬 大韓神經精神醫學會 1983 신경정신의학 Vol.22 No.4

Between Jan. 1975 and Dec.1978, the Chon Nam Provincial Mental Hospital have received 50 cases for psychiatric evaluetion from the public offices. According to our study of personal background and psychiatric examination record, about 40 cases of mental disorder were found among them. Therefore the results below are from studies done on three areas: diagnostic distribution, criminal phase, and murder characteristics. 1. The sex (N=50) was mostly male (92%). 78% of the cases were 20 to 39-year-old age group. Married patients were 40 percent and unmarried, divorced and separated patients were 60 percent. Half of them received education for one to six years only. 70 percents of them reside in the farming and fishing village by a habitation group. Furthermore about half of the cases were out of work. 2. Of the referrals, 64 percent came from the police station, and 22 percent came from the public procurator's office. 3. 72.5 percent of the diagnostic distribution (N=40) were schizophrenia. 4. In this study, 37.5 percent of the charges were murder, and followed by assault, destruction, the anti-communism law, and the disturbing pubic-peace law, etc. 5. On the targets of crime the family was 45 percent and the public office was 25 percent. 6. Act of crime were almost all due to psychotic conditions: for example delusion, hallucination, confusion and violence etc. 7. Of 15 cases of homicide, 73.3 percent had schizophrenia. 80 percent of the case were committed in summer or spring. 46.6 percent of the homicide occurred during the daytime. 8. 80 percent of the weapons used in committing the homicide were tools and blunt weapons. The places where the homicide were committed was usually one's house or next door. 9 The victims for murder were mostly consisted of the biological family: parents, life-partners, children, and sister-in-law, ect. After committing the murder, the patients didn't hide their crime, but commonly they recognized, deviated or denied their crime in part.

만성정신분열병 환자가 지각한 병실환경과 삶의 질 : 개방병동과 폐쇄병동의 비교

안병탁,한성희,이충경 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.6

연구 목적: 만성 정신분열병 환자가 지각하는 개방 병동과 폐쇄 병동의 병실환경의 특성을 비교해 보고, 그 차이가 그들이 보고하는 삶의 질과 어떠한 연관을 보이는가를 고찰함으로써 개방병동이 가지는 병실환경의 치료적 특성을 파악하고 향후 개방병동이 지향해야 하는 병실환경의 방향을 제시해 보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 국립서울정신병원의 일 개방병동과 일 폐쇄병동에 입원 중인 만성 정신분열병 환자 각 26명을 대상으로 하였다. 병실환경평가척도(Ward Atmosphere Scale : WAS)와 간이정신진단검사(SCL-90-R)에 응답케 하였으며, Lehman의 삶의 질 면담(Quality of Life Interview)의 일부를 이용한 면담을 통하여 삶의 질의 객관적 지표들과 주관적 지표들의 점수를 측정하였다. 개방병동군과 폐쇄병동군에서의 측정치의 차이를 비교하였고, 병실환경척도의 점수와 삶의 질 점수 사이의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 병실환경에 대한 지각에 있어 개방병동군은 패쇄병동군보다 병실환경을 보다 지지 적이고 자율적이며 실제 지향적이라고 지각하였다. 삶의 질에 대한 평가에 있어 개방병동군은 폐쇄병동군에 비해 높은 '전반적 삶의 질' 점수를 보고하였으며, 이러한 차이는 인구학적, 임상적 변수들과 삶의 질의 객관적 지표들에 의한 영향을 공분산분석으로 배제한 뒤에도 유의하였다. '전반적 삶의 질' 점수와 상관관계를 보인 병실환경특성들 중 개방병동군의 경우 '질서와 조직'(r=0.49, p<.05). 그리고 패쇄병동군의 경우 '지지'(r=0.59. p<.01)가 가장 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 결 론 : 개방병동군은 병실환경을 지지적이며 자율적이며 실제지향적이라고 지각하고 있었으며, 이러한 긍정적 지각은 그들이 보이는 삶의 질 점수와 밀접한 연관이 있었다. Objectives : This study was designed to compare the ward atmosphere of an open ward and that of a closed ward as perceived by chronic schizophrenic patients, and to find out whether the perceived ward atmosphere is associated with their quality of life, and also to get some practical suggestions for treatment policies of open wards. Methods : Fifty-two chronic schizophrenic inpatients were selected, 26 of them were in an open ward and the remaining 26 patients were in a closed ward, in Seoul National Mental Hospital. All the patients were asked to answer the whole items of Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS) and SCL-90-R. Objective indicators and subjective indicators of their quality of life were scored during a face to face interview using potions of Lehman's Quality of Life Interview. The subjective indicators of quality of life were combined to a single global quality-of-life score and then examined for associations with other variables. All the measures were compared between the two groups. Covariate adjustments were made as needed. Results : The open ward patients reported significantly higher scores on 'support', 'autonomy' and 'practical orientation' subscales among WAS in comparison with closed ward patients. The open ward patients reported higher 'global quality-of-life score' compared with the closed ward patients. These differences were also significant fo11owing covariate adjustments for demographic, clinical and objective quality of life variables. Among the WAS subscales 'order and organization'(r=0.49, p <.05) was the highest correlate of 'global quality-of-life score' in case of open ward patients, and 'support'(r=0.59, p <.01) was the highest correlate in case of closed ward patients. Conclusion : The open ward patients reported better satisfaction with life, and their reported satisfaction were associated with their higher ratings on WAS:

알콜 관련성 간질에 관한 임상적 고찰 : 유병율과 위험인자를 중심으로 for the Aspects of Prevalence Rate & Risk Factors

오동열,박병희,이충경 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.5

본 연구에서는 국립서울정신병원 알콜병동 입원환자를 대상으로 알콜 관련성 간질의 유병율을 조사하고 그 위험인자를 알아보았다. 1년간 알콜전문병동에 입원한 434명의 알콜장애 환자 중 8.5%인 37명에서 알콜 관련성 간질(ARS)의 경험을 확인하였다. 선행연구에 의거한 위험인자의 조사결과 이들은 알콜 섭취량, 알콜 섭취기간, 진전성 섬망 경험 여부, 두부외상력 등에서 모두 간질 비경험군에 비해 유의하게 높은 수치를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 알콜 관련성 간질의 임상적 특징 중 중첩 간질 발작은 12명(32.4%)에서 나타났다. 뇌파검사에서 이상소견은 2명에서만 나타났다.이러한 결과는 여러 선행 연구에서 보고와 거의 일치하는 결과이고 단 중첩 간질 발작의 빈도가 외국의 경우에 비해 적은 양상을 나타냈다. 이는 급성 해독기관에서 주로 조사된 외국의선행 연구들과는 달리 입원상황과 과거 간질력을 모두 조사 대상에 포함시켰고 금단 증상에 대한 예방 조치가 이루어진 상황 후라는 점에서 직접적인 비교는 어려울 것으로 생각된다. 알콜 관련성 간질의 원인으로 Victor는 금단현상과 이후의 잦은 해독작용 등을 주장하고 Ng는 알콜자체의 독성을 주장하는데 본 연구에서는 두 연구 모두에서 제시하는 소견이 포함되어 있어 하나의 원인 보다는 알콜 자체의 독성과 함께 금단 후의 과정도 관련된 복합적인 요인들의 결과라고 추론된다. 임상적특징을 보건데 알콜 관련성 간질임이 확인되면 좋은 예후를 예측할 수 있으므로 중독 초기의 적극적인 평가와 급성 알콜중독 환자에 대한 철저한 치료과정이 필요하다고 하겠다. Objects : Increasing numbers of alcoholics takes burdens of physical problems and one of the most serious complication is alcohol related seizure. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of alcohol related seizures(ARS) in alcoholic patients and also the risk factors associated with ARS. Method :434 male alcoholic patients who were admitted to the alcohol inpatient unit on Seoul National Mental Hospital were studied. Patient interview and chart review was performed to take alcohol and seizure histories at the time of admission and also at the point of seizure attack during admission. Neurological examination and brain study was performed to each one of the patient group. Results : Prevalence of alcohol withdrawal seizure was 8.5%. Variables associated with alcohol related seizure were duration of drinking, amount of drinking, comorbid delirium tremens, histories of minor head trauma. Most of subjects were neurologically free. Among the total 37 subjects, grand mal seizures were developed in 36 subjects and in 25 subjects seizure were developed within 48 hours. All of them experienced delirium tremens and 12 of them were attacked by recurrent seizures within 6 hours. Conclusion : Alcohol related seizure(ARS) was related to severity of alcoholic symptoms. Further studies are needed to find out the pathophysiology, the ways of management and prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizure for increasing risk of alcohol problems today.

마케팅 프론티어상 추천사

최충경 한국마케팅과학회 2000 마케팅과학연구 Vol.5 No.-

역행충전시 수복재와 와동 형태에 따른 변연누출의 정량적 분석

한충경 전남대학교 치과대학 1989 전남치대논문집 Vol.1 No.2

When conventional root canal treatment is failed or contraindicated, retrograde root canal filling following apicoectomy is a valuable procedure, aimed at hermetically sealing the root canal against leakage of irritants from the canal into the periapical tissue. In this in vitro investigation, to analyze apical microleakage electrochemically in teeth with different retrograde filling materiasl and preparation types, single-rooted tooth was cut 2㎜ from the apex and each Class I and Slot preparation was prepared. Experimental groups : Group 1. Amalgam filling with cavity varnish in Class I preparation Group 2. Scotchbond 2+Silux filling in Class I preparation Group 3. Gutta percha filling with ZOE cement in Class I preparation Group 4. Amalgam filling with cavity varnish in Slot preparation Group 5. Scotchbond 2+Silux filling in Slot preparation Each specimens was immersed in 1% solution of KCI, and applied a potential of 9V external power supply. Measurements of the current flow were obtained at 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 12, 14, 18, 21, 25 and 28 day after immerson. Marginal microleakage wre compared and evaluated. The results were as follows : 1. The group filled with composite resin with dentin bonding agent shows lower apical microleakage value than the group filled with amalgam following varnish application(P<0.01). 2. In the group filled with gutta percha, apical microleakage value was the hightest. 3. There was no significant difference between Class I cavity and Slot type cavity regardless of the used materials.

실험적 타이포그래피 관점에서 본 캘리그래피에 관한 연구

박충경,정원준 커뮤니케이션디자인협회 시각디자인학회 2002 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.9 No.2

Recently, font and visual culture was changed in accordance with supply computer and the trend of experimental typography and replace uniform use of existing font by experimental typography and remarkably Calligraphy's use. It devise visual culture development through the new and artistic Calligraphy expression that create formative element with imply specific character involve the culture of the times Calligraphy's expression. In a restricted sense, Calligraphy is kallos(=beauty)+graphy. on the other hand Calligraphy is beautiful Calligraphy style which have the one and only of autograph. And Calligraphy style have unlimited expressional function. As different country, different character and expression of Calligraphy, in the meaning of Calligraphy is seo-ye(calligraphy) in the East, on the other hand that is beautiful handwriting which can trace the origin back to the man's speech function period in the West. But this study find out Calligraphy's identity of unique genre. And this expression is recognize Calligraphy to be unique visual language in nowaday's visual culture lead up to expression letter's role. And study calligraphy character and expression which iconography (letter that pass out of mind) with unlimited power of expression and free experimentalism.

운동생리학 : 태권도선수의 수준별 체조성과 심폐기능 특성 비교분석

조충경(ChungKyungJo),김기봉(KiBongKim) 한국체육학회 2001 한국체육학회지 Vol.40 No.2

본 연구는 태권도의 남자일반우수선수와 비우수선수 및 고교우수선수들 중 각각 15명씩 총 45명을 대상으로 체조성과 심폐기능 요인의 특성을 비교분석하여 태권도 경기력에 영향을 미치는 요인을 구명하여 태권도 선수의 신인발굴을 위한 기준설정과 우수선수의 운동처방 프로그램 작성을 위한 합리적이고 과학적인 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 비교 분석한 결론은 다음과 같다.1. 체조성은 제지방체중이 세 집단간에 유의한 차이가 있었고, 우수집단은 제지방체중에서 다른 집단보다 유의하게 높았다.2. 심폐기능은 안정시 심박수, 최대 심박수, 최대산소소비량 및 트레드밀 주행시간이 세 집단 간에 유의한 차이가 있었고, 우수선수집단은 최대심박수, 최대산소소비량 및 트레드밀 주행시간에서 다른 집단보다 유의하게 높았다.본 연구에 이어 앞으로 남·여 국가 대표급 선수와 고교우수선수 및 일반 수련자들과의 다각적인 요인에 대한 수준의 차이를 비교 분석하는 연구와 아울러, 각 체급별로 세분화하고 공격형과 방어형 등 선수의 경기유형에 따른 종합적인 연구가 필요하다. It is convinced that there are many body compositions and cardiopulmonary functions involved in performing “Taekwondo” efficiently and structure of these abilities underlying taekwondo performance will be changed with the consequence of training.The purposes of this study were to analyze the contributions of body composition and cardiopulmonary function underlying athletic performance in highly trained taekwondo athletes and to offer the basic scientific informations for the new talent selection and exercise prescription programs for training the excellent taekwondo athletes.The subjects participated for this study were 45 taekwondo athletes who were classified into three groups by the competitive levels; 15 adult excellent athletes, 15 adult good athletes and 15 high school excellent athletes.The statistical techniques utilized in this study was; ANOVA.Tukey test was used in post-hoc analysis.For all tests, alpha was set at .05 initially in significance.The findings of this study were as follows;1. There was significant differences in lean body mass of body composition among three groups and lean body mass was significantly higher in adult excellent athletes than those of two other groups.2. There were significant differences in resting heart rate, maximal heart rate, maximal oxygen consumption and treadmill running time of cardiopulmonary functions among three groups and maximal heart rate, maximal oxygen consumption and treadmill running time were significantly higher in adult excellent athletes than those of two other groups.

COVID-19 사태로 인한 항공사 승무원의 정서적 불안정성이 고용불안에 미치는 영향

조충경(Joe, Choonggyeong),양위주(Yhang, Wiijoo) 대한관광경영학회 2021 觀光硏究 Vol.36 No.7

본 연구의 목적은 COVID-19 사태가 항공사 승무원의 정서적 불안정성이 어떻게 나타나는지 검증한 뒤, 정서적 불안정성과 고용불안에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 Oliver & Simons(2004)의 ALS(Affective Lability Scales)를 적용하였다. 연구결과에 이하면, 정서적 불안정성은 불안/우울증 , 분노 , 우울증/감소 등 3개 요인으로 구분되었으며, 항공사 승무원의 정서적 불안정성과 고용불안과의 인과관계에서 불안/우울증 과 우울증/우울증 은 주요 변수로 나타났지만, 분노 요인은 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 COVID-19 사태와 같은 팬데믹 확산은 일반대중의 정서적 불안정성을 야기시키며, 관광산업 가운데 항공산업에도 어려움을 미치고 있지만, 항공산업에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 부족한 것에 착안하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 그 항공사와 임원은 직원들이 과도한 고용불안을 느끼지 않도록 노력하고 정서적 안정 프로그램, 상담, 교육 등 지속적인 관리를 수행해야 함을 알 수 있다. 본 연구결과는 항공사 직원을 대상으로 한 경험적 연구이므로 향후 항공산업의 종사하는 승무원의 효과적인 인적자원관리에 기여할 것이다. The purpose of this study is to verify how the airline employees affective lability appears due to the outbreak of COVID-19, to confirm the relationship between the affective lability and employment insecurity. Oliver & Simons(2004)’ ALS(Affective Lability Scales) was applied to this research and then anxiety/depression , anger , and depression/elation was selected to check affective lability, and then the relationship to employment insecurity was verified. The results of this study suggested that the leading variables affecting the employment insecurity of airline employees were anxiety/depressed and depressed/elations , but the anger factor did not affect it. This study is based on the situation in which the public’s affective labilities and many difficulties on industries were due to COVID-19 outbreak. But little research has been done on airline industry caused by the pandemic spread. Therefore, airlines and executives should try to ensure that their employees do not feel excessive employment insecurity and to carry out continuous management such as affective stability programs, counseling, educations, etc. This study will contribute to an effective human resource management in the aviation industry by conducting an empirical analysis for airline employees.

한국형 청소년 약물중독 선별검사표를위한 예비연구(Ⅱ)

이충경,김경빈,김봉수 大韓神經精神醫學會 1995 신경정신의학 Vol.34 No.6

As substance abuse of adolescents becomes severe day by day as a social problem, the authors feel the necessity of adolescent drug addiction screening test. Questionaire composed of 60 items of Substance Associated Problems Scale(SAPS) of J. Westermeyer and 12 items of modified NAST(M-NAST) was applied to 72 patients with substance abuse or dependence, and 82 controls. The data were analyzed by canonical discriminant analysis using Proc stepdisc, and the 20 items with discriminant power were selected.