淵齋 宋秉璿의 黃山舟遊와 문화경관 인식-「遊黃山及諸名勝記」를 중심으로-

이철성 고려사학회 2018 한국사학보 Vol.- No.70

The aim of this paper is to interpret 「Yuhwangsangi」, the full name is 「Yuh wangsan geup jemyeongseunggi(遊黃山及諸名勝記)」 by Yeonjae Song Byeong-Seon from an integrative viewpoint encompassing history, philosophy and literature. Song wrote 「Yuhwangsangi」 at the age of 31(1866). The demolition of Mandongmyo(萬東廟), the shrine erected to honor the last emperor of Ming China (Apr. 1865) had brought him a great grief. In the following month of May, he began to work on 『Songjadaejeonsucha(宋子大典隨箚)』 and 『Dongsa (東史)』. The journey was arranged for the purpose of straightening the doctrine of Confucianism with a focus on Chunchudaeui(春秋大義) and learning from the history. The fellow travelers involved those who had participated in the compilation of the 『Songjadaejeonsucha』. The apparent reason for the journey was to follow the 「Hwangsanjihoe (黃山之會)」(1653) performed 210 years previously by Seoin(西人). However, the actual reason was to visit the cultural landscapes of Hoseo Confucianism along Geumgang River, and identify his ideological origin for its reinterpretation. For this reason, he chose historic sites as his destination instead of scenic spots. The journey took 15 days from his departure to his return home to Seoknam in Hoedeok Prefecture(Apr. 6-20 on the lunar calendar). The early part of the journey, he made a visit to Gumdam Seowon(書院), Bomanjeong, Gumdam Seowon, Seongbongseosa, Changgang Seowon and Busan Seowon. The visits were all associated with personal and ideological unity with Kim Jang-Saeng(金長生), Kim Jip(金集), Song Si-Yeol(宋時烈) and Song Jun-Gil(宋浚吉), and provided an opportunity to think of the Confucian thought of righteousness emphasized by Lee Gui, Lee Si-Baek, Lee Si-Bang, Hwang Sin and Lee Gyeong-Yeo. The most meaningful destination of the journey was Ganggyeong(江景). Here, he visited Palgwaejeong Pavilion, Imlijeong Pavilion and Jungnim Seowon. This allowed Song Byeong-Seon to revive Song Si-Yeol’s emphasis on the difference between China and Barbarians. The latter part of the journey involved the way back home along Yeonsan and Gyeryongsan Mountain. Song paid tribute at the graves of Seong Sam-Mun and Kim Jang-Saeng, Donam Seowon and Shrine for Kim Jip. From there, he confirmed the historical reinterpretation of the six martyred ministers or Sayuksin and clarified the origin of Yehak thought. In short, 「Yuhwangsangi」 by Song Byeong-Seon is a record of a journey, written while completing the theory of Honor China and Repel Barbarians (Jonhwayangi, 尊華攘夷), with the aim of underscoring the Confucian thought of righteousness and correctness doctrine, and of differentiating the morality of the wise from the acts of barbarians for moral balance. Moreover, the journey through the cultural landscapes of Hoseo Confucianism contributed to a better understanding of the practical facts of Jonhwayangi theory. 이 글은 淵齋 宋秉璿이 31세 되던 해(1866)에 쓴 「遊黃山及諸名勝記」를 역사・철학・문학의 융합적 시각에서 해석하고자 하였다. 여행은 송병선이 만동묘 훼철령(1865.4.)에 개탄을 금치 못한 직후 『宋子大典隨箚』 작업에 참여하고, 『東史』 편찬을 시작한 직후에 이루어졌다. 즉 여행은 春秋大義를 중심으로 유학의 정신을 바로잡고, 역사를 통해 교훈을 얻고자한 분위기에서 기획되었다. 여행은 표면적으로는 1653년 西人 주요 인사들의 「黃山之會」를 따라하고 싶어서였지만 실제는 금강을 따라 펼쳐진 호서지역의 문화경관을 방문하여 자신의 사상적 연원을 확인하고 역사적 재해석을 시도하는 것이었다. 그래서 방문지는 景勝地가 아니라 역사적 遺蹟地가 의도적으로 선택되었다. 여행의 전반부는 문의현 부강에서 출발하여 강경에서 머무는 기간으로, 송병선은 검담서원, 보만정, 성봉서사, 창강서원, 부산서원을 참배했다. 이는 모두 김장생, 김집, 송시열, 송준길과 연결되는 인적・사상적 연대감 속에 이루어졌으며, 춘추대의를 강조한 이귀, 이시백, 이시방, 황신, 이경여 등을 회상하기 위한 것이었다. 특히 강경의 죽림서원, 팔괘정, 임리정에서는 華와 夷의 단호한 구별을 강조했던 송시열의 정신을 되새긴 시간이었다. 여행의 후반부는 성삼문묘, 김장생 묘역, 돈암서원, 김집 사당을 찾는 추모의 일정을 보내고, 동학사에서 講會를 열었다. 이를 통해 송병선은 사육신에 대한 역사적 재평가와 예학의 연원을 재차 확인하였다. 요컨대 송병선의 「遊黃山及諸名勝記」는 19세기 중반 春秋大義 정신과 直 사상을 강조하고, 聖人의 道와 夷狄의 행위를 구분하여 도덕적 중심을 지키고자 한 尊華攘夷論을 완성시키는 단계에서 이루어진 여행기였다. 아울러 호서 지역의 자연경관을 둘러 본 단순한 여행기가 아니라 존화양이의 실천적 史實에 대한 평가와 이해를 한 단계 높이려 한 여행기였다.

최첨단 반밀폐온실의 성능 및 도입효과

이철성,임희성,김남기,노경환 한국농공학회 2024 한국농공학회지 : 전원과 자원 Vol.66 No.3

한말·일제강점 초기 개성 홍삼제조장의 변천과 의미

이철성 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2024 장서각 Vol.- No.52

본 논문은 조선 후기부터 식민 초기까지의 개성 홍삼제조장의 변천과 의미를 밝히려 했다. 홍삼제조장은 조선 후기 가내공업 단계의 공인 사유증포소 → 1899~1908년 궁내부의 관유 홍삼 공동제조소 → 1909년 조선총독부 전매국 신축 홍삼제조장으로 변화했다. 한말 궁내부 홍삼제조 과정은 세척 → 증삼 → 화고건조 → 햇볕건조 → 간방건조 → 마무리 → 포장의 단계를 밟았다. 일제의 홍삼제조장은 세척 → 증건장(화고건 조·간방건조) 및 햇볕건조 → 마무리 → 포장의 단계를 밟았다. 신축 홍삼제조장이 그이전과 달라진 점은 첫째 야외에서 이루어지던 수삼수납·세삼·저장의 공정을 목조 건물 안에서 이루어지도록 했다는 점, 둘째, 홍삼제조의 핵심 공정인 수삼의 蒸蔘과 火庫 건조 및 看房의 건조 방식을 스팀방식으로 기계화했다는 점, 셋째, 증조 방식의 기계화에 따른 위험요소를 줄이고 생산량을 늘리기 위한 각종 시험을 진행했다는 점이다. 홍삼제조장에 대한 일제의 투자는 홍삼의 생산비 절감과 생산량 증대의 결과를 가져왔다. 그러나 홍삼 전매수입은 식민지 초기에 들어가는 막대한 세수를 확보하는 방안으로 활용되었다. 1910년대 경상예산 수입의 40%를 차지하는 관업 및 관유재산 수입에서, 蔘業 세입은 다른 세목과 비교할 때 규모뿐만 아니라 세입의 증가 폭이 컸다. 관업 수입 대비 삼업 수입의 비중은 1910년 약 1.1%에서 1917년에는 9.4% 그리고 1918년에는 12.6%까지 상승했다. 또 1918년 기준 삼업은 관업 및 관유재산 수입중 우편·전신·전화, 철도, 평양광업소를 이어 4번째를 차지하는 중요한 재원이었다. 이처럼 식민 초기 개성 홍삼제조장의 신·증축과 설비 투자는 조선 반도의 재정상 일대 資源인 전매수입을 통해 식민통치의 재원을 마련하려는 의도가 충실히 반영된 것이었다. This study examines the transformation and significance of Gaseong ginseng manufacturing plants from the late Joseon period to the early colonial period. The history of red ginseng manufacturing evolved from private steaming facilities authorized by the government during the Joseon Dynasty, to a government-operated joint manufacturing plant under the Department of the Royal Household from 1899 to 1908, and eventually to a newly constructed red ginseng manufacturing plant under the Japanese colonial rule in 1909. In the late Joseon period, the red ginseng manufacturing process under the Department of the Royal Household included washing, steaming, kiln drying, sun drying, drying in a dedicated room, finishing, and packaging. Under Japanese colonial rule, the process was streamlined to washing, drying (in a kiln and drying room), sun drying, finishing, and packaging. The newly constructed red ginseng manufacturing plant introduced three significant changes: first, the steps of collecting, washing, and storing fresh ginseng, previously done outdoors, were moved inside wooden buildings; second, key processes such as steaming and drying were mechanized using mechanical steam methods; and third, various tests were conducted to enhance production efficiency. Japanese investment in the red ginseng manufacturing plant led to lower production costs and increased output. In the 1910s, revenue from the ginseng industry constituted a significant portion of the regular budget, accounting for 40% of the income from government-operated and government-owned properties, and showed a greater revenue increase compared to other tax items. As a result, the new construction and equipment investments in the Gaeseong red ginseng manufacturing plant during the early colonial period clearly reflected Japan’s intention to finance its colonial rule through monopoly profits from red ginseng, a key financial resource on the Korean Peninsula.

조선후기 고려홍삼 무역량의 변동과 의미

이철성,Lee, Chulsung 고려인삼학회 2019 인삼문화 Vol.1 No.-

This study tried to evaluate the official Korea Red Ginseng(Hongsam) trade in 19th century. The Hongsam trade activities of the 19th century also show that the collected amount of Posam taxes (Hongsam taxes) alone outweigh the amount of cost spent during the same time period to launch tributary actions. It is quite obvious that the Chosun dynasty, supported by the developed techniques of ginseng cultivation and preservation methods, managed to stop the silver leaks while also stimulating the domestic commerce, handicraft business and mining operations, by exporting Hongsam to China and importing raw material and other finished products in return. The Chosun government also managed to secure considerable amount of marginal profit which at times mounted to almost 2 hundred thousand Nyangs of silver during the latter half of the 19th century thanks to this Hongsam trade activities, and accumulated the hoof-shaped pieces of silver ingot at the office of Ministry of Taxation. Even under the mostly undesirable political environment featuring unjustified deeds of the powerful houses, the commercial activities were being strongly maintained, and the transactions conducted by merchants of the Gaeseong, Euiju areas and the capital city were prospering.

소상인 디지털 전환 지원 정책에 관한 연구

이철성,Young-Ki Kim,Seung-Hee Kim 한국유통과학회 2018 유통과학연구 Vol.16 No.2

Purpose – In this study, we discuss the current status and barriers of digital transformation focused on small businesses. More specifically, this study consists of two studies. The purpose of study 1 is to investigate the effect of digitization of small businesses on the sales of stores and the number of visiting customers. The purpose of Study 2 is to examine the status and obstacles of online channels use by small businesses. Research design, data, and methodology – In Study 1, we will examine the changes in sales and visitor numbers of stores that are rapidly adapting to digital transformation among small business. For this, we utilize the actual situation of store management survey conducted by the Small Enterprise and Market Service. Specifically, multiple regression equations were used to determine whether blogs and online shopping malls were operating, and the proportion of credit cards to sales as independent variables and sales and number of visiting customers as dependent variables. Next, in Study 2, we surveyed the 15 small business owners in the latest survey on the actual situation of store management survey conducted in 2015, and conducted an in-depth interview to examine the barriers to the use of online channels by small business. Results – As a result of study 1, it is found that the small business who run the blogs have higher sales and visits than the small business who do not. However, there is no difference in the sales and the number of visiting customers between the stores that operate the online shopping malls and those that do not. Second, the higher the proportion of credit cards, the higher the sales and the number of visiting customers. In study 2, we analyzed the barriers to the expansion of online channels by in-depth interviews. Interviews show that barriers to access to online channels are limited by search neutrality, high commission burden, and low bargaining power. These problems are caused by the insufficiency of small business compared to online and mobile portal and O2O platform vendors. Conclusions – This study suggests that small business who have difficulty in establishing direct online channels need digital transformation of small business. In addition, when using such an external platform, we have identified the problems that small business face.

사립대학의 재정과 세제문제

이철성,Lee, Cheol-Seong 한국대학교육협의회 1983 大學敎育 Vol.6 No.-

財政民主主義 理想과 現實 : 특히 組稅法律主義를 中心으로

李喆晟 成均館大學校 韓國産業硏究所 1987 韓國經濟 Vol.14 No.-

19세기 전반 포삼무역 (包蔘貿易) 전개 과정과 서로상인 (西路商人)

이철성 한국동서사학회 1999 東西史學 Vol.5 No.1

전통시장 내 소매업 경쟁구조에 관한 연구

이철성,Young-Ki Kim,Seung-Hee Kim 한국유통과학회 2018 유통과학연구 Vol.16 No.6

Purpose – Our Research is a study on the competition structure between retailers in traditional markets. Specifically, this study examined the effects of SSM, commodity supply store, Hanaro mart, food mart and other mart in traditional markets on retail stores of small businesses. The purpose of this study is to provide a solution to the market encroachment of large retailers in traditional markets. Research design, data, and methodology – This study is based on the data of 'Market Survey of Traditional Market · Shopping Mall and Store Management in 2016' and 'Current status of SSM(Super SuperMarket), commodity supply store, Hanaro mart, food mart and other mart in the traditional market in 2017' conducted by Small Enterprise and Market Service. In this study, a multiple regression equation was constructed using the number of SSM, commodity supply store, Hanaro mart, food mart and other mart as an independent variable and sales, number of customers as a dependent variable for analysis. Results – The increase of SSM and commodity supply stores in the traditional market affects the sales decrease of the surrounding small merchants in the traditional market. This means that the SSM and commodity supply stores can lead to the decline of the traditional market. However, it has been found that the penetration of these companies in traditional markets does not affect the number of visitors. Second, Hanaro mart's entry into the traditional market has a negative impact on the sales and visitor numbers of the surrounding small-scale merchants. The increase in the number of food mart has a significant effect on the sales and the number of visitors to the small stores. The results of this study indicate that the food mart can contribute to the revitalization of traditional markets. Lastly, other mart with more than medium size were found to affect the sales of small stores, the number of visitors. Conclusions – We examines the competitive structure among retailers in traditional markets. The penetration of large retailers in traditional markets has a negative impact on traditional markets, particularly Hanaro mart has a greater impact than SSM. We provide practical and theoretical implications for the retail competition structure in traditional markets.

온실구조기준 및 온실공사 품셈을 활용한 스마트 온실 단가 현실화 연구

이철성,김혁,신승욱,박미란 한국농촌건축학회 2022 농촌건축 : 한국농촌건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.2

This study analyzed the effects of building and greenhouse structural code on the structural design and the greenhouse construction cost. The over-design possibility of greenhouse was analyzed when building structural code was applied using standard smart greenhouse drawings. The possibility of decrease in greenhouse construction cost was investigated if the currently applied building structural code was replaced with greenhouse structural code. As a result of comparing the member sizes with the standard drawings, building structural code was designed with 13%~74% more steel than greenhouse structural code. When building construction estimate was replaced with greenhouse construction estimate, it was possible to reduce the total construction cost of the glass greenhouse by 17% and that of the vinyl greenhouse by 14%. Since there is no standard construction estimate suitable for greenhouses, the wage unit price is set excessively, and the construction cost of the smart greenhouse is increasing. In conclusion, it is necessary to establish greenhouse structural code and greenhouse construction estimate to lower the greenhouse construction cost.