지식과 권력의 규범적 관계 모색: 밀턴의 도덕적 지식과 이성적 정체(政體)

이종우 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2002 중세근세영문학 Vol.12 No.2

This essay discusses the problem of the relationship between power and knowledge, considering Milton's idea that true knowledge can provide the conditions for a thorough reform of society. In his political tracts, Milton expresses the idea that a new formation of political information and knowledge is required to limit the manipulative power of the politicians or partisan writers over susceptible people. According to Milton, the means of solving the problem of social control which stands in the way of a general reformation is to ensure the better circulation of knowledge and proper ethics. The process of King Charles I's condemnation and the event of his execution in 1649 raised some controversies about whether his trial was justified and the meanings that it had politically. Many pamphlets condemning the King or Parliament were published that voiced different views and explanations of the event. Royalists claimed that the execution was not carried out according to the proper procedures of the law. This view was opposed by Milton who argued in his political tracts that the King was a tyrant rather than a just ruler who abused his power and broke his contract with the people. Therefore, his execution was fully justified. Milton's concerns were not limited to the exploration of the King's wrong-doing nor the attacks of those who disagreed with him. He was also concerned with the problem of rhetoric which was shrewdly employed by the Royalist apologists to deceive the opponents. In Eikonoklastes, he aims to expose the crimes of King's regime. By showing how much of King's rule was dependent upon ill-conceived political machinations rather than a proper governmental policy, he attempts to demystify the King's image and to counter the false forms of knowledge created by Royalist propaganda. According to his argument, the King was not a locus of political authority rooted in intellectual leadership supported by true knowledge but a key figure in political imposture armed with the vanity of mere words. Although the King was far from being the earthly manifestation of the godly rule which Milton expected at the time, the people, nevertheless, tended to approve his tyrannical rule and engage in his idolatry. In this context, Milton's self-appointed task was to ensure that the people would be equipped with the ability to choose the interpretation which would best reveal the true nature of the King's words and deeds so that they could become no longer his dupes but his judges. As Milton continually stresses, the power of the state remains the province of the people rather than being inherent in authority. Therefore, as he suggests in Eikonoklastes, there is a need for active readership on the part of the English people in responding to Charles's regime and his carefully-crafted image. As Milton emphasizes in his political tracts of late 1640s and 1650s, it is very important for the readers to see a political situation correctly. One model he suggests is to break the "double sense deluding." It is a model of reading based on reason and judgement that can produce the moral knowledge necessary for the construction of an ideal polity rather than on the external authority of an institution. Warning about the moral and epistemological failure of the King's regime, Milton claims that an ideal new polity should base itself in the search for moral knowledge. The moral knowledge can be epitomized as following: "Truth is but Justice in our knowledge, and justice is but Truth in our practice." This knowledge, if understood properly, can provide the means to tackle some of the political problems of seventeenth-century England and lead to the creation of an ideal polity.

한국 선거의 변화와 지속가능성 : 선거제도 및 선거관리 모델 변화를 중심으로

李鐘宇 한국의정연구회 2014 의정논총 Vol.9 No.1

선거는 자유민주주의에 있어 필수적 요소인 동시 그 나라의 민주주의 수준을 측정하는 핵심요소이다. 한국의 경우 1948년 5월 10일 최초의 민주선거가 도입된 후 민주화 과정을 거치면서 제도적 발전과 더불어 선거관리 적 측면에서도 많은 성장을 이루었다. 본 논문은 한국 선거 65년의 변화와 흐름을 개관하고, 특히 민주화 이후 지속가능성의 관점에서 선거제도와 선거관리역할의 변화와 특징을 분석하였다. 민주화 이후 한국 선거제도 변화는 절차적 민주주의의 회복, 불법 선거행위에 대한 근절, 고비용 선거구조 개혁, 정책선거 등 선거문화 개선, 참정권 확대로의 방향성을 보인다. 한편, 선거관리모델은 정치발전형으로 전환되면서 불법행위 예방․단속을 통한 부정선거 근절, 정치관계법 개 정을 통한 법제 선진화, 정책선거 등 성숙한 문화 조성을 중심축으로 변화하고 있다. 이러한 변화 과정을 통해 한국 선거는 현재 완전한 민주주의 국가로 분류․평가되고 있다. 그러나 여전히 변화 를 지속하고 있으며, 선거선진화를 위한 제도적․선거문화적․선거관리적 과제를 안고 있다. Election is essential to liberal democracy and at the same time takes a key role in measuring the level of democracy of a country. In the case of Korea, it has achieved not only institutional development but also growth in the area of election management through the democratization process since the first democratic election held on May 10, 1948. This thesis touches on changes and trends in the 65 years of electoral history in Korea and focuses specifically on changes and characteristics of the role of election management as well as those of election systems from the perspective of sustainability since democratization. Since democratization, the changes of the election system in Korea include restoration of procedural democracy, eradication of illegal election campaigns, reform of the costly election structure, improvement of an electoral culture through policy-oriented election, expansion of suffrage, etc. Meanwhile, the election management model has been switched to a political development type and has played a pivotal role in eradicating election fraud through the prevention and regulation of illegal activities. In addition, the model has served as a central axis to advance the legal system through revision of the political laws, and to create a mature election culture through policy-oriented election, etc. Through such changes, election in Korea has contributed to the Republic of Korea now being categorized and recognized as full democracy. However, the above-mentioned changes are still underway and there are institutional, electoral cultural and election management-related challenges to be dealt with for the advancement of election.

한주 이진상의 미발설

이종우 열상고전연구회 2016 열상고전연구 Vol.49 No.-

中庸 의 未發은 朱子에 이르러 수양론으로까지 전개되었고, 湖洛논쟁에 이르러 선악여부에 대한 논쟁으로 전개되었다. 그 후 寒洲 李震相은 심의 미발을 리의 靜이라고 주장하면서 호락논쟁의 당사자들이 그것을 氣의 靜이라고 여겼다고 하여 비판하였다. 또한 한주는 그 상태가 바로 지각이 어둡지 않으며 사려가 아직 싹트지 않은 상태라고 말한다. 그것은 주자가 『중용』의 미발을 思慮未萌과 知覺不昧라고 해석한 것에 영향을 받은 것이다. 그는 心卽理이므로 미발상태에서 순선하고 그것은 성인 뿐만 아니라 범인도 모두 그러한 상태가 있다고 말한다. 하지만 주자는 성인과 범인이 모두 미발상태가 있다 말하기도 하고, 성인만 있다고 말하기도 한다. 이에 한주는 전자를 주자만년정설, 후자를 초기미정설이라고 해석한다. 그러나 주자는 성인과 범인에게 미발이 있는지 없는지에 대한 관심은 없었고 오히려 미발시 공부를 강조하였다. 훗날 호락논쟁에서 南塘과 巍巖이 성인과 범인의 미발시 선악여부에 대하여 논쟁을 벌였고, 한주가 그 영향을 받았기 때문에 그렇게 해석하였던 것이다. 한주가 미발을 순선하다고 말한 것은 호락논쟁의 巍巖과 상통하지만 전자는 리의 정, 후자는 기의 정이라고 여긴 것이 그와 다른 점이다. 한주는 未發 상태에서의 공부에서 戒懼를 강조하였을 뿐만 아니라 已發 상태에서의 공부에서도 그것을 강조하였다. 하지만 退溪는 계구를 미발 상태에서의 공부에 국한시켰고, 반면에 한주는 이발 상태에서의 공부까지 확장시켰던 것이다. Before Aroused of Mind is written in the Doctrine of the Mean, one of the Four Books. After that, Zhu Xi developed to theory of self-cultivation. After that, Horak debate between Neo-Confucian scholars of Joseon Dynasty developed whether pure good or, good and bad. Finally, Hanju Yi Jinsang argue quiet of li on Before Aroused of Mind and critique quiet of ki in Horak debate. He supposes that Before Aroused means quiet of li and ki immobile. This is perception dark, he say, and is influenced Zhu Xi, annotation on Before Aroused in the Doctrine of Mean. But Zhu interpret as perception dark and considering didn't arise about it. Hanju emphasize the perception because this is basis which mind is li. That is, the perception is basis which mind govern nature and feelings, and governing means li. Consequently, Before Aroused has pure good, both sage and person. But Zhu says they have Before Aroused or only sage has it. At the case, Hanju interpret resonable argument of Zhu on the former and not resonable argument him on the latter. But Zhu has not interest about it, meanwhile he has interest about the cultivation. After that, Oiam and Namdang, Horak debate, have interest about it. Thus, Hanju is influenced them. Hanju emphasizes cautiousness and apprehensiveness when mind has Before Aroused and After Interacts. But Toegye emphasizes cautiousness and apprehensiveness when mind has only Before Aroused. Consequently, Hanju extend Toegye's it.

췌장암 및 만성췌장염에서의 Cyclin 유전자 발현 정도의 측정

이종우,이규택,이진영,이종균,허진석,최성호,최동욱,이종철 대한소화기학회 2006 대한소화기학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2006 No.-

Prognostic Predictability of American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th Staging System for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Limited Improvement Compared with the 7th Staging System

이종우,이재훈,박예종,이우형,권재우,송기병,황대욱,김송철 대한암학회 2020 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.52 No.3

Purpose This study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic values of the 7th and 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging systems for patients with resected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC). Materials and Methods A total of 348 patients who underwent major hepatectomy for PHCC between 2008 and 2015 were identified from a single center. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared across stage groups with the log-rank test. The concordance index was used to evaluate the prognostic predictability of the 8th AJCC staging system compared with that of the 7th. Results In the 8th edition, the stratification of each group of T classification improved compared to that in the 7th, as the survival rate of T4 decreased (T2, 31.2%; T3, 13.9%; T4, 15.1%; T1- T2, p=0.260; T2-T3, p=0.001; T3-T4, p=0.996). Both editions showed significant survival differences between each N category, except between N1 and N2 (p=0.063) in 7th edition. Differences of point estimates between the 8th and 7th T and N classification and overall stages were +0.028, +0.006, and +0.039, respectively (T, p=0.005; N, p=0.115; overall stage, p=0.005). In multivariable analysis, posthepatectomy liver failure, T category, N category, distant metastasis, histologic differentiation, intraoperative transfusion, and resection margin status were associated with OS. Conclusion The prognostic predictability of 8th AJCC staging for PHCC improved slightly, with statistical significance, compared to the 7th edition, but its overall performance is still unsatisfactory.

우암 송시열의 사단칠정설과 그것에 대한 비판과 옹호

이종우 열상고전연구회 2016 열상고전연구 Vol.53 No.-

본고에서는 우암 송시열이 사단은 선 뿐만 아니라 악도 있다고 주장하면서 이황 뿐만 아니라 그의 스승이라고 할 수 있는 이이도 비판적으로 본 것과 그렇다면 사단은 칠정과 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 중점적으로 연구하였다. 송시열은 사단은 中節 뿐만 아니라 不中節이 있고 성인의 칠정은 純善하다고 해석한 것은 이황과 이이 모두 사단을 순선하다 하고 칠정을 선악이 함께 있다고 한 것과 다르다. 하지만 사단의 중절과 칠정의 순선, 사단의 부중절과 칠정의 악의 성향은 그 구분이 모호해진다. 이로 미루어 보았을 때 그는 사단과 칠정을 구분하는 것 보다 중절과 부중절, 선과 악을 구분하는 것을 더 중요시하였다고 할 수 있다. 더욱이 그가 사단은 理發 뿐만 아니라 氣之發, 칠정은 기발 뿐만 아니라 理之發도 있다고 말한 것은 기존의 설인 주희, 이황, 이이 등과 다른 것이다. 이에 대하여 이황을 사숙한 이익은 송시열이 사단이란 겸선악하다는 설은 이이의 선일변도와 다르다고 비판한다. 왜냐하면 송시열이 이이의 학맥을 계승했음에도 불구하고 사단설이 다르기 때문이었다. 반면에 송시열의 제자 이희조는 송시열의 사단설은 맹자와 주희를 정확하게 해석하였다고 지지하면서 이이와 이황의 사단 순선설은 그들의 사단설의 전체를 보지 못하고 부분만을 보았다며 비판적이었다. 반면에 송시열의 제자 권상하는 이이의 사단설을 선 뿐만 아니라 악도 있다고 해석하여 맹자와 주희의 설과 같다고 지지한다. 따라서 맹자와 주희를 이이가 계승하고 송시열이 그를 계승하였다고 생각하였다. 이것이 이희조와 다른 점이었다. I studied that Uam Song Siyeol argued that Four Beginnings is not only harmony but also disharmony, and criticized that Yi Hwang's and Yi I's, Song's teacher, and a difference between Four Beginnings and Seven Feeling. Song's Four Beginnings, including good evil, is different from Yi Hwang and Yi I, only pure good. Song is based on Zhu Xi's Four Beginnings. Four beginnings is good when issued clear energy and is evil when issued turbid it, Song's argument. But Yi Hwang and Yi I's argument is that Four Beginning is pure good. Because of this, Song criticized them. He also said not only Four Beginnings but also Seven Feeling are good and evil. In this case, It is difficult distintion between Four Beginning's and Seven Feeling's good and evil. Then, what is a difference between Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings's good and evil? About it, Song was important better good and evil than distinguish from them. Moreover, he said that Four Beginning issue by energy as well as principle. This is a difference between Song, Yi Hwang and Yi I. After that, Yi Ig, admired Yi Hwang, criticized Song's Four Beginning because Song is different from Yi I, Song's teacher. About it, Yi Hijo, Song's student, advocated Song because Song succeeded Mencius and Zhu's whole, but Yi Hwang and Yi I succeeded their part. However, Gwon Sangha, Song's other student, argued that succeeded Mencius and Zhu's not only Song but also Yi I, because he also considered that Four Beginnings are good and evil in Diagram of Mind, Naure and Feeling in Reply to Seong Howon. Consequently, he saw that Song and Yi I had succeeded Mencius and Zhu. Finally, he made them orthodox. This is a difference between Gwon Sangha and Yi Hijo.

Laplace-domain waveform inversion using the l-BFGS method

이종우,하완수 한국자원공학회 2019 Geosystem engineering Vol.22 No.4

We examine the performance of the limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (l-BFGS) optimization method for full waveform inversions in the Laplace domain. Full waveform inversion methods generally adopt gradient-based optimization schemes for efficiency. Most Laplace-domain full waveform inversion methods published to date use the preconditioned steepest descent (PSD) method with the diagonal elements of the pseudo-Hessian as the preconditioner. These methods use a small fixed step length for stable convergence. The l-BFGS method is a quasi-Newton optimization method that efficiently approximates the inverse of the Hessian. We compare Laplace-domain inversion results from the PSD method with those from the l-BFGS method. Numerical examples using the SEG/EAGE salt model and the Pluto model demonstrate that the l-BFGS method with the Wolfe line search yields smaller cost function values than the PSD method.

Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution with Load Transfer Characteristics of the Implant/bone Interface

이종우,이청희,조광헌 대한치과이식학회 2003 대한치과이식학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Relative Navigation with Intermittent Laser-based Measurement for Spacecraft Formation Flying

이종우,박상영,강대은 한국우주과학회 2018 Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences Vol.35 No.3

This paper presents relative navigation using intermittent laser-based measurement data for spacecraft flying formation that consist of two spacecrafts; namely, chief and deputy spacecrafts. The measurement data consists of the relative distance measured by a femtosecond laser, and the relative angles between the two spacecrafts. The filtering algorithms used for the relative navigation are the extended Kalman filter (EKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), and least squares recursive filter (LSRF). Numerical simulations reveal that the relative navigation performances of the EKF- and UKF-based relative navigation algorithms decrease in accuracy as the measurement outage period increases. However, the relative navigation performance of the UKF-based algorithm is 95 % more accurate than that of the EKF-based algorithm when the measurement outage period is 80 sec. Although the relative navigation performance of the LSRF-based relative navigation algorithm is 94 % and 370 % less accurate than those of the EKF- and UKF-based navigation algorithms, respectively, when the measurement outage period is 5 sec; the navigation error varies within a range of 4 %, even though the measurement outage period is increased. The results of this study can be applied to the design of a relative navigation strategy using the developed algorithms with laser-based measurements for spacecraft formation flying.

납탄환에 의해 총상을 입은 자에게서 발생한 사례

이종우,박시우,김정우,박정우,김정일,홍영습,김병권 대한직업환경의학회 2018 대한직업환경의학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.5