지각불편도를 이용한 관찰적 작업자세 평가 기법의 비교

이인석,정민근,최경임,Lee, In-Seok,Jeong, Min-Geun,Choe, Gyeong-Im 대한인간공학회 2003 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.22 No.1

Observational methods such as OWAS, RULA, and REBA have been widely used to identify posture-related risks of musculoskeletal disorders in industry, since they are useful and efficient in evaluating postural stresses. However. there are few studies comparing the methods and providing guidelines for selecting and using the methods. They have been developed based on different backgrounds and with different application areas. Each method has its own characteristics. which must be considered in selecting and using them. In this study. 17 male subjects evaluated 42 different working postures that frequently assumed in the automobile assembly line using a psychophysical method. The postures were then evaluated by different observational methods. The results of the observational methods were compared with psychophysically evaluated stresses. The observational methods resulted in different values of stresses for certain postures. For some postures showing high values of perceived discomfort. the observational methods showed different values of stresses. These results showed that the observational methods should be used differently according to application area and they have some weak points to be improved.

2차원 면에서의 자세 관측시 시야각이 관절각 추정에 미치는 영향

이인석,Lee, In-Seok 대한인간공학회 2006 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.25 No.2

In assessing risks related to working posture, pictures of postures are taken from various directions, which can be a source of observation error. Joint postures of the neck, lower back, knee, shoulder, and elbow were taken from 7 different viewing angles and 19 observers estimated joint angles by observing the pictures in 2-dimensional display. The joint angles were also measured using an optoelectronic motion measurement system. The estimation error increased as the viewing angle varies from the right side of the human body, but the patterns differ according to which joint angles were being observed. Guidelines to increase the validity of observation of joint angles were presented based on the results. In general, it is recommended to maintain the viewing angle within 20 degrees from the right side of the human body, while different ranges of viewing angle are recommended for each joint angle.

임의 중단모형하에서의 평균잔여수명함수의 추정

이인석,이우동,Lee, In-Seok,Lee, U-Dong 한국데이터정보과학회 1994 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.5 No.2

이 연구에서는 Hjort(1991)에의해 제안된 누적위험률함수의 비모수적 추정량을 이용하여 무한인 구간까지 정의된 평균잔여수명함수의 추정량을 제안하고 제안된 추정량의 일치성과 점근적 정규성을 밝히고, 모의실험을 통하여 다른 추정량들과 비교하고자 한다.

비모수적 베이지안 추정량을 이용한 생존함수의 추정

이인석,조길호,이우동,Lee, In-Seok,Jo, Gil-Ho,Lee, U-Dong 한국데이터정보과학회 1994 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.5 No.2

본 연구는 누적위험률함수에 대한 베이지안 추정량을 이용하여 생존함수의 추정량을 제안하고, counting process 이론과 martingale 이론을 이용하여 대표본하에서 제안된 추정량의 일양적 일치성과 점근적 정규성을 밝힌다. 또한 모의실험을 통하여 추정량들의 효율성을 편의와 평균제곱오차의 측면에서 비교하고자 한다.

기판온도에 따른 PLZT 박막의 결정성과 전기적 특성

이인석,윤지언,김상지,손영국,Lee, In-Seok,Yoon, Ji-Eun,Kim, Sang-Jih,Son, Young-Guk 한국전기전자재료학회 2009 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.22 No.1

PLZT thin films were deposited on platinized silicon (Pt/$TiSiO_2$/Si) substrate by RF magnetron sputtering. A $TiO_2$ buffer layer was fabricated, prior to deposition of PLZT films. the layer was strongly affected the crystallographic orientation of the PLZT films. X-ray diffraction was performed on the films to study the crystallization of the films as various substrate temperatures (Ts). According to increasing Ts, preferred orientation of films was changed (110) plane to (111) plane. The ferroelectric, dielectric and electrical properties of the films were also investigated in detail as increased substrate temperatures. The PLZT films deposited at $400^{\circ}C$ showed good ferroelectric properties with the remnant polarization of $15.8{\mu}C/cm^2$ and leakage current of $5.4{\times}10^{-9}\;A/cm^2$.

현수(賢首) 법장(法藏) 『대승기신논의기(大乘起信論義記)』의 내용 및 특징 - 법장의 무념관(無念觀)과 수행법(修行法)을 중심으로 -

이인석 ( Lee In-seok ) 동국대학교 세계불교학연구소 2020 불교 철학 Vol.6 No.-

이 글은 法藏이 저술한 『大乘起信論義記』(이하 『의기』로 약칭)에 관한 고찰로서 『의기』의 중심내용인 법장의 無念觀과 무념에 이르기 위한 修行法을 살펴보았다. 『大乘起信論』(이하 『기신론』으로 약칭)은 5-6세기 당시의 제대승교학을 성공적으로 和會[和爭會通]한 대승불교의 대표 논서이며 이 『기신론』 은 이론과 수행의 양대 체계를 균형있게 유지하고 있는 논서이다. 『기신론』의 주요 이론체계는 일심·이문·삼대의 사상이며 열등한 근기와 수승한 근기를 가진 이들을 위한 수행체계도 제시하고 있다. 이 『기신론』의 삼대 주석서 가운데 법장의 『의기』는 그의 저술이후 『기신론』 연구의 소의가 될 정도로 매우 중요한 위치를 가진 주석서이다. 그런데 이 『기신론』과 그 핵심주석서인 『의기』가 궁극적으로 지향하는 최상의 경지는 궁극의 깨달음인 구경각이며 모든 중생이 구경각을 증득하여 고제의 굴레를 벗고 자유인이 되게끔 인도하고 있는 내용이다. 그리고 이 구경각의 내용은 다름 아닌 무념의 경지이다. 그런데 무념의 경지는 오해의 소지가 있는 개념이다. 『기신론』과 이에 대한 법장의 주석서인 『의기』의 무념은 生·住·異·滅의 四相과 三細六麤相의 제멸을 통한 動念의 제멸의 경지가 아니라 심진여문의 적멸과 심생멸문의 작용이 본래 둘이 아니기 때문에 “움직이는 動念이 곧 무념임”을 증득하는 경지이다. 그러므로 이 무념은 생·주·이·멸의 시각사상과 本覺, 심생멸문과 심진여문의 궁극적 不二를 증득하는 의미이며 아울러 止와 觀의 雙運을 증득하는 경지이다. 그리하여 『기신론』의 수행법은 이 무념을 증득하기 위해 심생멸문을 좇아 심진여문으로 귀입하여야 함을 제시하며, 이는 심생멸문의 작용이 심진여문으로 수순하여 득입할 것을 강조하는 방법이다. 그 결과로 심생멸문과 심진여문이 계합된 경지가 곧 무념인 것이다. 한편 법장의 수행관 또한 다름 아닌 이 二門이 계합된 무념에 이르는 방법이다. 법장은 이 무념에 이르는 방법으로서의 方便觀을 제시하니 그 방법으로 “비록 念한다 할지라도 그 念이 能所가 없는 진여의 작용 인 無念임을 관하라”고 하고 있다. 그 의미는 비록 아직 무념을 터득하지 못하여 계합되지 못한 動念이라 할지라도 그 동념조차 본래로 고요한 무념임을 잊지 않고 믿어 觀하라 는 것인데 이는 심생멸문의 작용이 심진여문의 적멸과 본래로 不二함을 차제적으로 체득하라는 의미가 된다. 이 방편관을 지속적으로 수행한다면 심생멸문의 동념은 심진여문의 적멸에 점점 수순하고 득입하게 되어 正觀이 된다. 정관이 되면 이 계 합으로 인하여 심진여문의 止와 심생멸문의 觀을 동시에 雙運하게 되니 이는 運載의 공을 지닌 수레와 같아진다. 법장의 무념은 이 운재의 공을 지닌 수레의 두 바퀴와 같이 지와 관을 쌍운하는 마차의 의미를 지니며 이는 기신론의 대의인 일심이문을 성 취하는 뜻을 지닌다. 이 二門의 계합을 성취한 경지인 무념은 모든 중 생을 힘들지 않게 이 수레에 태워 피안의 언덕으로 실어 나르는 마음 의 경지를 말한다. This paper examines Fazang’s Commentary on the Awakening of Faith in Mahayana (CAFM) and the text’s main idea, munyum (meaning no thought in Korean), and the practice to reach that state of mind. The Awakening of Faith in Mahayana (AFM) is one of the representative treaties that successfully reconciled and united all the Mahayana sutras in the fifth and sixth centuries. Among the three most influential commentaries on the AFM, Fazang’s has been regarded as the basis of the study on AFM since its publication. The AFM is a treatise that maintains a harmonious balance between principle and practice. The AFM centers around having one mind while maintaining two separate entities of the mind. This treatise provides methods of practice for people with two different basic spiritual capacities: ordinary and extraordinary. The state of mind during the ultimate enlightenment in the AFM is called munyum. However, munyum is a concept that is not easily understood. The concept of “no thought” in the CAFM is not a state of mind without thought but rather a state of the enlightened person’s mind where two identities of the mind, the mind as nirvana and the mind that rises and falls with thoughts, are connected. Therefore, munyum is state of mind where the original enlightenment and actualized enlightenment are not different or separate. At the same time, this is a state of mind where śamatha(cessation) and vipaśyanā(observation) are working in harmony. Fazang offered a practice to reach this state of mind. He said, “Although you give rise to thoughts, keep reminding yourself that this is the working of the oneness in which there is no division between subject and object.” What he meant by this is that even though a practitioner is not awakened to the truth and has thoughts based on the division between subject and object, they need to keep reminding themselves that these thoughts are inherently the workings of oneness. The practitioner needs to gradually awaken to the reality of non-duality between the two aspects of the mind. If a practitioner fully commits to this practice, the mind that rises and falls with thoughts and the mind as nirvana will gradually unite, resulting in the union of these two elements. When someone accomplishes this union, śamatha and vipaśyanā work together in harmony. This is true enlightenment, which is the ultimate goal of this practice. During this time, the partnership of śamatha and vipaśyanā can be compared to the two wheels of a wagon that can carry both people and luggage, so that people will not suffer from walking along the long and winding road. Ultimately, munyum means the state of mind where people can effortlessly be transported to the other side of the world.

개정형법상 유기징역형의 상한조정에 관한 고찰

이인석(Lee, In-Seok),임정엽(Lim, Joung-Youb) 한국형사법학회 2010 刑事法硏究 Vol.22 No.3

It seems hard to avoid a criticism that the National Assembly made a rash decision of passing the amendment of criminal law in April 15, 2010. The law includes provisions about increasing the period of mandatory maximum prison term. It could cause problems that the National Assembly didn't have appropriate opinion surveying processes, such as hearings, and provide chances to scholars in delivering their thoughts regarding related issues when amending one of the basic laws in our society - the criminal law. Without sufficient discussions and reviews, passing the law based on the temporary trends in public opinion might easily gain political supports. However, the law of a preventive measure to deter crime raises questions about its real effect. Furthermore, it could distract our attention from improving our security system in the society to just punishing severely to the defendant. Sentencing practices following amending the criminal law should always consider the purpose of the amendment and also needs to take opinions from various strata of the society in operating the new rules. It is necessary that the law should bridge the gap between previous imprisonment punishment and life in prison punishment, but not lead to just increase in the period of sentence as a whole without considering situations. Rather it would be better to emphasize the function of the sentencing proceedings by promoting participation of commissioners, court sentencing researchers, probation officers and gathering opinions from them. Furthermore, the correctional system needs to be operated focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishing convicted criminals. The rehabilitation system should have a greater impact on reducing recidivism rates. Thus, to reduce recidivism rates, it is necessary to establish reasonable, strict and transparent parole standards. In order to put the correctional system under the judicial control, like European countries, we need to consider adopting correctional judges.

해양환경 중 수동 수질시료채취장치(PWSD)를 이용한 PCBs 모니터링

이인석 ( In-seok Lee ),최민규 ( Minkyu Choi ),오정은 ( Jeong-eun Oh ) 한국환경분석학회 2020 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.23 No.4

This study focuses on the feasibility of using a passive sampling device (PWSD) in marine environment. To evaluate this availability, PWSDs were deployed at seven sampling sites in Jinhae Bay for eight weeks. Four sites were in the open sea, and three sites were located in a semi-closed inner bay. To account for the adsorption losses caused by turbulence and biofouling during the sampling period, a performance reference compound (PRC) with a triolein adsorbent was spiked into a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD). The PRC recoveries were 40~78%, and the sampling rates were 2.2~7.9 L/day, as calculated using the SPMD Water Concentration Estimator v5-1 provided by the U.S. Geological Survey. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in PWSD were highly correlated (r = 0.962, p < 0.01) with those in the bivalves (Mytilus edulis) that were collected from the same sites where the PWSDs were deployed. However, the distribution patterns of the PCB homologues were slightly different between the PWSD and bivalves. Particles remaining in the gut of the bivalves may affect the relatively higher-molecular-weight PCBs (hexa- and hepta-). PWSD-converted PCB concentrations calculated using the SPMD Water Concentration Estimator v5-1 in the PWSDs were also highly correlated (r = 0.839, p < 0.01) with the average PCB concentrations in the seawater samples that were collected from the PWSD locations on the PWSD deployment and retrieval days. The results of principle component analysis and cluster analysis revealed different distribution patterns of the PCB homologues in the PWSDs, bivalves, and seawater.

1인 주거 중심의 도시형 생활주택 공간구성 특성에 관한 연구

이인석(Lee, In-Seok),김문덕(Kim, Moon-Duck) 한국실내디자인학회 2009 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.11 No.1

The population changes in Korean society as of now are proceeding on the fastest pace in the world, and the increase in the population is remarkably being reduced despite the continuing pickup in the population. Due to informatization, industrialization, urbanization, and personalization, the nuclear family has been poised as the universal family type in Korean society, which has led to substantial changes also in housing patterns. It is true that recently, some types of housing patterns that were not considered as universal housing patterns in the past have appeared for various reasons, such as education, employment, co-habitation, and leaving the family. Thus, this study aims to propose the space composition of single-resident-oriented urban style housing through a systematic understanding of a single-resident housing environment, which marks up 20% of the current total households, and through research into and analysis of the residential living pattern and housing environment of a single resident in contemporary urban living.

울산만 퇴적물 내 PCDDs, PCDFs, DL-PCBs, PBDEs의 잔류수준과 분포패턴

백승홍,이인석,최민규,이부한,황동운,김숙양,최희구,Baek, Seung-Hong,Lee, In-Seok,Choi, Minkyu,Lee, Boo-Han,Hwang, Dong-Woon,Kim, Sook-Yang,Choi, Hee-Gu 한국해양학회 2013 바다 Vol.18 No.4

울산만 내 퇴적물에 대하여 다이옥신/퓨란류(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans, PCDD/Fs)와 다이옥신류 피씨비(dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, DL-PCBs), PBDEs(polybrominated diphenyl ethers)의 잔류수준을 조사하고 분포를 평가하였다. 33개 정점에서 채취한 퇴적물 중 PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, PBDEs는 각각 0.11~4.86(평균${\pm}$표준편차, $1.81{\pm}1.04$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ 건중량(dw), 0.06~44.2($4.02{\pm}7.99$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dw, 2.81~63.8($19.4{\pm}13.9$) ng $g^{-1}$ dw 수준으로 검출되었다. 총 다이옥신류(PCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs)에 대하여 DL-PCBs가 약 88%로 PCDD/Fs에 비해 높은 기여율을 나타내었다. 또한, 울산만 내부에 위치한 정점의 퇴적물은 외부 정점에 비해 높은 농도수준을 보였다 (p<0.05). 총 다이옥신류 중 PCDD/Fs는 고염소의 DD/Fs에서 높은 기여율을 차지하였으며, 이성질체의 분포패턴은 연소공정의 영향이 큰 공업지역 퇴적물의 특성을 나타내었다. DL-PCBs는 PCB77, -105, -118가 주요 이성질체로써, 상업용 PCB 제품과 분포특성이 유사하게 나타났다. 또한, 퇴적물 내 PBDEs 분포에서 BDE209가 주요 이성질체로 나타났으며, 이는 상업용 deca-BDE 제품의 사용량에 의한 영향으로 판단된다. We investigated the concentrations and distribution patterns of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs), 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls(DL-PCBs) and 24 polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in sediments from Ulsan Bay in Korea. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, and PBDEs in 33 sediment samples ranged from 0.11 to 4.86($1.81{\pm}1.04$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dry weight(dw), 0.06 to 44.2($4.02{\pm}7.99$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dw, and 2.81 to 63.8($19.4{\pm}13.9$) ng $g^{-1}$ dw, respectively. DL-PCBs had dominant contributions(mean, 88%) of total TEQ concentrations in sediment. The concentrations of target compounds in inner locations were higher than those in outer locations in Ulsan Bay (p<0.05). The dominant contribution of highly chlorinated DD/Fs in sediment was associated with combustion process from industrial complexes. Distribution pattern of DL-PCBs was similar with those of commercial PCB products. BDE209 was a dominant congener in sediment, suggesting high use amount of commercial deca-BDE product in surrounding areas.