초음파와 동결/융해에 의한 실크/PVA 하이드로젤의 제조 및 특성 평가

이옥주(Ok Joo Lee),김정호(Jung Ho Kim),주형우(Hyung Woo Ju),문보미(Bo Mi Moon),박현정(Hyun Jung Park),Faheem A Sheikh,박찬흠(Chan Hum Park) 한국고분자학회 2013 폴리머 Vol.37 No.6

실크 피브로인과 poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)는 뛰어난 생체적합성과 수용성을 가져 생체의학 분야에서 주목하는 재료이다. 본 연구에서는 실크 피브로인과 PVA를 초음파와 동결/융해 방법으로 드레싱제로서 사용 가능한 하이드로젤을 제조하고자 하였다. 실크와 PVA를 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100 비율로 혼합하였다. 제작한 하이드로젤을 FE-SEM, TGA, FTIR, 압축 강도 측정 등을 통해 물성을 분석하였다. 실크/PVA 하이드로젤은 PVA 함량이 증가할수록 공극 크기와 팽윤도는 감소하였으며, 젤의 강도는 증가하였다. PVA를 첨가함으로써 실크의 기계적 물성이향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제조된 실크/PVA 하이드로젤은 드레싱제로서 사용 가능성을 제시하였다. Biomaterials like silk fibroin (SF) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) have received increasing attention in biomedical applications because of their attractive properties such as hydrophobicity and biocompatibility. In this study, efficient systems consisting of interpenetrating SF/PVA hydrogels were prepared as potential candidate for wound dressing applications. A simple approach consisting of sonication and a freezing-thawing technique was adopted to fabricate the hydrogels. Different blend ratios consisting of SF (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0%) with respect to the weight of PVA were prepared. The produced hydrogels were characterized for physico-chemical investigations using various states of techniques like; FE-SEM, TGA, FTIR and tensile strength. The addition of PVA to SF was proved to be beneficial in terms of reducing the pore size and swelling ratio of hydrogels. The mechanical property of SF had been increased by addition of PVA. These results show that SF/PVA hydrogels may serve as potential candidates for wound dressing application.

Global Pitch Characteristics of Tonal and Non-Tonal Language Speakers : Evidence from Mandarin-Korean Bilinguals

이옥주 ( Lee Ok Joo ) 한국중국어문학회 2019 中國文學 Vol.98 No.-

본 연구는 제1언어와 제2언어로 산출된 표준중국어와 한국어에 나타나는 발화 음역과 음높이의 음향 특징을 정량적으로 분석하여, (1) 제1언어 발화에 나타나는 성조언어와 비성조언어의 음역과 음높이 특징 및 차이, (2) 비성조언어가 제1언어인 화자가 성조언어를 제2언어로 발화할 때 및 성조언어가 제1언어인 화자가 비성조언어를 제2언어로 발화할 때 나타나는 음역과 음높이 특징을 고찰한다. 22명의 표준중국어-한국어 이중언어화자가 발화한 ‘북풍과 햇님’을 분석한 결과에 따르면, 제1언어로 산출된 표준중국어와 한국어를 비교할 때 전자가 후자에 비하여 발화 음역이 넓거나 높은 음높이가 실현되는 양상이 보이지 않았다. 이는 성조언어가 비성조언어에 비하여 반드시 음역이 전반적으로 상승하거나 확대되는 것은 아님을 시사하며, 성조언어와 비성조언어의 억양 차이를 발화체 전반에 걸쳐 실현되는 음역과 음높이의 차이로 일반화하는 기존 가설에 문제점을 제기한다. 또한 제2언어로 산출된 표준중국어와 한국어를 비교한 결과, 유의미한 음역의 축소는 표준중국어 여성 모어화자가 발화한 한국어에서만 발견되었다. 이에 반해 표준중국어 남성 모어화자와 한국어 남성, 여성 모어화자가 발화한 제2언어에서는 제1언어와의 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 더 나아가 제2언어에서 음역이 조절되는 방식은 화자의 성별이 중요한 영향을 미친다는 점을 발견하였다. 이러한 결과는 제2언어의 숙달도 및 제2언어화자의 메타언어적 지식이 발화의 음역 산출에 영향을 준다는 점을 시사한다. The present study examines the global pitch characteristics in Mandarin and Korean produced by twenty-two bilingual speakers of the two languages. An acoustic experiment was conducted in which a script of the story Northern Wind and the Sun was produced in both Korean and Mandarin at self-controlled fast and slow rates. It finds that Mandarin, a tonal language, is produced with neither wider pitch range nor overall higher pitch and therefore suggests that tonal languages may not necessarily be produced with wider or higher global pitch than non-tonal languages. A comparison of L1 and L2 speech reveals that significant pitch range reduction and global pitch lowering are observed only in the female native Mandarin speakers’ L2 Korean. In contrast, a pitch range remains comparable in L1 and L2 speech produced by the male native Mandarin speakers as well as in L1 and L2 speech produced by the male and female native Korean speakers. It further finds gender effect but no speaking rate effect on pitch peak and valley manipulation in changing global pitch ranges. Findings of this study are not in total agreement with previous studies that claim an overall narrow pitch range to be the most essential characteristics of L2 intonation patterns. The observation that the native Korean speakers produced neither pitch range reduction nor overall pitch lowering in L2 Mandarin may be due to their meta-linguistic awareness of the importance of pitch production in a tonal language. L2 fluency seems to play a role in such a way that advanced-level L2 speakers tend to produce more native-like global pitch patterns.

소주(蘇州)방언 성조의 음운체계 고찰

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo) 한국중어중문학회 2016 中語中文學 Vol.0 No.66

This study aims to provide a phonological analysis of the tonal system of the Suzhou dialect, which is one of the most representative varieties of Wu Chinese. Though much scholarly attention has been paid to its phonological features such as rich inventory of vowels and initials, our understanding of its prosodic system is still limited. This study captures the phonologically crucial features of the Suzhou tones and tone sandhi phenomenon by proposing a tonal system based not on Chao’s 5-level tonal scale but tonal features (i.e., H, M, L). It further shows that the tone sandhi process can be explained by tone deletion, spreading, L insertion in the left-dominant prosodic structure and demonstrates that stress related prominence needs to be taken into consideration in the Suzhou tone studies. It is suggested that phonetic studies are in need to understand the interaction between tonal behaviour and such factors as morphosyntax and language register (e.g., written vs. vernacular styles).

L2 Prosody : An Acoustic Analysis of L1 Mandarin Speakers’ Korean Tonal Patterns

李玉珠(Lee, Ok-joo) 중국어문학연구회 2012 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.77

본 연구는 유형학적으로 중요한 차이를 보이는 표준중국어와 한국어의 운율 체계를 비교하고, L1 표준중국어화자의L2 한국어운율발화를음향·음성학적으로분석하여L2 운율체계에 대한논의를진행하는것을목적으로한다. 이를위하여, L1과L2 발화에나타나는한국어강세구(Accentual Phrase)와 억양구(Intonational Phrase)의 성조 유형을 실험음성학적으로 분석하고, L1에 부재하는 L2 운율 요소의 음운적, 음성적 자질의 습득 양상과 특징을 논의하였다. 또한 L2 발화에 일반적으로 영향을 미치는 요인인 발화 계획 전략의 제약(speech planning strategy constraint)이나 음역 축소, L2 발달 정도(developmental stage)가 한국어 AP와 IP 성조습득에미치는영향을통계적으로분석함으로써, L2 운율체계에나타나는개별성과보편성에 대한 논의의 토대를 제공한 데에 본 연구의 의의가 있다.

표준중국어 음절유형에 대한 유형론적 고찰

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo) 한국중어중문학회 2017 中語中文學 Vol.0 No.68

This study aims to provide a typological explanation of Mandarin syllable types and structures. Twelve legitimate syllable types in Mandarin differ from each other in terms of how frequently they appear in lexicon. Of particular interest is to understand the role of language universality in determining the relative frequency of various Mandarin syllable types. Results of a quantitative analysis of the phonemes and syllable structures of 13,052 characters contained in a lexicon corpus reveal several important typological features of the syllable type frequency in Mandarin: (1) the syllable type frequency is closely related to the markedness of an onset phoneme, i.e. the more marked an onset consonant is, the less frequently a syllable type occurs. (2) the sonority hierarchy also affects the syllable type frequency, i.e., the more a syllable type observes the sonority hierarchy, the more frequently it appears. Findings of this study contribute to understanding the typological features of the syllable types and structures of Mandarin as well as the language typology reflected in Mandarin.

중국 시에 반영된 말소리 도상성 고찰 - 당(唐)대 도망시와 변새시를 중심으로

이옥주 ( Lee Ok Joo ),이수정 ( Lee Soo Jeong ) 한국중국언어학회 2020 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.86

No argument can be made against the arbitrary relationship between the sounds of a word and the meaning behind that word. The onomatopoeia may be regarded as the only exception to this universal property. However, recent studies in a laboratory setting have found that speakers of different languages appear to be consistent in associating certain sounds to a group of particular meanings. This sound effects on word meaning can be called sound iconicity. In order to understand sound iconicity in Chinese, the present study examined the reconstructed sounds of the Tang poems. In particular, two genres of the Tang poems, namely, daowangshi and biansaishi, were examined. These two genres were chosen since they represent opposing poetic characteristics; daowangshi expresses the deepest sorrow of a poet mourning for the death of a loved one, while biansaishi often depicts a courageous and heroic figure at war sites. Results of this study find: (1) the relationship between sound and meaning may not be a direct connection between a single sound feature and a certain meaning. Rather a group of features may be responsible for certain meanings or feelings. (2) Openness of vowels may play a role in expressing different poetic modalities, e.g., sadness vs. courageousness. (3) Despite much discussion on the tonal difference among different genres of traditional Chinese poems, tonal effects may not be immediately observable. Further statistical research is warranted to attest the relation between tone and rhyme schemes and poetic themes.

표준중국어 경계 성조(boundary tone)의 연구방법론 고찰

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo) 한국중어중문학회 2015 中語中文學 Vol.60 No.-

Recently increasing attention has been paid to prosody of Mandarin as well as other varieties of Chinese. One of the most extensively explored topics is to describe the phonetic realization of pitch movement and syntactic/pragmatic functions associated with boundary tone types in Mandarin. However, despite much experimental studies conducted on this topic, both phonetic and phonological interpretations of boundary tone types are still highly controversial. Although a significant amount of recent research tends to adopt the AM(Autosegmental-Metrical) framework, lack of discussion and agreement on how to apply the phonological framework and taxonomy to varieties of Chinese seems to be a major hindrance to better understanding many prosodic phenomenon in the language. Through a critical and extensive review of studies on boundary tone in Mandarin, the present study shows that the same or very similar experimental results are often interpreted to support conflicting phonological viewpoints. It further argues that localized tones should be distinguished from global pitch manipulation in order for us to identify boundary tone in Mandarin, and further suggests that future research needs to be done (1) to identify pitch movement anchored specifically to the last syllable of an intonational phrase and (2) to define the prosodic domain for boundary tone in Mandarin.

표준중국어 성조 분포의 유형적 특성

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo) 한국중어중문학회 2018 中語中文學 Vol.- No.74

Earlier literature on tones of Chinese tends to report the tonal inventory and tone sandhi observed in a certain variety of the language. However, given that Chinese is one of the major tonal languages, a typological investigation of Chinese tones is needed to achieve a better understanding of not only the tonal systems of the Chinese varieties but also the universals of tones across languages. To understand the Mandarin tones from a typological perspective, this study examines the tonal distribution patterns in 518 tonal languages collected in PHOBLIE and compares them with the tonal distribution analyzed from a Mandarin lexicon corpus. Results of a quantitative analysis of the two corpora reveal several important typological features of the tone types and distribution of Mandarin as well as tonal languages in general: (1) Approximately 63% of the tonal languages contain 2 or 3 tone types, and about 19% of the languages, including Mandarin, contain 4 tone types, (2) Implicational relation between tone types (e.g., the existence of contour tone(s) implies the existence of level tone(s)) are observed both across tonal languages and in Mandarin. (3) The distribution pattern of ‘level tone > simple contour tone > complex contour tone’, which is in negative relation with tone markedness, is found across tonal languages. However, falling tone(T4) being the most frequently occurring tone type, Mandarin shows the distribution of ‘simple contour tone > level tone > complex contour tone’.

중국어 방언 성조 분포 연구

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo),이경민(Lee, Kyungmin) 한국중어중문학회 2020 中語中文學 Vol.- No.81

Earlier literature on tones of Chinese dialects tends to describe a tonal inventory and tone sandhi of an individual dialect or diachronic changes across dialects. However, a typological explanation of tonal systems across various Chinese dialects is still in need to understand the language specific features of Chinese tones as well as their similarities with other tone languages. This paper collects tones from 738 dialects of Chinese and examines the tone distribution from a typological perspective. Results of the paper reveal several important features of Chinese tones: (1) Chinese has significantly larger inventories than tone languages in general. (2) The frequency pattern of ‘level > fall > rise > concave > convex’ found in tone languages shows a negative relation between tonal markedness and distribution. Chinese dialects, however, are not in line with this frequency pattern, i.e., the relative frequency among level, fall, and rise may vary. (3) The most distinctive specificity pertaining to level tone in Chinese is that high register is notably favored for level tone. (4) The balanced distribution between fall and rise and that between concave and convex in terms of pitch register found in tone languages are not shown in Chinese. Rather, fall and rise seem to favor low register and high register, respectively. (5) Complex contour tones appear to realize within the same register rather than across registers. (6) Tones treated as checked tone in a Chinese philological tradition tend to realize as level. Given the paucity of comparative research on Chinese dialects and other tone languages, the findings of the present study contribute to achieve a better understanding of not only the tonal systems of Chinese dialects but also the tonal universals across languages.

의사소통 중심의 교수법의 학습효과에 대한 실험적 연구

李玉珠(Lee Ok-joo),鄭素英(Jong So-young) 중국어문학연구회 2008 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.52

The goal of the present study is to understand the pedagogical efficacy of two language teaching approaches in teaching Chinese, namely, Grammar-Translation Method and Communicative Language Teaching. The former has traditionally been the most widely accepted language teaching method and the latter is the newly-developed approach that has drawn much attention from language teachers as well as researchers of second language acquisition. For the present study, an experienced teacher of Chinese taught beginning-level Chinese to two groups of students by using the same teaching materials but two different teaching methods throughout a semester and compared the students' linguistic and communicative capabilities. This study finds that the teaching method appears to affect students' learning of both written and spoken styles of Chinese, and therefore calls for more discussions on developing teaching methods best applicable to teaching Chinese as a second language.