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Cumulative Charging and Convictions in the ICTY and ICTR Jurisprudence
Yung-Sang Lee(李榮祥) 대한국제법학회 2008 國際法學會論叢 Vol.53 No.3
과거 르완다 전범재판소법과 구유고 전범재판소법에 따라 국제형사재판을 받은 피고인들은 흔히 동일한 기본적 사실관계에 기해 집단살해죄, 인도에 반하는 죄, 전쟁범죄 등의 경합범으로 기소되어 처벌되었다. 이와 같은 실무 경향에 대해서는 이중위험금지 원칙에 반할 소지가 있을 뿐 아니라 검사의 기소대상 범죄 결정, 피고인의 방어권 행사, 양형 등 수사와 재판 전과정에 있어 피고인에게 불리한 영향을 미친다는 우려가 제기되어 왔다. 국제형사재판소에 관한 로마규정은 집단살해죄, 인도에 반하는 죄, 전쟁범죄 등을 그 관할 범죄로 규정하고 이와 아울러 별도의 문서로 각 범죄의 구성요건을 보다 상세히 성문화였으나 일부 구성요건이 중복되는 범죄 간의 관계에 대해서는 여전히 아무런 규정을 마련하지 않고 있다. 본 논문은 ‘단일한 행위로부터 국제형사법상 복수의 범죄구성요건이 충족되는 사안’에 한정하여, 범죄 간의 경합관계를 검토하였다. 일반적으로 대륙법계 전통에서는 이 문제를 상상적 경합과 법조 경합의 구별 문제로 인식하는 반면, 영미법계 전통에서는 이를 이중위험금지 원칙의 적용 문제로 인식하고 있다. 특히 미국에서는 입법자의 의도, 즉 입법자가 서로 다른 범죄를 창설하고자 의도한 것인지 여부를 경합범 여부 판단의 유일한 기준으로 인정하되, 입법자의 의도가 명확하지 않을 경우 이른바 “Blockburger test”를 적용하고 있다. “Blockburger test”에 따르면 경합하는 범죄의 구성요건요소를 비교한 결과 각각의 범죄가 다른 범죄에 포함되지 않은 구성요건요소를 포함하고 있을 경우 두 범죄는 서로 다른 범죄에 해당하여 이중위험금지 원칙에 저촉되지 않는다고 본다. 르완다 전범재판소와 구유고 전범재판소 재판부는 대체로 위 “Blockburger test”와 같이 각 범죄의 구성요건을 비교하여 동일한 범죄에 해당하는지 여부를 결정해 왔고, 본 논문에서는 “Blockburger test” 등 각 범죄의 구성요건을 형식적으로 비교하는 접근법이 객관성과 명확성 등 장점에도 불구하고 국제관습법에 출발하여 성문화에 이른 국제형사법상의 각 범죄의 경합관계를 검토하는 데 부적합한 측면이 있다는 점을 지적하고자 하였다. The prevalent practice of cumulative charging and subsequent convictions under the ICTY and ICTR jurisprudence has given rise to concerns over lack of rules governing the permissibility of cumulative charging and its potential prejudice to the defendants. The most serious concern focuses on the potential for multiple punishment for the same offense in violation of double jeopardy rules. More specifically defined elements found in the ICC Elements of Crimes will undoubtedly provide better criteria to assess criminal liabilities under each provision. They do not, however, automatically lead to clearer delimitation of each provision, and neither the ICC Statute nor the Elements of Crimes addresses the relationship among different provisions with overlapping elements. This note attempts to assess applicable rules and the scope of permissibility for cumulative charging. This note is concerned, in particular, with cases in which unitary conduct is chargeable as violations of a number of seemingly different international criminal prohibitions. In certain circumstances, if all possible charges are brought and multiple convictions secured, this may yield a case of cumulative punishment. The ICTY and ICTR jurisprudence reveals that a mechanical application of the elements test is sometimes misguiding and generally insufficient in limiting cumulative charging, and an additional test is necessary. Variations of the elements test and the value test adopted by some Chambers recognize such flaws in the elements test, but do not succeed in overcoming them. This note argues that the civil law concept of the rule of consumption, which focuses on a substantive analysis of the defendant's culpability, could offer limiting rules on cumulative charging and conviction under international criminal law, and mitigate the prejudice to the defendant brought on by overlaps in international criminal prohibitions.
확대간엽 및 문맥합병절제를 시행한 간문부 담관암의 치료
민영일(Young Il Min),이영상(Yung Sang Lee),김명환(Myung Hwan Kim),이승규(Sung Gyu Lee),민병철(Pyung Chul Min),이문규(Moon Gyu Lee),최건무(Kun Moo Choi),이성구(Sung Goo Lee),성규보(Gyu Bo Sung),오영호(Young Ho Oh) 대한소화기학회 1993 대한소화기학회지 Vol.25 No.5
Although carcinoma of hepatic hilus is generally a slow-growing tumor, the results of treatment continue to be poor, mainly, because of the low resectability rates. A case of resected carcinoma of hepatic hilus with portal vein bifurcation and proper hepatic artery invasion is presented. Preoperatively 3 seperate percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was made to right anterior, right posterior segment and left lobe of the liver to control cholangitis and alleviate jaundice. Curative surgery, which included extended right hepatic lobectomy with total caudate lobectomy, and combined resection of hepatoduodenal ligament and regional lymphatic tissue was performed, while an autogenous external iliac vein was interposed between root of portal vein trunk and umbilical portion of left portal vein. The use of hepatectomy with combined resection of portal vein and/or hepatic artery using vascular reconstruction allows curative surgery in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the hepatic hilus which was previously thought to be inoperable
주형에서 석탄분 첨가제 ( 시콜 ) 에 의한 주철주물의 소착억제기구에 관하여
홍영명,이영상,김동옥 ( Yung Myung Hong,Yeong Sang Lee,Dong Ok Kim ) 한국주조공학회 1983 한국주조공학회지 Vol.3 No.2
The mechanism of coal-dust action on inhibiting burn-on of Sand to iron castings was taken in consideration by means of casting test and thermal decomposition test. To compare the ability of inhibiting sand burn-on, test castings were produced in green sand moulds added three different coal-rusts. And quantitative determination of lustrous carbon and volatiles production for coal-dust samples were performed. The lustrous carbon production was in good agreement with the casting test result. But total voltiles production was relatively inefficient on hibiting sand burn-on to test castings. The lustrous carbon theory can be given to explain the mechanism which coal-dust inhibits sand burn-on to iron castings.
99mTc - RBC SPECT 를 이용한 간혈관종의 진단
홍기석(Kee Suk Hong),문대혁(Dae Hyuk Moon),이명혜(Myung Hae Lee),조시만(Shee Man Cho),양석균(Suck Kyun Yang),정영화(Young Hwa Chung),이영상(Yung Sang Lee),신성해(Sung Hae Shin) 대한핵의학회 1991 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.25 No.1
N/A The value of 99mTc-RBC scintigraphy and SPECT in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma was evaluated in 27 patients with 38 hemangiomas and 13 patients with 15 nonhemangiomas. Twenty four (63.2%) of 38 hemangiomas were detected by planar delayed RBC imaging, whereas 30 (78.9%) hemangiomas were detected by the delayed RBC SPECT. Increase in sensitivity was noted in nodules less than 2 cm in diameter. The smallest hemangioma shown by delayed RBC SPECT was 0.9 cm in diameter. All of nonhemangiomatous lesions show normal or decreased activity in delayed blood pool images. We concluded that 99mTc-RBC SPECT is an accurate method for the detection of hepatic hemangioma and is more sensitive than planar imaging in depicting small lesions.
송인성(In Sung Song),김정룡(Chung Yong Kim),이영상(Yung Sang Lee),백승운(Seung Woon Paik),김해련(Hae Ryun Kim),유병철(Pyung Chul Yu),이효석(Hyo Suck Lee),최규완(Kyu Wan Choi) 대한소화기학회 1985 대한소화기학회지 Vol.17 No.1
N/A A case of congenital pyloric duplication, in 30 year old man, was diagnosed by fiberoptic gastroscopy, UGIS, and histologic examination of pathologic specimen. This case had incomplete diverticular form of pyloric duplication, but had epithelial lining of the gastric mucosa and proper smooth muscle, and was associated with ectopic pancreatic tissue on adjacent gastric wall. The relevant literatures on the subject were reviewed.
민영일(Young Il Min),이영상(Yung Sang Lee),이성구(Sung Koo Lee),양석균(Suk Kyun Yang),박선미(Seon Mee Park),김형호(Hyeung Ho Kim),송준서(Joon Seo Song),이인철(In Cheul Lee) 대한소화기학회 1993 대한소화기학회지 Vol.25 No.2
Seven cases of primary biliary cirrhosis were reported so far in Korea. We experienced two cases of this disease. One, 47-year-old woman who complained pruritus, easy fatigability, xerostomia and xeropthalmia for 5 years, is diagnosed primary biliary cirrhosis associated with Sjogren's syndrome. The other, 44-year-old woman, who has previous history of Bechet's disease, suffered from arthralgia and jaundice. They showed cholestatic type of liver dysfunction, but had no obstructive lesion in biliary trees. We tried to treat with cholestyramine and ursodeoxycholic acid. We reviewed and summerized all the other reported cases in Korea.
경구 Nitrate 제재 투여로 호전된 Biliary Dyskinesia
민영일(Young Il Min),이영상(Yung Sang Lee),김해련(Hae Ryun Kim),이성구(Sung Koo Lee),김명환(Myung Hwan Kim),정영화(Young Hwa Joung),양석균(Suk Kyun Yang),전용철(Yong Cheol Jeon) 대한소화기학회 1991 대한소화기학회지 Vol.23 No.2
Biliary dyskinesia is a functional disorder of the biliary tracts, especially spasm of the sphincter of Oddi (SO). It is sometimes impossible to differentiate patients with true biliary dyskinesia from those patients with papillay stenosis, which is a structual narrowing of SO segment. We report a case of biliary dyskinesia diagnosed and treated by nitrates. The paitent has suffered from chronic liver disease and admitted to our hospital due to biliary pain and aggravated liver function. On biliary manometry, the basal pressure of SO phasic contractions and common bile duct pressure were increased. Also tachyoddia and increased retrograde propagation of phasic contractions were observed. After intravenous injection of nitrate, the basal pressure of SO were decreased and phasic contractions disappeared within 30 seconds. She was diagnosed as biliary dyskinesia and treated by long acting oral nitrates. And then, her symptoms were disappeared and liver function was improved.