AMR과 EVRC 음성부호화기를 위한 파라미터 직접 변환 방식의 상호부호화 알고리듬

이선일,유창동,Lee, Sun-Il,Yu, Chang-Dong 대한전자공학회 2002 電子工學會論文誌-SP (Signal processing) Vol.39 No.6

In this paper, a novel transcoding algorithm for the Adaptive Multi Rate(AMR) and the Enhanced Variable Rate Codec(EVRC) vocoders via direct parameter transformation is proposed. In contrast to the conventional tandem transcoding algorithm, the proposed algorithm converts the parameters of one coder to the other without going through the decoding and encoding processes. The proposed algorithm consists of the parameter decoding, frame classification, mode decision, and transcoders for two frame types. The transcoders convert the parameters such as LSP, frame energy, pitch delay for the adaptive codebook, fixed codebook vector, and codebook gains. Evaluation results show that while exhibiting better computational and delay characteristics, the proposed algorithm produces equivalent speech quality to that produced by the tandem transcoding algorithm. 본 논문에서는 AMR과 EVRC 음성부호화기를 위한 새로운 파라미터 직접 변환 방식의 상호부호화 알고리듬을 제안한다. 상호부호화를 위하여 부가적인 복호화, 부호화 과정을 거쳐야하는 기존의 Tandem 방식과 달리 제안된 파라미터 직접 변환 방식에서는 양 음성부호화기가 음성을 부호화하기 위하여 공통적으로 사용하는 파라미터들이 직접 변환된다. 제안된 알고리듬은 파라미터 복호화, 프레임 분류, 모드 결정, 그리고 두가지 프레임형을 위한 상호부호화기로 구성된다. 상호부호화기는 LSP, 프레임 에너지, 적응 코드북을 위한 피치 지연, 고정 코드북 벡터, 그리고 양 코드북의 이득을 변환한다. 제안된 알고리듬을 다양한 방법으로 평가해본 결과 기존의 Tandem 방식과 비교하여 계산량과 지연 시간을 줄이면서도 동등한 음질을 구현함을 확인할 수 있었다.

배 과수원에서 전정가지 유래 탄화물 시용이 토양 탄소 축적에 미치는 영향

이선일 ( Sun Il Lee ),이종식 ( Jong Sik Lee ),김건엽 ( Gun Yeob Kim ),최은정 ( Eun Jung Choi ),서상욱 ( Sang Uk Suh ),나운성 ( Un Sung Na ) 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회지 Vol.35 No.3

BACKGROUND: Carbonized biomass is increasingly used as a tool of soil carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon storage to application of carbonized biomass derived from pear tree pruning. METHODS AND RESULTS: The carbonized biomass was a mobile pyrolyzer with field scale, which a reactor was operated about 400~500℃ for 5 hours. The treatments were consisted of a control without input of carbonized biomass and two levels of carbonized biomass inputs as 6.06 Mg/ha, C-1 and 12.12 Mg/ha, C-2. It was shown that the soil carbon pools were 49.3 Mg/ha for C-1, 57.8 Mg/ha for C-2 and 40.1 Mg/ha for the control after experimental periods. The contents of accumulated soil carbon pool were significantly (P < 0.001) increased with enhancing the carbonized biomass input amount. The slopes (1.496) of the regression equations are suggested that carbon storage from the soil was increased about 0.1496 Mg/ha with every 100 kg/ha of carbonized biomass input amount. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that application of carbonized biomass would be increased the soil carbon contents due to a highly stable C-matrix of carbonized biomass. More long-term studies are needed to be proved how long does carbon stay in orchard soils.

실존철학에서의 삶과 죽음의 문제

이선일(Sun Il Lee) 철학연구회 2006 哲學硏究 Vol.0 No.75

과수원 토양의 탄화물 시용에 따른 아산화질소 발생량 감소와 토양탄소 증가효과

이선일 ( Sun-il Lee ),김건엽 ( Gun-yeob Kim ),최은정 ( Eun-jung Choi ),이종식 ( Jong-sik Lee ),정현철 ( Hyun-cheol Jung ) 한국환경농학회 2017 한국환경농학회지 Vol.36 No.2

BACKGROUND: Carbonized biomass is a carbon-rich solid product obtained by the pyrolysis of biomass. It has been suggested to mitigate climate change through increased carbon storage and reduction of greenhouse gas emission. The objective of this studywas to evaluate carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil after carbonized biomass addition. METHODSANDRESULTS: The carbonized biomasswas made froma pyrolyzer, which a reactorwas operated about 400~500 for 5 hours. The ℃ treatmentswere consisted of a control without input of carbonized biomass and two levels of carbonized biomass inputs as 6.06Mg/ha for CB-1 and 12.12 Mg/ha for CB-2. Emissions of CO₂ and N₂O from orchard soil were determined using closed chamber for 13 weeks at 25℃ of incubation temperature. Itwas shown that the cumulativeCO₂ were 209.4 g CO₂/m² for CB-1, 206.4 g CO₂/m² for CB-2 and 214.5 g CO₂/m² for the control after experimental periods. The cumulative CO₂ emission was similar in carbonized biomass input treatment compared to the control. Itwas appeared that cumulativeN₂O emissions were 4,478 mg N₂O/m² for control, 3,227 mg N₂O/m² for CB-1 and 2,324 mg N₂O/m² for CB-2 at the end of experiment. CumulativeN₂O emission contents significantly decreased with increasing the carbonized biomass input. CONCLUSION: Consequently the carbonized biomass frombyproducts such as pear branch residue could suppress the soilN₂Oemission. The results fromthe study imply that carbonized biomass can be utilized to reduce greenhouse gas emission from the orchard field.

농업부산물로부터 생성된 탄화물 시용이 토양탄소에 미치는 영향

이선일(Sun-Il Lee),박우균(Woo-Kyun Park),김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),신중두(Joung-Du Shin),상윤규 한국토양비료학회 2015 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2015 No.5

칸트의 존재 테제에 대한 하이데거의 존재 역사적 해체

이선일 ( Lee Sun-il ) 한국하이데거학회 2007 존재론 연구 Vol.15 No.-

하이데거는 칸트의 존재 테제에 대한 존재 역사적 해체를 단행한다. 존재 테제에서 존재는 정립을 의미한다. “정립으로서의 존재”는, 존재자를 앞에 놓여 있게 함으로써 존재자를 지속적으로 현전하는 것으로 확보하고자 했던 전통적 형이상학의 존재 개념과 관련된다. 그러나 시원적인 그리스적 사유의 의미에서 존재는 “지속적 현전”이 아니다. 오히려 그리스인들은 “그때마다-머물러 있는 것”으로서의 존재자가 자신들에게 끊임없이 닥쳐올 때, 그렇게 “자신을 밝히면서 지속적으로 가까이 다가와 있음”을 존재로서 이해했다. 그러나 칸트의 존재 테제는 이에 대한 아무런 해명도 한 바 없다. 존재는 칸트에게서도 여전히 “사유할 가치가 있는 것”으로 남아 있을 뿐이다. 따라서 칸트의 사유가 존재를 “사유에 의해 그야말로 사유할 가치가 있는 것”으로서 언어에로 가져오지 못하는 한, 그의 사유도 존재 역사적 한계에 봉착한다. 그러나 이렇다고 해서 칸트의 존재 테제가 형이상학의 역사안에서 아무런 의의도 갖지 못하는 것은 아니다. 한편으로, “정립으로서의 존재”가 “지속적 현전”으로서의 존재 이해를 바탕으로 성립하는 한, 칸트의 존재 테제는 존재를 휘포케이스타이로 이해한 전통적 형이상학을 훌륭하게 계승하고 있다. 또한 다른 한편으로 칸트의 존재 테제는 존재를 사변적-변증법적 차원에서 절대적 개념으로 해석한 독일관념론을 가능하게 한 선도자의 역할을 하고 있다. 즉 존재 역사적 차원에서 보자면, 칸트의 존재 테제는 전통적 형이상학과 독일관념론을 매개하는 절정이 된다. Heidegger ventures to destruct being-historically Kant's thesis about being. In the thesis, being means the positing. Being as the positing is related to the concept of being in the traditional metaphysics which tried to secure a being as what is constantly present by letting a being lie before us from the outset. But being in the sense of originary Greek thought is not being in the sense of enduring presencing. On the contrary the Greeks understood being as the self-clearing and enduring presence in so far as a being as what is for a while draws near them constantly. But Kant's thesis about being makes no explanation of it. For Kant also, being remains only as what is worthy of thought. Therefore Kant's thought is confronted with a limitation being-historically in so far as his thought doesn't bring being to language as what is singularly thoughtworthy for thinking. Nevertheless it doesn't mean that Kant's thesis about being has no significance within the history of metaphysics. On the one hand, in so far as being as the positing is based upon being in the sense of enduring presencing, Kant's thesis about being succeeds successfully the traditional metaphysics which understands being as hypokeisthai. On the other hand Kant's thesis about being plays a role as a predecessor that makes possible German Idealism which interprets being as absolute concept speculative-dialectically. Namely from the viewpoint of being-history Kant's thesis about being makes a peak which mediates the traditional metaphysics and German Idealism.

옥수수 재배지 아산화질소 배출에 대한 질소비료와 바이오차 시용 효과

이선일 ( Sun-il Lee ),김건엽 ( Gun-yeob Kim ),최은정 ( Eun-jung Choi ),이종식 ( Jong-sik Lee ),권효숙 ( Hyo-suk Gwon ),신중두 ( Joung-du Shin ) 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회지 Vol.39 No.4

BACKGROUND: Emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from the soil is expected to depend on the types of nitrogen fertilizer used. Biochar has recently been proposed as a potential mitigation of climate change by reducing the N₂O emission. Although laboratory studies reported that biochar applications could reduce N₂O emission, the number of field-based studies is still limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar on N₂O emission when different nitrogen fertilizers were applied in corn cultivated field. METHODS AND RESULTS: The field experiment consisted of six treatments: urea fertilizer without biochar (U), ammonium sulfate fertilizer without biochar (A), oil cake fertilizer without biochar (O), urea fertilizer with biochar (U+B), ammonium sulfate fertilizer with biochar (A+B), and oil cake fertilizer with biochar (O+B). Biochar was applied at a rate of 10 t/ha. Greenhouse gas fluxes were measured during growing seasons using static vented chambers. The cumulative N₂O emissions were 0.99 kg/ha in the U, 1.23 kg/ha in the A, 3.25 kg/ha in the O, 1.19 kg/ha in the U+B, 0.86 kg/ha in the A+B, and 1.55 kg/ha in the O+B. CONCLUSION: It was found that N₂O emission was related to application of both nitrogen fertilizer type and biochar. In particular, the N₂O reduction effect was the highest in the corn field incorporated with biochar when oil cake was applied to the soil.

농업부산물로부터 생성된 탄화물 시용이 콩 수확량에 미치는 영향

이선일(Sun-Il Lee),박우균(Woo-Kyun Park),김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),나운성(Un-Sung Na) 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2016 No.3

바이오차를 이용한 밭 토양 탄소 저장: 동아시아 지역 연구 리뷰 및 데이터 분석

이선일 ( Sun-il Lee ),강성수 ( Seong-soo Kang ),최은정 ( Eun-jung Choi ),권효숙 ( Hyo-suk Gwon ),이형석 ( Hyoung-Seok Lee ),이종문 ( Jong-Mun Lee ),임상선 ( Sang-sun Lim ),최우정 ( Woo-jung Choi ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회지 Vol.40 No.3

BACKGROUND: Biochar is a solid material converted from agricultural biomass such as crop residues and pruning branch through pyrolysis under limited oxygen supply. Biochar consists of non-degradable carbon (C) double bonds and aromatic ring that are not readily broken down by microbial degradation in the soils. Due to the recalcitrancy of C in biochar, biochar application to the soils is of help in enhancing soil carbon sequestration in arable lands that might be a strategy of agricultural sector to mitigate climate change. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were collected from studies on the effect of biochar application on soil C content conducted in East Asian countries including China, Japan and Korea under different experimental conditions (incubation, column, pot, and field). The magnitude of soil C storage was positively correlated (p < 0.001) with biochar application rate under field conditions, reflecting accumulation of recalcitrant black C in the biochar. However, The changes in soil C contents per C input from biochar (% per t/ha) were 6.80 in field condition, and 12.58 in laboratory condition. The magnitude of increment of soil C was lower in field than in laboratory conditions due to potential loss of C through weathering of biochar under field conditions. Biochar production condition also affected soil C increment; more C increment was found with biochar produced at a high temperature (over 450℃). CONCLUSION: This review suggests that biochar application is a potential measures of C sequestration in agricultural soils. However, as the increment of soil C biochar was affected by biochar types, further studies are necessary to find better biochar types for enhanced soil C storage.

농업부산물로부터 생성된 탄화물시용이 토양탄소와 수확량에 미치는 영향

이선일(Sun-Il Lee),박우균(Woo-Kyun Park),김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),신중두(Joung-Du Shin),소규호(Kyu-Ho So) 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.10