1880년대 일본 ‘문명개화’론의 행방: 사회진화론과 유니테리어니즘을 대하는 두 가지 사례

이새봄 서울대학교 일본연구소 2022 일본비평 Vol.- No.26

This paper is about Nakamura Masanao and Fukuzawa Yukichi, who led the discourse on Japan’s civilization in the early Meiji period. Following the early Meiji period, they continued to contemplate the method of realizing civilization in the 1880s. In this context, the focus of this paper will be on why they had such high expectations on Unitarianism. Another point of this paper’s interest is how these two intellectuals reacted to Social Darwinism at the time. Social Darwinism was introduced to Japanese intellectuals in the 1880s and instantly it became the hottest issue. However, Nakamura and Fukuzawa barely showed any interest in Social Darwinism. Instead, one may say that they were more sympathetic to Unitarianism. This paper considers the fact that Nakamura and Fukuzawa actively showed their sympathy to Unitarianism while keeping their distance from the Social Darwinism are two aspects of their understanding of civilization. And it is believed that the logic of Confucianism, which was based on their academic and ideological basis, acted as the main cause for these characteristics to appear. Furthermore, this paper tries to point out that the intellectuals of the same generation who share the same educational background had difficulties in accepting the logic of Japanese Kokutai-ron. This may be due to the fact that it is closely related to the logic of Confucianism underlying their thought. In order to verify the above, this paper first examines the way intellectuals of the same generation as Nakamura and Fukuzawa understand ‘religion’. And then, this paper will be explaining how the theory of Social Darwinism, which was widely spread in the 1880s, was used in politics and religion, and served as a lever to support the arguments of each stand. An analysis of how the two main characters of this paper whose thought were centered on ‘heaven(tian)’, understood Unitarianism will be provided in the last part.

고분자 용액이 전기방사된 표면의 구조 가시화

이새봄,이민기,양상혁,김승현,김형진,성석원,이민성,이진기 한국가시화정보학회 2018 한국가시화정보학회지 Vol.16 No.3

The surface structure of the electrospun polymer fibers depends on the polymer concentration, the type of solvent used, applied voltage and so on. To make a desired surface, it is important to understand the effects of the physicochemical properties to form a stable Taylor cone and jet dispensation. We observed the formation of Taylor cone and a consequent structure of fiber by controlling the parameters of applied voltage, solution concentration, solvent and collector effectively. Once the surfaces were fabricated, the structures were analyzed using optical imaging technologies. As the solution concentration was increased, the smooth fibers were formed. In addition, different solvent ratios determined the viscosity and the surface tension of solutions. As a result, with decreased viscosity and increased surface tension, thin fibers were obtained by electrospinning. Furthermore the aligned nanofiber was successfully created by using drum collector.

하쓰모데(初詣)의 사회사: 철도가 낳은 오락과 내셔널리즘

이새봄 국민대학교 일본학연구소 2016 일본공간 Vol.19 No.-

메이지 전기 한학(漢學)의 유효성 논의 - 나카무라 마사나오(中村正直)의 논리 -

이새봄 연세대학교 국학연구원 2020 동방학지 Vol.191 No.-

This article highlights how the introduction and prosperity of Western Learning affected the meaning of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan. It focuses on the perspective of Masanao Nakamura (1832-1891), one of the greatest Confucian and Western Learning scholars of the time. After the Meiji Revolution, Western Learning education, which started at the end of the Tokugawa period, modified the traditional Chinese Learning-oriented education system from its origin. The academic mainstream quickly switched to Western Learning, and individuals had to learn it in order to succeed in society. However, this did not mean that the significance of the existence of Chinese Learning disappeared. The introduction of Western civilization was inevitably accompanied by an increased demand for translations and a skyrocketing need for Chinese characters for translations. Moreover, as the literary style of official documents changed from Soro(候) to Kanbun Kundokutai(漢文訓讀體), there was a demand for a new level of sophistication and angle on Chinese Learning education. For this reason, Nakamura held that the basics of Chinese Learning were essential to learning more than a certain level of Western Learning. Nakamura's assertion of the effectiveness of Chinese Learning fundamentally differed from the opinions of Chinese scholars from the generation after his. In this article, we will examine Nakamura’s logic of correlation between his understanding of the West and the role of Chinese Learning. 이 글은 메이지(明治) 전기 일본에서 양학(洋學)의 도입과 융성이 한학(漢學)의 존재 의의와 어떠한 상관관계에 있었는지, 당대 최고의 유학자이자 양학자이었던 나카무라 마사나오(中村正直, 1832-1891)의 논의를 중심으로 고찰한다. 도쿠가와 말기부터 시작된 양학 교육은 메이지 유신 이후 기존의 한학 중심의 교육 제도를 그 근간에서부터 바꾸어 버렸다. 학문의 주류는 빠르게 양학으로 바뀌어 갔고, 사회에서 출세하기 위해서는 양학을 배워야 했다. 그러나 그렇다고 해서 곧바로 한학의 존재의의가 소멸된 것은 아니다. 서양 문명의 도입이 필연적으로 동반하게 되는 번역서에 대한 수요가 늘어나면서 한자로 된 번역어가 급증했고, 공식 문서상의 문체가 소로(候)문에서 한문 훈독체(訓讀體)로 바뀌게 되면서 한학적 소양에 대한 새로운 각도에서의 수요가 발생하였다. 나카무라에 따르면 한학의 기본 소양 없이 언론이나 정치, 학문 영역 등에서 두각을 나타내기는 어려웠다. 그는 일정 수준 이상의 양학 학습을 위해서도 한학의 기초는 반드시 필요하다는 입장이었다. 이처럼 사회의 변화를 직시하면서도 한학의 유용성을 주장한 나카무라의 주장은, 1880년대 후반 이후 그의 후속 세대 한학 혹은 중국에 관한 지식인들의 논의와 근본적인 차이를 보인다. 이 글에서는 도쿠가와 시대의 마지막 유학자 세대에 속한 나카무라가 전개한 서양 이해의 논리, 그리고 이와 표리를 이루는 한학의 유효성에 대한 확신의 이유에 대해 살펴보도록 한다.

Synthesis of Biocompatible and Radiopaque Iodinated Polymeric Microbeads for Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE)

이새봄,안철희 한국고분자학회 2015 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2015 No.10

Chatbots and Communication: The Growing Role of Artificial Intelligence in Addressing and Shaping Customer Needs

이새봄 한국경영커뮤니케이션학회 2020 Business Communication Research and Practice Vol.3 No.2

Objectives:This study examines the advantages of introducing chatbots and the different kinds of chatbot services in the e-commerce industry that are operating abroad. It also seeks to determine changes in future communication with companies and customers. Methods:The main characteristics of e-commerce chatbots will be explored through four examples: the chatbots used by 1-800-Flowers, Sephora, PVR Cinemas, and Vainu. Results:Sephora provides personalized services such as information delivery and recommendations through chatbots. 1-800-Flowers provides useful information to customers through interactive commerce services, as well as voice orders through Alexa for a convenient purchasing experience. PVR Cinemas supports purchasing and reservation functions to quickly solve customer problems, while Vainu has demonstrated that it can acquire customer information and use it for marketing by asking various questions to customers. Through these four cases, this study confirmed that product search, upselling, and marketing functions are the main advantages that can be obtained through communication with customers through chatbots in e-commerce transactions. Conclusions:It was confirmed that chatbots contribute to improving the productivity and efficiency of existing business operations, and in particular, improving the convenience of customers’ shopping, ordering, and payment experiences. In addition, as companies attempt to provide new shopping experiences to customers using chatbots, communication with customers through chatbots in the e-commerce field is expected to increase in the future.

‘문명개화’와 『메이로쿠(明六) 잡지』

이새봄 연세대학교 국학연구원 2019 동방학지 Vol.188 No.-

The Meiroku Zasshi has generally been regarded as one of the most important texts of the early Meiji Period allowing us to understand the intellectual history of modern Japan. The Meirokusha, a select group of pioneer Japanese scholars in Western studies, published the magazine from April 1874 to November 1875. In 1928, the entire magazine was reprinted in Meiji Bunka Zenshu (明治文化全集). Since then, the Meiroku Zasshi has been considered one of the greatest classics of the time, and has inspired a vast amount of studies. However, as there have been so many previous studies on this historical text, it can be hard to understand the context in which they were rooted. This paper aims to examine the details of the Meirokusha and of its magazine carefully and to offer a basic guideline for those who want to read it. In doing so, it hopes to explain the significance of the Meiroku Zasshi as part of the Japanese intellectual history of the Meiji Period. First, it retraces some basic details about the society and its magazine. Second, it focuses on the background for the magazine’s publication and its suspension. Third, the validity of applying the word “Englightenment” to the Meiroku Zasshi is questioned. Finally, the correlation between the number of articles in the magazine and writers’ scholarly identities is examined. 메이지 초기를 대표하는 지식인 집단인 메이로쿠샤(明六社)의 기관지인 『메이로쿠(明六) 잡지』는 근대일본사상사를 이해하기 위한 가장 중요한 텍스트 중 하나로, 일찍이 1928년에 간행된 『메이지 문화 전집(明治文化全集)』 잡지편에 전체 43책이 수록되었다. 이러한 과정을 거치며 『메이로쿠 잡지』는 메이지 일본의 고전으로 자리 잡았고, 짧지 않은 선행연구의 역사 속에서 방대한 양의 연구가 진행되었다. 그렇기 때문에 메이로쿠샤와 『메이로쿠 잡지』에 대한 연구의 흐름을 파악하기란 용이하지 않으며, 그들의 실체가 무엇인 파악하기 위해서 생각해봐야 할 문제조차 판단하기가 어렵다. 이 글은 이와 같은 어려움이 존재한다는 사실을 전제로 메이로쿠샤와 『메이로쿠 잡지』를 둘러싼 기본적인 사항들을 정밀하게 살펴보는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 통해 메이지 초기를 대표하는 고전으로 자리 잡은 『메이로쿠 잡지』가 ‘문명개화’를 위한 토론의 장으로서 갖는 위치를 확인하고자 한다. 이를 위해 우선 메이로쿠샤의 성립 경위를 짚어봄으로써 잡지의 토대가 되는 사항들을 확인하였다. 다음으로 잡지의 발간과 정간(停刊)의 배경을 살펴보되, 정간의 과정에 비중을 두고 잡지가 정간이 된 경위에서 읽어낼 수 있는 메이로쿠샤의 특징에 대해 생각해 보았다. 이어서 기존 연구들에서 이들에게 붙인 ‘계몽’이라는 라벨의 의미가 무엇이었으며, 이러한 도식의 적용이 갖는 유효성이란 무엇인지 고찰했다. 마지막으로 『메이로쿠 잡지』의 기고자들을 게재된 논설수와 정체성(identitiy)이라는 두 가지 측면에서 접근하여 메이로쿠샤의 특징을 고민해 볼 것이다.

니시 아마네(西周), 「교문론(敎門論)」

이새봄 한림대학교 한림과학원 2020 개념과 소통 Vol.0 No.25

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中村正直의 文明론― 天의 사상과 品行의 관계

이새봄 일본사학회 2015 일본역사연구 Vol.41 No.-

In recent years, it has become a common knowledge that the heyday of Japanese Confucianism was the latter half of the nineteenth century, i.e. from the last days of the Tokugawa period to the early Meiji period. This historical fact is connected to a perspective which sees the Confucianism as one of the most influential causes in bringing about the Meiji Revolution in 1868. It has also been a pillar that supports the idea of continuity in the historical context of Tokugawa and Meiji Japan. It opposes the argument that sees the Meiji Revolution as the starting point of Western modernization or the point of discontinuation between ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’. By focusing on the continuity of historical contexts between Tokugawa and Meiji Japan, this article aims to analyze Nakamura Masanao's understanding of civilization. In order to illuminate it, I have put his Confucianist’s perspective on the forefront. It means that this article objects to the previous researchers' view which depicted him as a “Meiji Enlightenment thinker”. “Enlightenment” is not a historical term used at the time, but an invented concept to evaluate the past. With such an ambiguous term, one cannot give a clear explanation on why he put such an emphasis on Christianity. To show his logic on Christianity clearly, this article tries to analyze his writings by sticking to the words and the standard of value that he actually stated. In doing so, the correlation between his idea of civilization and Confucian idealism would be the main focus.

메이로쿠샤(明六社) 지식인의 religion 이해의 맥락-니시 아마네(西周)의 「교문론」 분석-

이새봄 한국일본사상사학회 2017 일본사상 Vol.0 No.32

One of the reasons that Japanese intellectuals in the late Tokugawa period paid much attention to Christianity was because they regarded it as the key factor contributing to the wealth and strength of the Western countries. The general understanding of religion held by most of the so-called Western learning intellectuals after the Meiji Revolution was somewhat similar. They believed that it was an essential condition for the realization of Civilization. Nishi Amane’s articles ‘On Religion’ were written in this historical context. This paper aims to elucidate Nishi’s understanding of religion and his thoughts on how Japan should deal with it by analyzing ‘On Religion’. Also, some articles written by other members of the Meirokusha relating to religion would also be examined. 도쿠가와 말기부터 일본의 지식인들은 서구의 기독교에 주목했다. 기독교가 서구 국가들의 부강을 설명하는 요인이라는 점에서였다. 이 연장선상에서 메이지 유신 이후 본격적으로 기독교를 논의하게 되었을 때, 그들은 서양 사회에서의 기독교가 religion이라는 범주 안에서 이해되고 있다는 사실에 주목하고, 기독교가 아닌 종교 개념을 이해하기 위해서 서양 사회에서 종교란 무엇이며 어떠한 역할과 기능을 담당하는지, 또 그것을 일본에 적용할 경우 어디에 해당하는지 등등에 대해 여러 관점에서 분석을 시도했다. 이들의 관심은 학문적・정치적 논점으로서의 종교에 있었다. 이와 같은 맥락에서 메이로쿠샤 회원들 간에 일어난 흥미로운 논의들 중 하나인 니시 아마네(西周, 1829-1897)의 「교문론(敎門論)」이 있다. 본 논문은 「교문론」에 나타난 니시의 종교 이해 논리와 그에 대한 기대란 무엇이었으며, 이것이 어떻게 다른 메이로쿠샤 회원들의 논의와 연관되는지에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 통해 메이지 초기의 religion 이해가 가진 특유의 성격을 해명하기 위한 단서를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.