석고를 이용한 한국재래산양 시삭상핵과 방실핵의 입체적 재구성

이봉희,이흥식,이인세,이성준,Lee, Bong-hee,Lee, Heungshik S,Lee, In-se,Yi, Seong-joon 대한수의학회 1991 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.31 No.2

This study was carried out to reconstruct three-dimensional plaster model of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of 3 Korean native goats. The representative coronal sections of the hypothalami were stained immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies to vasopressin and oxytocin simultaneously. Plaster models were reconstructed by schematic drawings which were made by tracing onto the tracing paper with the aid of a drawing attachment. The results were as follows: The configurations of the models of 3 supraoptic nuclei were slender spherical shape at their cranial parts, and the highest and widest size at middle parts, and became lower and narrow at caudal parts in two models, hence one was directed dorsolaterally. The medial surfaces of the para ventricular nuclei were vertically flat, and lateral surfaces were more complex than medial with processes directed dorsolaterally at their cranial portion. They change positions dorsally at caudal portion, and there were no significant variations in shape between them.

무아레 간섭계를 이용한 유연 솔더와 무연 솔더 실장 WB-PBGA 패키지의 열-기계적 변형 거동

이봉희,김만기,주진원,Lee, Bong-Hee,Kim, Man-Ki,Joo, Jin-Won 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2010 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.17 No.3

반도체 패키지에 사용되고 있는 유연 솔더는 환경 보호 필요성 대문에 무연 솔더로 빠르게 대체되고 있다. 이와 같은 무연 솔더에 대한 여구는 주로 재료의 발견과 공정 적응성의 관점에서 이루어졌을 뿐, 기계적인 성질이나 신뢰성의 관점에서의 연구는 많이 이루어지지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 무아레 간섭계를 이용하여 유연 솔더와 무연 솔더 실장 WB-PBGA 패키지 결합체의 온도변화에 대한 열-기게적 거동을 해석하였다. 실시간 무아레 간섭계를 이용하여 각 온도 단계에서 변위 분포를 나타내는 간섭무늬를 얻고, 그로부터 유연과 무연의 솔더 조인트를 갖는 WB-PBGA 패키지의 굽힘 변형 거동 및 솔더 볼의 변형률을 비교 분석하였다. 분석결과를 보면 유연 솔더 실장 패키지 결합체의 솔더 볼은 칩경계 부근인 #3 솔더 볼에서 발생하는 전단변형률이 파손에 큰 영향을 미치며, 무연 솔더가 실장된 패키지 결합체의 솔더 볼은 가장 바깥 부근인 #7 솔더 볼에서 발행하는 수직 변형률이 파손에 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 예측된다, 또한 무연 솔더 실장 패키지 결합체는 같은 온도 조건에서 유연 솔더 실장된 패키지에 비해 굽힘 변형이 휠씬 크게 발생될 뿐 아니라 솔더 볼의 유효변형률도 10% 정도 크게 발생하는 것으로 나타나서 열변형에 의한 파손에 취약할 것으로 예측된다. Pb-Sn solder is rapidly being replaced by lead-free solder for board-level interconnection in microelectronic package assemblies due to the environmental protection requirement. There is a general lack of mechanical reliability information available on the lead-free solder. In this study, thermo-mechanical behaviors of wire-bond plastic ball grid array (WB-PBGA) package assemblies are characterized by high-sensitivity moire interferometry. Experiments are conducted for two types of WB-PBGA packages that have Pb-Sn solder and lead-free solder as joint interconnections. Using real-time moire setup, fringe patterns are recorded and analyzed for several temperatures. Bending deformations of the assemblies and average strains of the solder balls are investigated and compared for the two type of WB-PBGA package assemblies. Results show that shear strain in #3 solder ball located near the chip shadow boundary is dominant for the failure of the package with Pb-Sn solder, while normal strain in #7 most outer solder ball is dominant for that with lead-free solder. It is also shown that the package with lead-free solder has much larger bending deformation and 10% larger maximum effective strain than the package with Pb-Sn solder at same temperature level.

유연 솔더와 무연 솔더의 점소성 변형거동 평가

이봉희,주진원,Lee, Bong-Hee,Joo, Jin-Won 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2011 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.18 No.2

본 논문에서는 솔더의 온도 변화에 따른 변형 거동을 평가하기 위하여 솔더 재료의 열변형 거동을 파악할 수 있는 전단시편을 고안하여 온도변화에 따르는 열변형 실험과 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 전단시편은 열팽창계수가 다른 두 금속 막대와 그 사이 공간에 접합된 솔더로 구성되어 있으며, 솔더는 유연 솔더 (Sn/36Pb/2Ag)와 무연 솔더 (Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu) 두가지를 대상으로 하였다. 실시간 무아레 간섭계를 이용하여 세 온도 사이클 동안의 각 온도단계에서 변 위 분포를 나타내는 간섭무늬를 얻고 그로부터 온도에 따른 유연 솔더와 무연 솔더의 열변형 특성을 비교하였다. 유한요소해석을 통하여 여러 연구자가 제시한 솔더의 점소성 물성치를 평가하였으며 유연 솔더의 경우에는 Darveaux가 제안한 Anand 모델, 무연 솔더의 경우 Chang이 제안한 Anand 모델을 사용한 해석 결과가 실험 결과와 가장 일치한다는 것을 밝혔다. 평가된 재료 모델을 사용하여 무연 솔더와 유연 솔더가 포함된 전단시편을 유한요소 해석하고 솔더의 점소성 거동 을 자세하게 분석하였다. This paper describes an experimental study and finite element analysis (FEA) carried out for investigating thermal deformation behavior of solders, resulting from temperature change in the solder. With such a goal in mind, a shear specimen that was composed of two metal bars having different coefficient of thermal expansion and solder blocks placed between two bars was designed and fabricated. Two different types of solder blocks, eutectic solder (Sn/36Pb/ 2Ag) and lead-free solder (Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu) were tested as well. Fringe patterns for several temperature steps were recorded and analyzed for three temperature cycles using a real-time moir$\acute{e}$ setup. The experimental data was verified with FEA and used to evaluate the suitability for numerous solder constitutive models available in literatures. FEA employing Anand material model suggested by Darveaux et al. and Chang et al. were found to be in an excellent agreement with the experimental results for the eutectic solder and the lead-free solder, respectively. In addition, numerical predictions on bending displacement, shear strain and viscoplastic distortion energy are documented and viscoplastic deformation behavior of two types of solder material are compared.

생체밖에서 미국흰불나방 지방세포에 의한 저장단백질의 흡수와 축적에 관하여

이봉희,김관선,문명진,김우갑,Lee, Bong-Hee,Kim, Kwan-Seon,Moon, Myung-Jin,Kim, Woo-Kap 한국현미경학회 1988 Applied microscopy Vol.18 No.2

This study was carried out to examine in vitro first whether the storage proteins, which the fat bodies of last larvae from Hyphantria cunea secrete into haemolymph, can be uptaked by the fat body cells of prepupa and then how the uptaked storage proteins can be accumulated in the fat body cells, if uptaken. The fat bodies which had been isolated from last instar larvae were cultured in 1 ml of Grace's insect medium containing $50{\mu}l$ of $^{3}H$-leucine (5.0 mCi/mol, Dupont) at $28{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 6 hrs. After the homogenates of the cultured fat bodies were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, the proteins included in the supernatant were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses (non-SDS, 6%). The next treatment of the electrophoresed gel was followed by rinsing. A storage protein band of several bands in the rinsed gel was sliced off. With elution of sliced storage protein bands in Tris-glycine buffer, the purification of radioactive storage proteins from fat bodies was finished. After the purified radioactive storage proteins were added in Grace's insect midis containing fat bodies of the prepupae, they were cultured for the randomly following minutes given as 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 and for the randomly following hours given as 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The double fixations of the cultured fat bodies in aldehyde and $OsO_4$, were followed by preparation of ultrathin sections from Epon-Araldite blocks through dehydration and embedding. The electron microscope autoradiographic treatment of all prepared sections were performed by the dipping method (Kim et al., 1987). The finally prepared specimens were examined with electron microscope. The fat body cells of the prepupa could be found to uptake the storage preteins of the last instar larvae, which were included in the culture medium, mostly by formation of coated vesicles. The in vitro uptake of the storage proteins actively occurred by 30 minutes after the addition of purified storage proteins in the culture medium. After culture for 7 minutes with the storage proteins, the uptaked radioactive storage proteins labelled a number of lysosomal granules. After culture for 20 minutes with the storage proteins, the radioactive storage proteins were finally incorporated and accumulated in lipid droplets and protein granules. The frequency in the fat body cell of radiolabelled lipid droplets occurs approximately 60%, while the frequency, in which the radiolabelled protein granules occurs in a fat body cell, is approximately 40%.

사상체질에 따른 감정표현불능 성향, 반추사고, 우울감 및 신체화증상의 비교 분석: 거제지역에 거주하는 일반인을 대상으로

이봉희,이우경,Lee, Bong-Hee,Lee, Woo-Kyeong 사상체질의학회 2013 사상체질의학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Objectives This study was to examine the differences on alexithymia, rumination, depression and somatic symptoms by each Sasang constitution, and aimed at combining the psychological construct with Korean medical treatment. Methods One hundred eighty men and women aged from 20 to 69 who reside in Geoje-si were selected, and data from 173 people consisting of the three constitutions-Soyangin(39), Taeeumin(83), and Soeumin(51), excepted the minority sample of Taeyangin(7 people)-were analyzed. Collected data were analyzed and tested by IBM SPSS Statistics 20: frequency analysis for demographic data; t-test for gender differences; one-way ANOVA for differences among three constitutions; and Pearson correlation analysis for the correlation between variables. Results The result of t-test taken for the gender differences between variables was not significant. According to the result of one-way ANOVA conducted by different Sasang constitutions, no variables showed a significant result except that of alexithymia. The correlation analysis showed that the alexithymia had positive correlation with rumination, depression, and somatic symptoms. Rumination was in positive correlation with depression and somatic symptoms. Especially, depression had high positive correlation with somatization symptoms. Among the variables analyzed by each constitution, only the survey result of the alexithymia was significant. Conclusions Given that each constitution showed different levels of the alexithymia, it can be concluded that therapeutic intervention in the treatment for the Taeeumin who shows a high level of alexithymia is needed to improve their emotional recognition and expression. In this context, application of program which focus on the emotional ability such as emotion coaching to the Korean medical treatment is expected to improve alexithymia, depression, and somatic symptoms.

몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 이용한 325℃이상의 환경피로 변환 온도 결정에 대한 연구

이봉희(Bong Hee Lee),박상윤(Sang Yun Park),남일권(Il Kwun Nam),이찬교(Chan Kyo Lee) 대한기계학회 2021 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2021 No.4

환경 피로 평가의 기술적 배경을 제시하였던 NUREG/CR-6909는 JNES의 광범위한 피로 실험 데이터 및 관련 산업계의 의견을 반영하고자 2018 년 5 월에 개정되었다. 하지만 NUREG/CR-6909 개정본에서 환경피로보정계수(F_en)의 온도 적용 범위를 325℃로 제한하였다. 따라서, NUREG/CR-6909 개정본을 이용한 환경피로평가는 325℃를 초과하는 온도 조건의 재료에 대해 적용이 불가능하다. 본 논문은 NUREG/CR-6909 개정본에서 제시하지 않은 각 재료에 대한 325℃ 이상의 변환 온도를 결정하기 위해 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 원자로 냉각재 환경에서의 피로 수명 분포를 결정하기 위해 NUREG/CR-6909 개정본 및 JNES-SS-1005에서 제시한 환경피로수명모델 및 변환 변수를 사용하여 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 원자로 냉각재 환경의 피로 수명에 영향을 미치는 변환 변수는 균등 분포 기반으로 랜덤하게 선택하였으며, 이를 이용하여 각 재료에 대해 100,000 번의 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 통해 결정된 원자로 냉각재 환경에서의 피로 수명 분포는 누적 분포를 추정하기 위해 로그 정규 곡선에 피팅 시켰다. 그리고, 원자로 냉각재 환경의 325℃ 이상에서 온도 효과(F_T,effect)를 분석하기 위해 온도 범위100 ~ 325℃ 와 325 ~ 350℃ 에서의 피로 수명에 대한 누적 분포를 각각 추정하였다. 여기서 온도 효과는 원자로 냉각재 환경에서 온도 범위 100 ~ 325℃의 피로 수명 대비 325 ~ 350℃의 피로 수명 비를 나타낸다. NUREG/CR-6909 개정본과 JNES-SS-1005의 325℃ 이상에서 온도 효과를 서로 비교한 검토 결과에 따라 NUREG/CR-6909 개정본에 적용 가능한 각 재료의 325℃ 이상에 대한 변환 온도를 제시하였다. The NUREG/CR-6909, which had provided the technical background for the environmental fatigue evaluation, was revised in May 2018 to incorporate the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety (JNES) organization’s extensive fatigue ε-N data and to address concerns from interested stakeholders over the original NUREG/CR-6909. But the revised NUREG/CR-6909 sets limit of the temperature ranges to 325℃ for the application of the environmental fatigue correction factor (F_en). Therefore, the revised NUREG/CR-6909-based environmental fatigue evaluation is not applicable to the materials whose temperature are higher than 325℃. In this paper, Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to determine the transformed temperatures over 325℃ for the material which are not covered in the revised NUREG/CR-6909. To determine the distributions of fatigue lives in LWR environments, Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the fatigue life models in the LWR (Light Water Reactor) environments and transformed parameters provided in the revised NUREG.CR-6909 and JNES-SS-1005. The transformed parameters which affect the fatigue lives in the LWR environments were selected randomly using the uniform distribution. And a total of 100,000 simulations were performed for each material. The distributions of fatigue lives in LWR environments obtained from Monte Carlo simulations were fit to lognormal curves to estimate the cumulative distributions. The estimated cumulative distributions were individually determined in the temperature ranges of 100 ~ 325℃ and 325 ~ 350℃ to investigate the temperature effect, F_T,effect, over 325℃. The temperature effect is defined as ratio of fatigue lives in the LWR environments in the temperature range of 100 ~ 325℃ to that in the temperature range of 325 ~ 350℃ in this paper. As a results of reviewing the temperature effects between the revised NUREG/CR-6909 and JNES-SS-1005, the transformed temperature over 325℃ for each material have been suggested for the application of the revised NUREG/CR-6909.

송변전분야 해외사업 수행방안 연구

이봉희(Bong-Hee Lee) 대한전기학회 2008 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.7(초록집)

Safety Helideck용 소화 노즐의 분사패턴 연구

이봉희(Bong-Hee Lee),박재현(Jae-Hyoun Park),전영훈(Young-Hun Jeon),김현종(Hyoun-Jong Kim),김현지(Hyoun-Ji Kim),김정환(Jeong-Hwan Kim),김범석(Bum-Suk Kim),김정렬(Jeong-Ryul Kim),오세준(Sea-June Oh),김진구(Jin-Gu Kim) 한국유체기계학회 2014 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.11

선저부에 접촉하는 마이크로 버블의 크기에 따른 유동특성 연구

이봉희(Bong-Hee Lee),최다혜(Da-Hye Choi),최주형(Joo-Hyung Choi),박재현(Jae-Hyun Park) 대한기계학회 2013 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2013 No.12

기초조형 & Illusion : 결합을 통한 무의식적 조형 현상에 관한 연구

이봉희(Bong Hee Lee),조현신(Hyun Shin Jo) 한국기초조형학회 2001 한국기초조형학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.- No.-