독일 동성혼 인정 과정을 통해서 본 의회와 연방헌법재판소의 상호작용

이보연 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2019 서울법학 Vol.26 No.4

This study, from the angle of ‘interplay’, aims to see how Parliament and the Federal Constitutional Court have played their roles and affect each other in the recognition of same-sex marriage in Germany. Before the passage of the bill opening up same-sex marriage, the Bundestag legislated the Civil Partnership Act (LPartG) which guarantees same-sex couples a registered civil partnership analogous to marriage. LPartG was at the center of controversy when it was legislated. The relationship between the registered civil partnership (Lebenspartnerschaft) and Article 6(1) of the Basic Law which prescribes special protection for marriage, and the concept of marriage, namely ‘the union between a man and a woman’, came into question. In the light of Article 6(1) of the Basic Law, the legislature made some provisions which draw the line between marriage and the civil partnership. After the passage of LPartG, concerning the compatibility of LPartG, conservative state governments applied for judicial review to the Federal Constitutional Court. The Court ruled that the introduction of the legal institution of the civil partnership for same-sex couples did not infringe Article 6(1) of the Basic Law. Encouraged by the judgement, the Bundestag amended LPartG, and the civil partnership became similar to the institution of marriage. Since 2009, the Court has eliminated the discrimination against the civil partnership through a series of decisions regarding survivor’s pension, gift and inheritance tax, family allowance, successive adoption, etc. During the 18th electoral term of the Bundestag, the legislators and the Bundesrat endeavored to recognize same-sex marriage. Finally, in September 2017 before the general election, the legislature could open ‘marriage for all’. The interplay between Parliament and the Constitutional Court paved the way to recognize same-sex marriage in Germany. While same-sex couples strongly demand for same-sex marriage in Korea, it is still difficult to build public consensus for the recognition of homosexual marriage. The case of Germany gives insight into how to make law and institutions for same-sex couples in Korea. 이 글은 독일에서 동성커플에 대한 생활동반자법 제정을 거쳐 동성혼이 인정되기까지 연방의회와 연방헌법재판소가 담당한 역할과 서로 주고받은 영향을 양 기관의 ‘상호작용’이라는 관점에서 살펴본다. 2017년 동성혼이 인정되기 전 독일 연방의회는 생활동반자법을 제정해 동성커플이 혼인과 유사한 법적 지위를 누릴 수 있게 했다. 생활동반자법은 제정 당시부터 논란을 불러일으켰다. 혼인에 대한 국가의 특별한 보호를 규정한 기본법 제6조 제1항과의 관계, ‘혼인은 남성과 여성의 결합’이라는 개념과의 충돌 가능성이 문제되었다. 당시 입법자들은 위 조항을 고려해 생활동반자와 혼인 사이에 인위적으로 구별되는 규정을 만들었다. 생활동반자법 통과 후 보수적인 주정부들은 연방헌법재판소에 이 법의 위헌성을 다투는 규범통제소송을 제기했다. 연방헌법재판소는 혼인 제도는 서로 혼인할 수 없는 사람들을 대상으로 하는 제도로 인해 위협받지 않는다며 이 법의 합헌성을 확인하였다. 이러한 결정에 힘입어 의회는 법 개정에 나섰고, 생활동반자는 더욱 더 혼인과 가까워졌다. 연방헌법재판소는 이후 생존자 연금청구권, 증여 및 상속세법, 토지취득세, 가족수당, 순차입양, 배우자 분리과세 등 일련의 판결을 통해 생활동반자에 대한 차별적 대우를 제거해 나갔다. 지난 18대 연방의회에서는 야당과 연방참사원 주도로 동성혼을 인정하기 위한 노력이 이어졌고, 혼인개방법의 제정으로 결실을 거뒀다. 독일 동성혼 인정 과정은 단 한 번의 입법이나 판결로는 완전한 사회적 합의를 이루기 어려운 사안이 여러 차례의 입법과 연방헌법재판소 판결을 통해 어떻게 해결되는지 보여준다. 독일의 이러한 사례는 동성혼 인정 요구가 거세지만, 이에 대한 사회적 합의를 이루기 어려운 한국에서 어떤 방식으로 법제화의 실마리를 풀어야 하는지 길잡이가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

불임의 진단 및 치료를 위한 자궁내시경의 역할

이보연,이병석,박기현,조동제,송찬호 대한산부인과학회 1992 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.69 No.-

자궁경부 단단암

이보연,박찬규,최동희,김재욱,성혜리 대한산부인과학회 1989 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.64 No.-

중국 후89 미술, 그 성과와 한계: 완세현실주의와 정치팝을 중심으로

이보연 미술사연구회 2013 미술사연구 Vol.- No.27

This study examines the emergence and development of the representative Chinese avant-garde art, Post-89 Art, and analyzes the achievements and limitations it left for Chinese art. Post-89 Art is an art movement that emerged in the late 1980s,which was the period the Chinese society experienced a drastic change between ideal and reality. Among them was Cynical Realism, which became the portrait of Chinese intellectuals after the Tiananmen Incident, portrayed the self-reflection and skepticism against the Idealism of the 1980s. Also, as China entered the age of consumerism without sufficient political reform in the 1990s, Political Pop expressed the phenomena of “significance collapse”arising in the manner of “dissolution of significance.” After the emergence of China’s socialist market economic system, they pushed through with survival and development strategies using the market system, and they have pressured the official(Guanfang) art system and induced system reform. However, they also created various limitations and side effects in the process. Following this statement, this study has observed Post-89 Art has the following achievements and limitations: First,it achieved some degree of pluralization in terms of reform of Chinese art and artistic systems but failed to reach the level of active democratization; Second, it made significant contributions to market development and prosperity in terms of nurturing the artistic system but also hindered the balanced development of Chinese art; Third, although it laid the groundwork for international exchanges by establishing contemporary language,thought and sensibility, their ambiguous and strategic political attitude, which ironically was unlike their political image as shown ostensibly, only generated confusion and critically impairing its significance. Claire Bishop’s article ‘Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics’(2004), on the other hand, suggests the negative feeling such as antagonism should be needed into consideration for the interactive relations, pointing out rather the simplistic and positive articulation of relational aesthetics. ‘Relational Antagonism’ put forward by her is more realistic and complicated concept, which can explain the uneasy but significant meaning out of the works of Stantiago Sierra and Thomas Hirshhorn. This research has been launched for tracing the discursive trajectory of art history and art criticism since the 1980s up to the present. The main topics and key issues brought up by the crucial publications have been highlighted in order to get hold of the mainstreams getting through the multi-layered and diverse art practices during the last three decades.

자궁경부 단단암

이보연,최동희,성혜리,김재욱,박찬규 대한산부인과학회 1989 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.63 No.-

겨울나그네

李補淵 법조협회 1997 法曹 Vol.46 No.1

주문형 운송서비스 재이용에 영향을 끼치는 요인 연구 : 혼합적 연구방법론

이보연,이소현,김희웅 한국경영정보학회 2016 한국경영정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.11

O2O 서비스(Online to offline service)는 온라인과 오프라인을 유기적으로 결합하여 산업 전반과 라이프 스타일에 파괴적 혁신을 가져올 비즈니스 패러다임으로 각광받고 있다. 특히, 한국에서는 카카오톡을 기반으로 한 카카오택시가 가장 성공적인 O2O 서비스로 평가 받고 있다. 하지 만, O2O 서비스에 대한 지속적인 관심과 서비스 출시에도 불구하고 기존의 오프라인 또는 온라인 상거래 비즈니스와 구별되는 오프라인과 온라인의 특성을 모두 지닌 O2O 서비스 이용에 영향을 끼치는 주요 요인을 다룬 연구가 부족하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 O2O 서비스 중의 하나인 주문형 운송 서비스(On-demand riding service)에 대해 고객이 어떠한 가치를 느끼고 이를 재이용하고자 하는지를 파악하고, 각 가치 측면의 요인들 간의 관계를 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구는 혼합적 연구 방법(Mixed method)을 이용하여 먼저 ODR 서비스 이용 동기요인에 대해 카카오택시 서비스 이용 경험자 60명을 대상으로 인터뷰를 실시한 다. 인터뷰 결과는 ‘고객가치이론(Customer value theory)’에 적용하여 ODR 서비스 이용 동기요인들을 도출하고,이를 바탕으로 개발된 연구모형을 실증적으로 분석한다. 본 연구는 혼합적 연구방법을 적용하여 O2O 서비스에 대한 이해를 돕 고, O2O 서비스의 ODR 서비스 이용 행동 연구에 고객가치이론을 적용하여 새로운 요인들을 도출함으로써 학술적 의의를 갖는다. 또한, 본 연구 결과를 통해 O2O에서 ODR 서비스 제공자들에게 서비스의 성공적 운영을 위한 마케팅 전략 및 방향을 제시할 수 있다.

분말활성탄 사용이 시멘트계 재료의 염 결정화 손상에 미치는 영향

이보연 水原大學校 2019 論文集 Vol.33 No.-

Activated carbon is known for its high adsorptive properties that can be used for air purification. In this study, cementitious material containing activated carbon was studied by conducting salt crystallization experiment. The results suggest that the use of powdered activated carbon negatively affects durability of cementitious materials when partially immersed in calcium nitrate solution at low humidity. The activated carbon modifies pore structure of hardened cement, increasing number of micropores, thus making it more susceptible to salt crystallization cracking. Also, a high water-to-cement ratio sample was found to be more susceptible to salt crystallization cracking due to lower compressive strength.

중국 근대 도안교육의 도입과 본토화 — ‘실업’에서 ‘인본’으로 —

이보연 중국근현대사학회 2022 중국근현대사연구 Vol.93 No.-

China, which entered the modern era with the Opium War and the unequal treaties, promoted industrialization for survival, but various constraints led to imbalances between the machinery industry and the handicraft industry, design and production, and urban and rural areas. While imbalances also appeared in craft education at art schools, in the early period of the Republic of China, Beijing National College of Art first established a design-centered craft education system based on early industrial education in Japan. However, its educational method, which was promoted with the aim of promoting morality and industrial development without thorough ideological enlightenment, was eventually resisted by the New Culture Movement. On the other hand, Hangzhou National College of Art, which was established during the latter half of the Republic of China, continued its design-oriented system, but introduced a French education system and various modernist trends for a more radical aesthetic education, thereby fervently innovating traditional designs while strengthening the creative, scientific and humanistic values of the designs, and emphasizing practicality and popularity. However, due to a government crackdown and the notion of a hierarchical order centered on fine art, it showed the limitations in its development of active knowledge and technology as practical art. In contrast, in the final days of the Republic of China, cooperative projects and handicraft movements arose against the malady of monopoly capitalism and industrial centralization, which had intensified since the end of the Republic of China. During this, Sichuan Art School also overcame design-centered education by attaching itself to this wave and built the foundation for craft design education in the period of the People's Republic of China by establishing humanism as a new ideal.

Expression and Function of the Testis-Predominant Protein LYAR in Mice

이보연,진소라,최희진,권준태,김지혜,권용일,정주리,조정희 한국분자세포생물학회 2013 Molecules and cells Vol.35 No.1

Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex process involving an intrinsic genetic program of germ cell-specific and -predominant genes. In the present study, we analyzed the Ly-1 reactive clone (Lyar) gene in the mouse. Lyar, which is known to be expressed abundantly in the testis, encodes a nucleolar protein that contains a LYAR-type C2HC zinc finger motif and three nuclear localization signals. We herein confirmed that Lyar is expressed predominantly in the testis, and further showed that this expression is specific to germ cells. Protein analyses with an anti-LYAR antibody demonstrated that the LYAR protein is present in spermatocytes and spermatids, but not in sperm. To as-sess the functional role of LYAR in vivo, we used a gene-trap mutagenesis approach to establish a LYAR-null mouse model. Lyar mutant mice were born live and developed normally. Male mutant mice lacking LYAR were fully fertile and showed intact spermatogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that LYAR is strongly preferred in male germ cells, but has a dispensable role in spermatogenesis and fertility.