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This study aims to analyze representations of queer sexuality in Korean cinema during the 1980s. In particular, it also attempts to queer films made during this decade that may not have been explicitly recognized by the public or marketed as queer. In order to this, it will primarily focus on four films –Moonlight Melody, A Man with Color, Hwa-chun, Sabangji—to bring attention to queer issues. Chapter 4 offers a different reading of Moonlight Melody by focusing on forbidden male homosexuality and male homosocial desire. Likewise, A Man with Color and Hwa-chun are seen through a queer lens to show the other dimensions of non-hegemonic masculinity, visualizing and incriminating lesbians as aggressive in a gendered relationship. Sabangji, which is based on an actual historical event (Sabangji scandal), is reframed as a melodramatic text through the construction of the abject. I argue that these four texts are significant in that each offers a radically different viewing context of queer sexuality and the implications of queer identity that are attributed to the characters that differ from older films. Along with this, this study draws on these four texts to bring attention to the sociocultural milieu of Korean society and the nascent queer movement in the 1980s. The first chapter offers a précis describing the aim and the object of the study along with a critical methodology for analyzing texts with a queer lens. In chapter 2, it examines the historical and social contexts and its influence on the formation of gay identity in South Korea, the impact of the gay liberation movement in the west, and the development of queer theory. Chapter 3 historically situates queer identity in South Korea during the 1980s. Chapter 4 analyzes the representation of queer sexuality through the aforementioned films to understand the sociocultural contexts of this period. I argue that amidst the horribly oppressive AIDS discourse in South Korea that suppressed the queer movement in the 1980s, these films can be seen as a proclamation of their subculture and an embrace of discord. Through these subjective practices, individuals sought to express their rights through films as cinema became an alternative space to express queer sexuality and foster the visualization of queer desire. Likewise, the growth of queer subcultures in the 1980s created the foundation for the queer community and movements in 1990s that brought attention to queer issues. Through this discussion, this dissertation reconsiders the 1980s as a watershed moment in the queer movement rather casting it as the dark ages of Korean cinematic history. 이 연구는 1980년대 한국영화에 돌출된 퀴어 섹슈얼리티 재현을 분석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이는 당시 퀴어 영화로 개봉하지 않았고 대중들에게 퀴어 영화로 인식되지 않았던 텍스트들 또한 그 안의 퀴어성(queerness)을 포착해 퀴어링(queering)해 분석한다는 것을 의미한다. 이를 위해 본고는 1980년대의 한국영화 중 퀴어 섹슈얼리티를 전면적으로 재현한 네 편의 영화를 주 분석대상으로 한다. 이에 따라 4장에서는 금기시된 남성 동성애와 남성 간 동성사회적 욕망을 드러내는 <달빛 멜로디>, 비-헤게모니적 남성성을 그려내며 그 젠더 관계 속에서 레즈비언의 공격성을 드러내고 범죄화하는 방식으로 가시화하는 <색깔있는 남자>와 <화춘>, 그리고 역사적 기록을 바탕으로 인터섹스 사방지 스캔들을 멜로드라마 형식으로 재현하며 비체의 구성을 보여주는 <사방지>를 분석한다. 이 영화들은 이전 시기의 퀴어 섹슈얼리티 재현과 다르게 그를 정체성을 가진 인물로 가시화시켜 드러낸다는 점에서 이전의 영화들과 분별점을 지니며 중요한 의미를 가진다. 동시에 이 영화들이 1980년대 한국사회가 담지하고 있던 퀴어 섹슈얼리티에 대한 반응을 드러낸다는 점에서 본고는 이 텍스트들을 선정한다. 본고는 이 각각의 텍스트를 분석할 기반을 마련하기 위해 다음과 같이 그 논의를 전개한다. 먼저 서론에서는 연구 목적과 연구 대상 및 방법론을 기술한다. 이어지는 2장에서는 서구사회에서 동성애 정체성이 형성되고 동성애 해방운동이 전개되어 온 역사와 퀴어 이론의 전개를 살펴본 뒤, 3장에서는 1980년대 한국사회와 퀴어 장이 맺고 있던 관계를 살펴볼 것이다. 4장에서는 앞서 기술한 네 편의 영화에 드러난 퀴어 섹슈얼리티 재현을 분석한다. 이처럼 본고는 네 편의 주요 텍스트를 통해 1980년대 한국영화에 재현된 퀴어 섹슈얼리티를 한국사회의 상황과 연결해 분석한다. 1980년대 한국사회에서 퀴어들은 AIDS 담론과 마주하며 단속과 억압의 대상이 되었지만 동시에 불화의 정치를 펼쳐나가며 자신들의 하위문화를 존속했다. 이와 같은 퀴어들의 주체적인 권리대행 수행은 당시 한국영화에도 반영이 되었으며 동시에 퀴어 섹슈얼리티를 재현한 영화들은 퀴어들의 욕망을 반영하고 가시화시킨 장으로서 퀴어들의 정체화에 기여했다. 그리고 이와 같은 1980년대 퀴어들의 하위문화 성장이 1990년대 성적 소수자 공동체 형성 및 운동으로 이어지는 기반을 마련했다는 것이 본고의 주장이다. 결과적으로 이를 통해 한국영화의 역사 속에서 암흑기로 평가되었던 1980년대 한국영화를 퀴어링해 읽어보면서 그 의미를 재고했다는 점, 그리고 1990년대에서 시작되는 성적 소수자 운동의 기점을 재고해보고자 했다는 점에서 본 논문의 의의를 찾을 수 있을 것이다.
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이문우 포항공과대학교 일반대학원 2012 국내박사
This dissertation is about the enhancement of the efficiency and linearity of Doherty power amplifies (DPAs). The DPA has been regarded as the promising solution to achieve high efficiency. However, The DPAs have limitations to improve both the efficiency and linearity simultaneously. Thus, we have proposed the memoryless digital predistortion (DPD) with optimum bias conditions, split augmented Hammerstein model using the neural network, DPAs with a flat gain, three-stage GaN HEMT DPA with an adaptive driving amplifier, inverted three-stage DPA, and a dual-mode DPA in this thesis. The optimum bias to achieve a highly efficient and linear DPA with memoryless DPD has been investigated. The DPA is implemented using 25-W GaN HEMTs. Power-added efficiency (PAE) of 54.5% is achieved at an output power of 40 dBm for a 2.14-GHz continuous wave. The bias optimization and memoryless DPD are employed to improve the linearity of the DPA. For a one-carrier WCDMA signal at an output power of 36 dBm, the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) at ±5-MHz offset are below -48 dBc with the drain efficiency (DE) of 40% after the linearization with the optimum bias. The split augmented Hammerstein (SAH) model with an additional distortion path is proposed. The error signal between the source signal and the output signal of the augmented Hammerstein (AH) model is employed to enhance the accuracy of the AH model. To validate the performance of the SAH model, a 2-FA wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) signal with 10-MHz carrier spacing at 2.14 GHz is employed. The validation results demonstrate that the SAH model can characterize the memory effects as well as the nonlinearity more accurately than the AH model. Furthermore, the SAH model with a neural network (NN) for the three-stage DPA has been described. The NN in the memoryless system is used to characterize the severe nonlinear changes in the magnitude and phase distortions. The three-stage DPA implemented by Si LDMOSFETs is used to validate the performance of the proposed model. For a 2-FA WCDMA signal with 10-MHz carrier spacing, the experimental results show that the proposed model characterizes not only the inconsistent changes in the static nonlinearity, but also the memory effects of the three-stage DPA. DPAs with cascaded peaking cells have been suggested to have high gain and efficiency. The auxiliary peaking cell at the input of the main peaking cell is employed to enhance the efficiency and linearity of DPAs. For the experimental validation, a main DPA and an auxiliary peaking cell are designed using Si LDMOSFETs and a GaN HEMT, respectively. From the measured results, the PAE is increased at a 6-dB back-off power and the ACLR is enhanced over a whole output power range. Moreover, a three-stage DPA with a flat gain have been implemented. For a continuous wave signal, PAEs of 34.0 % and 39.3 % are obtained at 8.5-dB back-off power (BOP) and 4.0-dB BOP from the saturation output power, respectively. The measured one-carrier wideband code division multiple access results show high efficiency and flat gain characteristics over the entire output power range. New three-stage DPAs with an adaptive driving amplifier have been proposed. The driving amplifier inserted at the input of the carrier cell controls the input power of the carrier cell to eliminate the gate leakage current at high input power levels. The gate bias voltage of the driving amplifier is adjusted using an envelope tracking technique according to input power levels. For verifications, the driving amplifier, carrier, and peaking cells are fabricated using 10-W, 15-W, and 35-W GaN HEMTs, respectively, at 3.5 GHz. From a continuous wave, the total DEs of 37.3% and 45.6% are achieved at approximately 9.5- and 4.3-dB BOPs, respectively. For a WiMAX signal, the proposed DPA has the total DE of 39.5 % at an 8-dB BOP. We have analyzed the three-stage inverted DPA using 30-W and 50-W Si LDMOSFETs. The characteristic impedances of the output combiner are derived to achieve high efficiency at a large BOP. The output matching networks and offset lines of the carrier and peaking cells are used to modulate the load impedance. The transmission line in the input path of the carrier cell is inserted to adjust the delay among the carrier and peaking cells. The DE of 40.3 % with a gain of 9 dB is achieved at output power of 42 dBm (8.5-dB BOP) and the DE above 40 % is maintained in wide output power range for a 2.14 GHz continuous wave signal. For a one-carrier WCDMA signal at an output power of 40 dBm (10.5-dB BOP), the DE of 35 % with the gain of 9.2 dB is achieved. The dual-band inverse class-E DPA has been represented. The inverse class-E PAs with double composite right/left handed transmission lines are used as the carrier and peaking cells. Dual-band transformers are employed for the load modulation and the impedance transformer. The dual-band power divider equally divides the input power at two operating frequencies. For verification, the carrier and peaking cells are fabricated using 25-W GaN HEMTs at 900 MHz and 2.14 GHz. The measured results show that DE of 53.5% and 52.7% are achieved at 6-dB back-off powers for 900 MHz and 2.14 GHz continuous waves, respectively.
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이문우 蔚山大學校 敎育大學院 2000 국내석사
본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 여가활동 참여유형과 여가 몰입경험의 관계를 규명하고, 이에 대한 성별간의 차이와 중.고등학교 특성의 차이를 규명하여 여가활동을 다양하게 하는데 있다. 이와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위하여 울산시에 소제한 중.고등학생을 모집단으로 설정하여 중학교3개교, 고등학교2개교를 표본 추출 하였다. 표집 방법은 무선 표집 법을 이용하여 중.고등학생 595명을 표집 하였다. 본 연구에서 청소년의 여가활동참여유형과 여가몰입경험의 관계를 측정하기 위하여 "여가경험 심취도 척도", "여가활동참여유형"을 사용하였고, 자료 분석을 위한 주요통계 분석 기법은 t-검정, 일원 변량 분석(one-way ANOVA), 교차분석(Cross tabs)을 실시하였다. 이상의 연구 방법과 절차를 통하여 다음과 같은 결과가 나타났다. 첫째, 개인적인 특성에서 여가활동참여유형과 관계에서는 평일, 주말, 여름방학, 겨울방학, 교내여가 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 여가활동참여유형의 형태에서 여자의 경우는 시간 소일 활동, 남자의 경우는 신체적 여가 활동이 가장 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 개인적인 특성에서 여가몰입경험과의 관계에 대한 변량분석결과 개인적 특성에서는 성별, 비용, 누구와 함께 에서는 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 여가몰입경험에서는 학교, 평일시간 ,주말시간 간은 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 여가활동참여유형과 여가몰입경험의 관계에서는 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 평일, 주말, 여름방학, 겨울방학에서는 시간 소일 활동, 희망교내 여가활동에서는 신체적 여가 활동이 가장 높게 나타났다. The object of this research is to show the relation between participation type of leisure activities immersion and to enrich the leisure activities by clear the difference of each genders and middle and high school. Three middle schools and two high schools are sampled to achieve this object. 592 middle schools and high school students are sampled by wireless sampling mathod. The index of degree of fascination to experience of leisure activities immersion and participation type of leisure activities were used to survey the relation between these. The analysis mathod of statistics are T-verification, one-way ANOVA and Cross Tabs. The follwing results were showed through the above investigation. First, in an aspect of personal character, participation type of leisure activities doing on weekdays, weekdays, summer vacation and winter vacation have difference. The survey shows that girls do activities of spending time and boys do physical activities most. Second, the result of one-way ANOVA comes out that genders, costs, doing with whom have differences in an aspect of personal characters and in school, weekdays, weekdays have differences in an aspect of experience of leisure activities immersion. Third, it`s showed the relation between participation type of leisure activities and experience of leisure activities immersion have differences. The survey shows that they do activities of spending time on weekdays, weekdays, summer vacation, winter vacation. And they wanted to do physical activities as leisure activities in school.
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The New Criticism, as one of the most influential critical movement of the 20th century, has been closely connected with the critical activities of its pioneer, John Crowe Ransom and his followers such as Tate, Warren, Wellek, Brooks, and Wimsatt and Beardsley. Much of the American New Criticism took its ideas directly from its English predecessors-Hulme, Eliot, Richards, and Empson and Leavis. Furthermore, Aristotle, Coleridge, German philosophers(especialy, Kant and Shelling), and Russian Formalists exerted a powerful effect on its idea of the organic structure of a literary work. This critical movement is a frankly reactionary one, a critical revolt against Impressionism and Intentionalim based upon the Romantic theory of 'self-expression'. The anti-Romantic impulse of New Critics are associated with their conservative respect for the Old South and its coherent social values, with their contempt for historical criticism and its accompanying pedantries. As organistic formalists, New Critics adopted the idea that a literary work be taken up as a literary work, and that critical efforts should be directed to the analytical study of the structure of a work. They emphasized the contextual meaning of a work and its wholeness, its orgacity. In consequence they have developed a literary criticism as distinguished from a study of sources or of social backgrounds or of the history of ideas or the political and social effects of literature. They have tended to explore the structure of the work rather than the mind and personalities of the writer or the reactions of his various readers. They have characteristically attempted to deal with the literary object itself rather than with its origin and effects -to give a formal rather than a genetic or affective account of literature. The fullest accounts of the doctrines of the New Criticism appeared in the Intentional Fallacy and The Affective Fallacy by Wimsatt and Beardsley. Two of the assumptions of romantic criticism are held up to the light in these articles, and pronounced fallacious. The New Criticism has reached a point of exhaustion, in a way. In some points the movement has not been able to go beyond its initial restricted sphere. The general neglect of historicism and the analytical study of the stratified structure of a work have led to many attacks upon this criticism. The New Criticism with its limitations taught us that the study of literature should, first and foremost, concentrate on the actual works of art themselves without regard to extra-literary considerations. It seems to me that the New Criticism-formalistic, organistic aesthetics-has a firmer grasp on the nature of poetry and art. Today it would need a closer collabolation with linguistics and stylistics, a. clear analysis of the stratification of a literary work to become a coherent literary theory capable of further development and refinement, but it would hardly need a radical revision.
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