16세기 조선 사상계의 동향과 노수신(盧守愼)

이동환 ( Lee Dong Hwan ) 한국사상사학회 2015 韓國思想史學 Vol.0 No.51

17세기 주자학 교조주의의 억압체제가 16세기 조광조의 도학 근본주의, 이황의 주자학 절대주의의 추동으로 사상의 일원화, 단일화가 진행된 결과라는 가설을 가지고, 이러한 대국(大局)의 전개에 사상의 일정한다원성을 추구하여 특히 이황에 저항한 노수신의 사상사적인 위상을 드러내고자 하였다. 조광조의 소격서 혁파는 이단사상에 대한 숙정(肅正)을 실질적으로 한 것이지만, 그래도 그는 정주학(程朱學)을 중심으로 그 외곽의 기학(氣學), 상산학을 도학으로 포괄하여 그 범위 안에서는 사상적 자유 재량(裁量)이 가능했다. 그러나 이황의 주자학 절대주의에 이르면 주자 이외의 여타 사상에 대한 통제는 한층 가열(苛烈)하였다. 그는 위정척사적인 위도의식(衛道意識)으로 주자학 이외에는 모두 좌도(左道) 이단시하여 노장은 말할 것도 없고, 조광조 시대에 허용되었던 기학상산학, 그리고 새로이 전파되는 나정암(羅整庵) 왕양명 등의 학설을 전방위적으로 비판 통제하였다. 이것은 주자학을 위시한 도학 일반에 대한 그 누구도 추종을 불허하는 역량과, ‘위도’라는, 유교국가에서 누구도 거역하지 못할 명분을 떠매고 있었기에 가능하였다. 사대부 사회는 그의 이러한 도학에 대한 역량과 위도의 명분 앞에 거개가 순복(順服)하였다. 그런데 노수신은 이황의 권위에 저항해 사상의 일정한 다원화를 추구하였다. 그는 정주학(程朱學)을 거점으로 상산학, 나정암의 학설, 그리고 양명학을 수용하여 이황의 집요한 비판 통제에도 굽히지 않았다. 결과적으로 그는 이황의 다음으로 우리나라의 도통을 계승할 기대마저 거부한셈이 되었다. 그는 정주학에서 출발해, 한 때 그 스스로 비판한 상산학을 겸수(兼修)하다가 을사사화로 조정에서 쫓겨나자 그 충격으로 그 동안 독실히 믿었던 주자의 격물궁리의 도문학을 부정하고 상산의 존덕성으로 기울어졌으나 특히 정주계열의 경(敬) 수련에는 독실하였다. 이를 바탕으로 귀양지에서 .숙흥야매잠해.를 찬술하여 이황 김인후와 토론을 벌리기도 하여 호평을 받았다. 그러나 뒤이어 인심도심변 을 지어 주자의설에 반하자 사방에서 공격이 들어왔다. 특히 이황은 15 6년간에 걸쳐비판의 자세를 거두지 않았다. 확실하지는 않으나 그는 양명학도 30대전후에 접한 듯, 노년으로 올수록 더욱 기울어져 마침내 확신에 차기에 이르렀다. 노수신의 이러한 다양성, 비록 도학 성리학에 한정되기는 했지만 이러한 사상적 다양성의 추구는 그 시대 여건으로는 일종의 사상적자유주의자라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 이황의 주자학 절대주주의 추동에 대한 하나의 안티테제로서의 의의를 부여할 수 있다. This paper is to examine the place of Noh Susin in the history of thought who pursued ideological diversity and opposed to a prominent Neo-Confucianism scholar Lee Hwang. In this dicourse I premised that the repressive authoritarian regime of Neo-Confucianism in the 17^th century was the result of the unification of thought driven by Confucian fundamentalism introduced by Jo Gwangjo in the 16^th century and absolutism of the study of Zhu Xi proclaimed by Lee Hwang. Jo Gwangjo, though he rejected heresy rigorously, regarded the study of Qi and the study of Lu Jiuyuan as a part of Neo-Confucianism. It was rigorous Confucianism of Lee Hwang in the 16^th century by which censorship over ideas except Confucianism was strengthened. He treated every idea except the study of Zhu Xi as heresy and criticized them severely including the study of Qi and the study of Lu Jiuyuan that had been allowed in former period, and the theory of Luo Qinshun and Wang Yangming as well that introduced newly from Ming dynasty. It was possible as he had great capabilities as a Confucianism scholar and at the same time he was responsible for what is called defending Tao, the first principle of Confucianism nation. Almost all of gentry society obeyed his academic capability and his moral justification. However, Noh Susin opposed to the authority of Lee Hwang and pursued ideological diversity. Based on the study Zhengzhu, he accepted the theory of Lu Jiuyuan, Luo Qinshun and Wang Yangming to stuck firmly to his contention despite of Lee Hwang’s criticism. As a result he was contrary to Lee’s expectation of succeeding the orthodox line of transmission of the Way, so-called Tao-tung, after him. He started his learning from the study of Zhengzhu and expended it to the study of Lu Jiuyuan. But as he was expelled from the Court after Eulsa Sahwa, the 1545 literati purge, he denied the theory of ‘maintaining constant inquiry and study’ emphasized by Zhu Xi and inclined toward the theory of ‘honoring virtuous nature’ emphasized by Lu Jiuyuan. Expecially he devoted himself to training ‘attentiveness’, a translation of the Chinese word ching emphasized by the school of Zhengzhu. Based on this view, he compiled Sukheung yamaejamhae(the Annotation to Admonition on Rising Early and Retiring Late) with which he had a discussion with Lee Hwang and Kim Inhu. But it was after his writing of Arguments against the ‘human mind’ and the ‘Tao mind’ that he was criticized severly by other scholars. Among them Lee Hwang didn’t cease to criticize him for over fifteen years. It seems that Noh first encountered the study of Yangming in his early thirties and at last convinced of it in his old age. He should be called a ideological liberalist in respect that he pursued ideological diversity though it was restricted to Neo-Confucianism. We can say that his ideological endeavor has great historical significance as the antithesis of the absolute Neo-Confucianism of Lee Hwang.

시공간 상관성을 고려한 일기산출기 모형을 이용한 4대강 유역별 미래 일기 변수 산출

이동환,이재용,오희석,이영조,Lee, Dong-Hwan,Lee, Jae-Yong,Oh, Hee-Seok,Lee, Young-Jo 한국통계학회 2012 응용통계연구 Vol.25 No.2

일기 산출기 모형은 가상의 일기 자료를 생성하는 통계 모형이다. 본 연구는 시공간 상관성이 고려된 다중지점에서의 일기산출 모형을 제안하고, 온실가스 배출 미래 시나리오에 따라 강수량과 평균 기온 일기산출이 가능한 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 다단계 일반화 선형모형 하에서 필요한 모수들을 추정하고, 적합된 모형 하에서 일기변수들을 랜덤하게 산출하는 절차이다. 과거 30년간 관측된 우리나라 4대강 유역의 일 강수량 자료와 평균 기온 자료를 가지고 모형을 적합하고, 미래 일별 일기자료 산출에 적용하였다. Weather generators are statistical tools to produce synthetic sequences of daily weather variables. We propose the multisite weather generators with a spatio-temporal correlation based on hierarchical generalized linear models. We develop a computational algorithm to produce future weather variables that use three different types of green-house gases scenarios. We apply the proposed method to a daily time series of precipitation and average temperature for South Korea.

한국 신생아 집단검사의 과거, 현재, 미래

이동환,Lee, Dong-Hwan 대한유전성대사질환학회 2011 대한유전성대사질환학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Improved Multisite Stochastic Weather Generation with Applications to Historical Data in South Korea

이동환,Hyungmi An,Youngjo Lee,이재용,Hyo-Shin Lee,Hee-Seok Oh 한국기상학회 2010 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.46 No.3

In this paper, we propose an improved multisite weather generation with applications to the historical data in South Korea. The proposed method improve the algorithm of Wilks (1998, 1999)by automatically selecting an optimal model that represents precipitation amounts and by providing a procedure to obtain a symmetric positive definite estimate for the covariance matrix. The proposed method is computationally fast, and hence, it can be feasible to handle a massive data. We apply the proposed method to the precipitation and temperature data collected 170 stations in South Korea for the period 1976-2005 which are given by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Results of the proposed method demonstrate the promising performance in terms of spatial correlation and longterm variation as compared with those of the multisite method of Wilks (1998) and the single-site weather generator.

한국 신생아 집단검사의 과거, 현재, 미래

이동환,Lee, Dong Hwan 대한유전성대사질환학회 2014 대한유전성대사질환학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Many inborn errors of metabolism can be completely cured with early detection and early treatment. This is why neonatal screening on inborn errors of metabolism is implemented worldwide. In 1991, the Ministry of Health & Social affairs adopted a nationwide service program for neonatal screening of phenylketonuria, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, histidinemia and congenital hypothyroidism for newborns delivered from low class pregnant women registered in health centers. Government decreased the test items from six to two, PKU and congenital hypothyroidism to increase test numbers with same budget from 1995. 78 laboratories wanted to participate for neonatal screening test in 1999. Government decided to screen six items of PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, galactosemia and congenital adrenal hyperplasia from 2006. In 2014, thirteen laboratories are participating. Inter laboratory quality control was started 6 times a year from 1994. In case a patient with an inherited metabolic disease is diagnosed by screening of government program, special milk is provided at government's expense. According to the government project, from 1997 to 2013, 7,080,569 newborns were screened. 144 PKU, 2.451 congenital hypothyroidism were detected. So incidence of PKU is 1/49,170 and congenital hypothyroidism is 1/2,888. The cost benefit of performing screening procedures coupled with treatment has been estimated to be as high as 1.77 times in PKU, 11.11 times in congenital hypothyroidism than cost without screening. By January 2007, many European countries had expanded of their newborn screening programs by inclusion of Tandem mass spectrometry. We are trying to increase the budget to test all newborns for Tandem mass spectrometry from 2016. We are considering four to five central laboratories which cover all newborns and are equipped with tandem mass spectrometer & enzyme immunoassay for TSH, 17OHP & enzyme colorimetric assay for galactose. And I hope to expand test including Wilson disease screening test and lysosomal storage diseases.

어선기관실내의 진동과 소음고찰

이동환,Lee, Dong-Hwan 선박안전기술공단 1989 漁船 Vol.40 No.-

$Cp^*Ru(CO)Cl_2(Cp^*={\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)$착물의 합성과 포스핀과의 반응

이동환,김성일,전진희,오영희,감상규,Lee, Dong Hwan,Kim, Sng Il,Jun, Jin Hee,Oh, Yung Hee,Kam, Sang Kyu 대한화학회 1997 대한화학회지 Vol.41 No.12

톨루엔 용매중에서 Cp*Ru(CO)Cl2(2, Cp*=η5-C5Me5)과 CO를 반응시켜 상자기성의 3가 카르보닐루테늄착물 [Cp*Ru(CO)Cl2](2)를 합성하였다. 자기화율의 측정으로부터 얻어진 착물(2)의 유효자기모멘트 값은 1.81 B. M.으로 이는 분자내 짝을 이루지 않는 전자가 1개 있는 경우와 거의 일치하였다. 착물(2)는 톨루엔 용매중에서 KBr과의 반응에 의해 3가의 디브로모루테늄착물 Cp*Ru(CO)Br2(3)으로 변환되었고, 톨루엔 용매중에서 포스핀과의 반응에 의해서는 반자기성인 2가 루테늄착물 Cp*Ru(CO)(PR3)Cl (4a∼4e, PR3=PMe3, PEt3, PMePh2, PPh3, PCy3)로 쉽게 환원되었다. Novel carbonylruthenium (Ⅲ) complex Cp*Ru(CO)Cl2(2, Cp*=η5-C5Me5) was synthesized by the reaction of [Cp*RuCl2]2(1) with CO in toluene. The effective magnetic moment (Veff=1.81 B.M.) derived from the magnetic susceptibility measurement of the complex (2) was consistent with the presence of one "single" unpaired electron. Dibromocarbonylruthenium (Ⅲ) complex Cp*Ru(CO)Br2(3) was obtained by the reaction of complex (2) with KBr in toluene. Complex (2) was easily reduced by the reaction with phosphine in toluene to give the corresponding Ru (Ⅱ) complex Cp*Ru(CO)(PR3)Cl (4a∼4e, PR3=PMe3, PEt3, PMePh2, PPh3, PCy3).

남모르는 여성의 고민 '요실금'

이동환,Lee, Dong-Hwan 사단법인 한국당뇨협회 2007 당뇨 Vol.206 No.-

X20CrMoV121강과 2.25Cr1Mo강 용접부의 ASP 시험과 CVN 충격 시험의 상관관계에 대한 연구

이동환,김형섭,Lee, Dong-Hwan,Kim, Hyoung-Sup 대한용접접합학회 2008 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Charpy V-Notch test is commonly used to evaluate fracture toughness. However, since the region to be evaluated is limited to bulk material due to the specimen size required, individual evaluation of micro-structures on weldment is very difficult. In this study, ASP(Advanced Small Punch) test was carried out to evaluate material degradation and fracture toughness on the B.M, W.M and each micro-structures of HAZ for X20CrMoV121 and 2.25Cr1Mo steels with artificial aging time. In addition, to evaluate fracture toughness and material degradation of B.M and W.M of X20CrMoV121 steels with aging times, CVN (Charpy V-notch) test was performed. And then the correlation between ASP and CVN test on X20CrMoV121 steels was obtained. Furthermore, through this correlation, material degradation property of each micro-region of the HAZ in weldment, which was impossible to be evaluated by the CVN test, can be estimated and determined.

선천성 대사이상 질환

이동환,Lee, Dong-Hwan 한국건강관리협회 1993 건강소식 Vol.17 No.5