연안의 효율적 수질관리 방향과 해양환경영향평가

이대인,엄기혁,김귀영,홍석진,이원찬,장주형,Lee, Dae-In,Eom, Ki-Hyuk,Kim, Gui-Young,Hong, Sok-Jin,Lee, Won-Chan,Jang, Ju-Hyoung 해양환경안전학회 2008 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구는 연안의 수질개선과 오염제어의 관점에서 효율적인 수질관리의 원리와 기법, 연안오염총량관리제 및 선진사례를 검토하였고, 현재 오염총량 산정시 나타나는 문제점 및 개선사항을 지적하였다. 또한, 오염총량제와 환경용량과의 관계, 해양환경 예측 모델로 활용되고 있는 생태계모델의 연구접근에서 중점적으로 검토해야 하는 사항을 토의하고, 나아가서 연안수질 관련 제도와 정책에서 반영하고 흡수해야 할 수질관리 내용과 개선방안을 제시하였다. 연안오염총량제의 대상이 되는 연안에서는 환경영향평가와 사전환경성검토에서 해당하는 개발사업이나 계획 중 신규 오염원에 대해서는 오염부하삭감량과 할당량을 산정해서 평가서에 구체적으로 제시할 필요가 있고, 연안관리지역계획에서는 환경관리계획에 좀 더 중심을 옮겨 기본적으로 관할 해역으로 유입하는 오염원과 오염부하량 자료를 구축할 필요가 있다. 특별관리해역 등 향후 연안오염총량제 적용대상이 되는 지자체에서는 하수도관리계획 등 도시계획을 수립할 때 이러할 점을 고려해서 장기적이고 일관성있는 하수도정책이 수립되어야 할 것이다. 연안오염총량제도는 다른 환경관리해역으로 점진적으로 확대 시행되어야 할 것이로, 그 외의 지역은 지자체장이 주부장관과의 협의를 통해 자발적으로 시행하고 인센티브를 주는 것도 검토해야 할 것이다. 해역의 수질개선을 위해서는 생태계모델링에 의한 환경용량(수질적 차원의 총허용오염부하량) 산정이 필수적이며, 이와 관련한 적용모델의 신뢰성과 과학적 타당성 확보는 환경영향평가 관련 협의시 매우 중요한 검토항목으로 고려되고 있다 연안 육역에 존재하는 오염원에 대해서는 연안환경을 관리하는 주무부처가 주도적으로 감시 감독하고 관리체제에 환한 법적 거를 마련하거나 관련 법률을 정비해서 통합 운영해야 할 것으로 사료되었다. This study examined principles and techniques of efficient water quality management as well as total coastal pollutant loads and the relevant examples in the advanced countries from the viewpoints of water quality improvement and pollution control in coastal areas. The problems and improvements in an estimation of the current total pollutant loads were also pointed out. In addition, discussion was made on the relationship between total pollutant loads and environmental capacity as well as particulars requiring extensive examination on access to and study on water quality model used as prediction tool for marine environment. Furthermore, this study proposed details of and improvement plans for water quality control to be reflected and absorbed into systems and policies related to coastal water quality. In coastal areas, which are subject to total coastal pollutant loads, it is necessary to calculate pollutant loads reduction and allocation, to propose them in detail in statement in relations to new pollution sources for the corresponding projects or plans in environmental impact assessment and prior environmental review system. Also, in relations to regional plans for coastal management, the local government concerned must focus more on environmental management plan to implement data on pollution sources and pollutant loads flown into sea areas under basic jurisdiction, therefore it is required to actively respond to expansion and introduction of total coastal pollutant loads system in the future. Total coastal pollutant loads system must be expanded and executed by considering characteristics of sea area and changes in the environment of land. For pollution sources in land, the competent authorities in charge of coastal environment will need to initiatively administer supervision, monitoring activities and achieve integration and operation of the related laws by preparing legal bases for management system or adjusting the related laws.

마산만의 허용오염부하량 산정을 위한 생태계모델링

이대인 ( Lee Dae In ),박청길 ( Park Cheong Gil ) 한국물환경학회 2003 한국물환경학회지 Vol.19 No.5

The objective of this paper is to estimate the reduction rate of pollutant loads from pollution sources using the three dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model for effective water quality management of Masan Bay that was designated as a special management area. COD distribution of the bay was mostly over 3㎎/L. this value exceeded the seawater quality criteria Ⅲ. Total loads of COD, DIN and DIP from point sources were 15.532.5, 11,107.6 and 440.9㎏/day. respectively. A pattern of simulated residual current was dominated by southward flow at surface level. The calculated results by ecological modeling were in fairly good agreement with the observed values. It was evaluated that reduction of total polutant loads from point sources by over 60% is required in order to keep the level below 3 ㎎/L in COD which is the aiming seawater quality criteria of Masan Bay.

해창만의 수질환경변동 및 담수방류의 영향평가

이대인 ( Lee Dae In ),조현서 ( Jo Hyeon Seo ),이문옥 ( Lee Mun Og ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2003 환경영향평가 Vol.12 No.5

Seasonal characteristics of water quality and effect of the freshwater discharge during open the tide embankment in Haechang Bay were evaluated. In the freshwater, where interior of the tide embankment, COD and Chl-a exceeded about 4㎎/L and 10㎎/㎥, respectively, independent of season, while in the seawater they showed high values in April and July in contrast to the other period due to input of freshwater and increase of phytoplankton, reswvely. The content of seawater inorganic nitrogen maintained a relatively high level at inner part of the bay, whereas high values of inorganic phosphorus content was distributed at all over the bay. The limiting factor for algal growth was nitrogen with respect to the N/P ratio. The compass of influence by the freshwater discharge in April was quite different with water pollutants. As a result of the salinity variation with time, the freshwater extended strongly to offshore from the surface layer without mixing with depth when open the tide embankment, and reached within about one hour at a station which is 3.5km from the tide embankment. To effective water quality management of Haechang Bay, discharge rate and pollutant loads should be controlled.

수산자원보호구역 관리체제 구축을 위한 어장환경 예비진단

이대인,박달수,전경암,엄기혁,박종수,김귀영,Lee, Dae-In,Park, Dal-Soo,Jeon, Kyeong-Am,Eom, Ki-Hyuk,Park, Jong-Soo,Kim, Gui-Young 해양환경안전학회 2009 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.15 No.2

본 논문은 수산자원보호구역의 효과적이고 합리적인 관리방향에 대한 정책수립 지원라 체계적인 어장환경실태조사 시스템 구축을 위한 사전 진단적 연구접근으로서 수산자원보호구역에서 계절별로 장기적으로 모니터링된 국가해양환경측정망 등의 자료를 이용해서 어장환경의 실태와 변화를 분석하고 평가하였다. 어장환경은 오염이 진행되었거나 진행 중인 것으로 진단되었는데, 각 영역별로 수질과 저질 오염특성이 다소 다르게 나타나서 오염원과 이용실태 및 지형적 특성 등 제반 환경요소를 고려한 맞춤형 수질관리방안 수립이 요구되었다. 또한, 보호구역의 지정면적은 점차적으로 변화되어 왔는데, 2003년도와 처음 시정시의 면적을 비교해 볼 때, 총 면적변화는 $-22.9{\sim}2.4%$ 범위로 완도 도암만은 약 2.4% 정도 미미한 증가를 보였지만, 전체 구역은 평균 약 6.4%가 감소하였고, 한산만이 가장 큰 비율로 감소하였다. 전체 면적 중 육역이 약 6.1%, 해역이 약 6.6%가 감소되었지만, 2008년 시 군별로 고시된 상황을 종합적으로 고려하면 지정면적의 감소는 대부분 육역인 것으로 사료 되었다. 보호구역의 환경을 양호하게 유지하고 효과적인 관리정책을 수립하기 위해서는 실효적인 수질관리방안 뿐만 아니라 개발 및 이용실태 파악을 위한 조사와 데이터(정보)관리가 체계적으로 이루어지고 해역별로 종합 관리할 필요가 있을 것이다. 아울러 각종 관련 법률을 정비 보완해서 조사, 평가, 협의 등 관리방향과 관련된 요소를 일관성있고 체계적으로 정립할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. For preliminary diagnosis on current fishing ground environment and basic information for establishment of effective and rational management policy in fisheries resources protection area, water and sediment quality and changes of total area in the 10 marine protection areas designated for fisheries resources management in Korea were assessed. Results showed that environmental quality in these areas has been degraded by pollution sources, coastal utilization and development stress, etc. The pattern and degree of contamination differed by protection areas, suggesting that it is necessary for optimum environmental management plan considering the regional characteristics. The total designated area of protection areas in 2003 changed by $-22.9{\sim}2.4%$, on average -6.4%, compared with the first year of designation; Wando-Doam Bay showd the highest increase rate (2.4%), and Hansan Bay has the highest decrease rate (-22.9%) Decrease rate of land and sea in total area showd 6.1% and 6.6%. An integrated management of environmental data in protection areas is required for systematic assessment. Therefore, the suitable environmental and information management is needed specifically considering the environment characteristics such as development and utilization conditions of land and sea area Furthermore, bemuse urbanization and industrialization threats the junctions of the protection areas, authorized ministry (MIFAFF) should develope and establish monitoring and management procedures based on the related laws.

연안해역의 환경변화에 따른 저차 생태계 Pulsing Simulation 예비 진단

이대인 ( Dae In Lee ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2012 환경영향평가 Vol.21 No.3

In general, long-term changes of ecological factors take a pulse form in which they interact with other factors and go through a repeated increasing and decreasing cycle. The coupling of the two approaches the grid model and the box model in ecological modeling can lead to an in-depth understanding of the environment. The study analyzes temporal variations of major storages with an energy system model that formulizes effectively the relationships among nutrients, phytoplankton, and zooplankton in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. An increase of light intensity and standing stock of nutrient increase the magnitude and frequency of pulsing. Also, an immense reduction of nutrient concentration can cause extinction of the pulsing and bring about a steady state. It is concluded that the nutrient loads in freshwater discharge from the Yangtze affect the cycles of major ecological components as well as water quality variables and play an important role in the marine ecosystem.

황해 및 동중국해의 수질예측과 응답성 평가

이대인 ( Dae In Lee ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2012 환경영향평가 Vol.21 No.3

In order to evaluate and predict the environmental impact of the low-trophic-level ecosystem to environmental changes in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, an ecological modelling study was undertaken. Simulation results of average distribution patterns and concentrations of water quality factors during the summer by the model were acceptable. Phytoplankton and remineralization rate of organic matter were very important parameters by a sensitivity analysis. Water quality factors showed high values in the estuary of the Yangtze River and in the West and South Sea of Korea and low values in the central area of the Yellow Sea. There is a plume of high values, especially nutrients, off the mouth of the Yangtze that expands or contracts with changes in the discharge strength. Characteristics of responses of water quality factors vary for different scenarios of environmental change, such as land-based pollution sources and atmospheric forcing. It is suggested that changes of light intensity, discharges of input sources, and wind play an important role in the marine ecosystem.

복강경 위절제술과 개복 위절제술을 유사한 시기에 수술자로서 경험한 외과 전문의의 수술 결과 및 생존율

이대상 ( Dae Sang Lee ),이승수 ( Seung Soo Lee ),류승완 ( Seung Wan Ryu ),김인호 ( In Ho Kim ),손수상 ( Soo Sang Sohn ) 대한임상종양학회 2011 Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology Vol.7 No.1

목적: 지금까지 복강경 위절제술과 개복 위절제술을 비교한 연구들은 개복 위절제술의 경험이 풍부한 상태에서 복강경 위절제술을 시작한 수술자에 대한 보고이거나, 수술자의 경험에 대한 언급이 없는 경우가 많았다. 본 연구에서는 개복 위절제술과 복강경 위절제술을 유사한 시기에 시작한 한 수술자에서, 각각에 대한 수술 성적을 확인했다. 대상 및 방법: 본원의 한 외과의는 2004년부터 위암환자의 복강경 보조 원위부 위절제술 및 개복 원위부 위아전절제술을 수술자로서 경험했다. 2004년부터 2009년까지 조기위암으로 복강경보조 원위부 위절제술을 받은 환자(LADG군)와 개복 원위부 위아전절제술을 받은 환자(ODG군)는 각각 160명과 76명 이었으며, 이들 두군간의 임상병리학적 특징, 수술 결과, 생존율을 분석했다. 결과: LADG군과 ODG군의 수술시간은 각각 250.6 ± 63.5분과 173.0 ± 45.8분이었으며(p<0.001), 출혈양은 각각 77.8 ± 135.0mL와 254.4 ± 158.1mL이었다(p<0.001). 절제된 림프절수는 LADG군은 49.0 ± 17.3개, ODG군은 60.2 ± 24.2개로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 합병증은 LADG군과 ODG군에서 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 생존율은 각각 93.3%와 93.7%로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 개복 위절제술과 복강경 위절제술을 비슷한 시기에 수술자로서 경험한 외과의의 각각에 대한 수술 결과, 및 생존율은 다른 보고와 유사하였다. 개복 위절제술의 상대적으로 적은 경험때문에 복강경 위절제술을 주저할 필요는 없겠다. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and prognosis after laparoscopy assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) and open distal subtotal gastrectomy (ODG) by a surgeon who started his role as an operator for LADG and ODG contemporaneously. Materials and Methods: A surgeon started his role as an operator for LADG and ODG in late 2004 around the same time. Between September 2004 and August 2009, 236 patients with early gastric cancer underwent LADG (n = 160) or ODG (n = 76). The clinicopathological characteristics, surgical outcomes and survival were analyzed from the review of medical records. Result: The operation time was significantly longer in LADG group (p<0.001), and the amount of surgical bleeding was significantly smaller in LADG group (p<0.001). The numbers of retrieved lymph nodes were 49.0 °æ 17.3 in LADG group and 60.2 °æ 24.2 in ODG group (p<0.001). The rates of complications were not significantly different between two groups. Five-year overall survival of LADG group and ODG group were 93.3% and 93.7% respectively(p=0.665). Conclusion: For a surgeon who started the role as an operator for LADG and ODG contemporaneously, performing LADG was feasible and safe. The high level of expertise in ODG as an operator may not be an essential requirement for surgeons to start LADG.

광양만유역 점오염원의 오염부하량과 시간변동 특성

이대인(Dae In LEE),조현서(Hyeon Seo CHO),조천래(Chon Rae CHO),이정훈(Jeong Hoon LEE),강조해(Jo Hae KANG),최민호(Min Ho CHOI),김도희(Do Hee KIM),윤진숙(Jin Suk YOON) 전남대학교 수산과학연구소 2004 수산과학연구소논문집 Vol.13 No.-

Temporal and spatial characteristics of pollutant loads from the various pollution sources in Kwangyang Bay were evaluated. Total discharging loadings of BOD, TN, and TP by unit loading estimation were 11,524 ㎏/day, 11,536 ㎏/day, and 827 ㎏/day, respectively, and were mainly affected by the industrial and population sources. The Yeosu and Kwangyang cities as administrative district had the highest pollutant loads. Flow rate ranges from about 30-4,406,400 ㎥/day in December to 240-35,337,600 ㎥/day in August with a flow rate of PS27 (the Seomjin River) as the highest one. Total COD, TN, and TP loadings in August were about 89,915 ㎏/day, 2,077,845 ㎏/day, and 50,123 ㎏/day, respectively, which exceeded those of December. Especially, of input sources, the Seomjin river had the most pollutant loads. Wastewater discharging loads from the water treatment facilities was the greatest contributors to pollutant loads in the inner part of Kwangyang Bay. Point sources located in south-western part of the bay showed high concentration in heavy metals distribution. Seasonal variations of pollutant loads were related to the changes of flow rate, those were increased rapidly on August, 2004. For the improvement of water quality in this area, pollutant loads were reduced within the limits of the environmental capacity.

진해만 서부해역의 하계 환경특성 연구 -수질 및 저질의 공간적 변동-

이대인 ( Lee Dae In ),조현서 ( Jo Hyeon Seo ),이문옥 ( Lee Mun Og ) 한국물환경학회 2003 한국물환경학회지 Vol.19 No.6

A study on the pollution level and spatial characteristics of water quality and sediment environment of the western Chinhae Bay in summer that is famous for shellfish culture grounds was carried out August 1999. Dissolved oxygen was hypersaturated at surface layer resulting from photosynthesis by phytoplankton, but oxygen deficiency or anoxic water mass by bulk decomposion of organic matters appeared at bottom layer. Chemical oxygen demand exceeded seawater quality criteria Ⅱ, and dissolved form was dominated in organic carbon, Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in surface layer were relatively low compared to the bottom layer due to uptake of phytoplankton. By Redfield ratio, the limiting factor for algal growth was nitrogen. The range of Chl. a was 4.83-24.94㎎/㎡. The Chl. a in inner bay and the west part of Kajodo represented very high valures that exceeded possibility concentration of red tide outbreak. H₂S and COD values in sediment were very hi9호. This means that sediment was severely poluted by organic matters. In summary, the organic matters caused by aquatic organisms in water column exist in abundance, which increase nutrients by remineralization of sinking organics. Dissolved oxygen is rapidly consumed, and ultimately sediment environment is getting worse. This situation is more serious in the west part of Kajodo. For water quality management, effective countermeasures such as appropriate aquaculture density by estimation of carrying capacity and reduction of pollutants from polluted sediment are necessary.

뇌혈관 질환의 진단에서 Conventional 2D, 3D DSA와 4D DSA의 비교에 관한 연구

이대로(LEE dae ro),이훈민(LEE hoon min),김영진(KIM young jin),최인호(CHOI in ho),채수영(CHEA soo young),박계연(PARK gye yeon) 대한인터벤션영상기술학회 2018 대한인터벤션영상기술학회지 Vol.21 No.1

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌혈관 질환의 진단 및 치료 계획 수립에 있어 병변 부위의 형태와 공간적인 표현 정도를 2D, 3D DSA(Digital subtraction angiography)와 4D DSA(Time-resolved 3D rotation angiography)로 평가하여 진단 정보의 유용성을 비교하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 검사 장비는 본원에서 사용 중인 Siemens 사의 Artis ZEE biplane과 Syngo X workstation, Infinity PACS를 사용하였다. 검사 대상으로 2017년 5월부터 2018년 3월 까지 시행한 뇌동정맥 기형(Arteriovenous malformation; AVM), 경막동정맥루(Dural arteriovenous fistula; dAVF), Superficial temporal artery to Middle cerebral artery 혈관 우회 수술(STA-MCA bypass) 후 추적 검사 환자 24명 (남자:11명, 여자:13명 평균나이 44세)으로 하였다. 환자는 2D DSA와 4D DSA를 이용하여 영상을 획득하였고 4D DSA영상을 재구성하여 3D 영상으로 만들고, 본원의 영상의학과 신경중재시술 전문의 1명과 신경중재시술 경력 10년 이상의 방사선사 1명이 평가하였다. 실험의 유의성 평가를 위해 SPSS(v25)의 정규성 검정과 비모수 검정을 실시하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 뇌혈관 질환의 진단적 정보는 2D, 3D DSA검사의 평균이 4D DSA검사 보다 높게 나타났지만 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. (p>.588) 결론 : 본 연구에서 2D, 3D DSA 검사와 4D DSA 검사의 진단적 정보는 대체로 동일 하다고 나타났다. 혈관이 복잡하게 겹치거나 혈관으로 빠르게 조영제가 주입되면 2D, 3D DSA는 시각화 하기 어렵기 때문에 여러 각도에서 검사를 해야 한다. 4D DSA는 시간적 정보를 모든 각도에서 제공하기 때문에 이러한 문제의 해결책으로 사용할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphology and vascular architecture of the lesion site in the diagnosis and treatment planning of cerebrovascular disease by 2D, 3D DSA (Digital subtraction angiography) and 4D DSA (Time-resolved 3D rotation angiography) And to compare their usefulness. Subjects and Methods : The test equipment was the Siemens Artis ZEE biplane, Syngo X workstation, and Infinity PACS. Twenty-four patients were involved in this study from May, 2017 to March, 2018. The patients were 24 patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation, dural arteriovenous fistula, and superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass graft Follow-up. They had an Angiographic exploration with both 4D DSA and 2D DSA. 4D DSA images were reconstructed into 3D images. One radiologist and two radiological technologists with at least 10 years of experience in nerve intervention were evaluated. In order to evaluate the significance of the experiment, the SPSS v25 correspondence Normality test and Non-parametric statistical test were performed. Result : Diagnostic data of cerebrovascular disease showed that the mean of 2D and 3D DSA was higher than 4D DSA test, but there was no statistically significant difference. (p>.588) Conclusion : In this study, 4D DSA reconstructions was largely equivalent to that of the combined 2D, 3D DSA studies.