애착이론과 측정

이경숙 漢陽大學校 精神健康硏究 1997 精神健康硏究 Vol.16 No.-

世界 暴力抑制에 관련된 規範의 轉換에 관한 硏究 : 經驗的 分析 An Empirical Analysis

李慶淑 淑明女子大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

The main purpose of this paper is to empirically describe the transformations in the attitudes toward norms relating to the control of global violence from 1816 to 1965. Through the univariate time series analysis, a number of empirical propositions for beliefs about norms relevant to the control of international war have been found. The summary of the major empirical findings is as follows: (Ⅰ) There has been the long-term secular trend toward the forbidding of war as a legitimate tool of foreign policy: the international legal culture has moved from the attitude which accepted war as an instrument of national policy for the redress of gievances to those which rejected war as a means of resolving international conficts. (Ⅱ) (1) The international legal culture showed a continuity in the nineteenth century in regard to a weak emphasis placed on the norms relevent to the justice of the causes of war as a method of limiting global violence. However, in the twentieth century it is evident that there is the long-term increasing interest in the rules regarding the just causes of war. (2) The ust war norm is positively correlated with the legality of war; that is, the more the international system emphasizes the just causes of war to its members, the more the international legal culturetends to stress upon the legality of war. (3) Since World War Ⅱ there has been a strong tendency to emphasize the rules concerning the just war as a means of regulating the use of force. (Ⅲ) (1) In the period between 1816 and 1910, the international system accepted neutrality a as a status, but since the early twentieth century the international legal culture has shown declining interest in neutrality as a means of mitigating international violence in space. (2) The importance of the rules regarding neutrality is netgatively correlated with the importance of the rules concerning the just causes of war; as the international system places its emphasis on the justice of the causes of war, the rules relevant to neutrality have become less important. (3) The norms regarding neutrality have been perceived as most important during the periods when has been perceived as a legitimate from of national behavior. (Ⅳ) (1) The international legal culture pays long-term increased attention to pacific methods of dispute settlement from 1816 to 1965. (2) The international legal culture shows short-term cycles with regard to the importance of amicable methods of dispute settlement; the cycles have approximately 30-ye-ar time spans. (3) The modes of pacific settlement of international disputes were perceived most improtant during the periods from 1850 and 1860 and from 1920 to 1940. (4) When the internation system permits war as normal instrument of national policy, the international legal culture is inattentive to pacific means of dispute settlement. (Ⅴ) (1) The international legal culture shows the long-term declining interest in the importance of focible non-war methods of dispute settlement from 1816 to 1965. (2) While the beliefs about the importance of forcible methods short of war for the solution of disputes were fluctuated widely during the nineteenth century, they have been relatively stable during the twentieth century. (3) The perceived importance of forcible non-war modes of dispute settlement was highest in the post-Napoleonic era and the period from 1850 to 1870. (4) Contrary to the impressions conveyed by the conventional literature, forcible non-war method have been perceived less important as time has gone from 1816 to 1965. (5) The international legal culture has shown less interest in forcible non-war methods of dispute settlement as pacific means have been perceived more important for the settlement of international disputes.

In Vitro법에 의한 식이섬유의 혐기적 발효 및 수화 잔여물의 무게

이경숙,이서래 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1995 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.6 No.-

This study was conducted in order to establish an in pitro method simulating the physiological function of fibers along the large intestine of humans. Commercial fibers including guar gum, apple pectin, citrus pectin, CM-cellulose, alginic acid and a-cellulose, and dietary fiber residues obtained from rice bran, barely, soybean, Korean cabbage, apple, tangerine and sea mustard were employed to determine the water-holding capacity, weight of hydrated residue and fiber content agter anaerobic fermentation using human fecal inoculum for 24 hours, followed by dialysis under osmotic suction pressure. The weight of hydrated residue in commercial fibers was in the decreading order of CM-cellulose>alginic acid, a-cellulose>apple pectin, citrus pectin>guar gumand that in food fiber residues was in the decreasing order of rice bran, sea mustard>soybean>tangerine, Korean cabbage>barely>apple. It was demonstrated that the larger the weight of hydrated residue was, the more the weight of human stool increased. Consequently this in pitro method can be used as a preceeding test before undertaking animal or human experiment to predict the physiological effects of fiver residues from diverse food samples as well as commercially refined fibers.

In Vitro법에 의한 식이섬유의 포도당 및 담즙산 흡수 지연 효과

이경숙,이서래 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1996 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.7 No.-

In order to anticipate the physiological function of dietary fibers, glucose and bile acid retarding effects were experimented by using in vitro methods based on dialysis for commerical fibers and dietary fiber residue of food samples. The glucose retarding effect in commercial fibers increased in the order of alginic acid, guar gum, CM-cellulose, citrus pectin>apple pectin>a-cellulose and the effect in food fider residues increased in the order of sea mustard >Korean cabbage, apple>rice bran, barley, soybean, and tangerine. The bile acid retarding effect in commerical fibers increased in the order of citrus pectin, guar gum>CM-cellulose, alginic acid>apple pectin>a-cellulose and the effect in food fiber residues increased in the order of barley, rice bran>sea mustard>tangerine>Korean cabbage, soybean>apple. The higher the retarding effect of glucose movement through the dialysis membrane, the more effective the control of the human blood glucose level. As the retarding effect of bile acid movement across the dialysis membrane increased, the human serum cholesterol level correspondingly reduced. Consequently these in vitro methods can be used as a preceding test before undertaking animal and human experiments to predict the physioloical effects of fiber residues from diverse food samples as well as commercially refined fibers.

학령전기 아동의 심적 표상 : ASSOCIATION WITH PARENTAL MENTAL REPRESENTATION 부모에 대한 심적 표상과의 관계를 중심으로

이혜란,신의진,이경숙 대한소아ㆍ청소년정신의학회 1999 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.10 No.1

국내산 식물성 식품중 식이섬유 함량의 분석

이경숙,이서래 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1993 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.4 No.-

국내산 식물성 식품중 식이섬유의 급원 54가지 시료에 대하여 섬유질 함량을 AOAC법에 의해 분석하였다. 신선물 기준시 식이섬유 및 조섬유 함량은 각각 곡류 1.19~10.35%, 0.19~1.28%, 감자류 1.12~1.81%, 0.29~0.64%, 두류 2.05~18.14%, 0.38~11.05%, 신선채소류 0.99~7.42%, 0.35~2.61%, 가공채소류 2.28~41.14%, 0.97%~20.96%, 과일류 0.19~2.91%, 0.10~0.79%, 견과종실류 4.27%~10.83%, 0.96%~4.62%, 버섯류 1.62~3.94%, 0.79%~0.89%, 해조류 28.70~38.19%, 2.17%~6.41%, 조미료류 4.65%~6.67%, 2.49%~3.44%였다. 식이섬유/조섬유 비율은 2~13으로서 식품 종류간의 차이가 크게 나타나, 대개 식품에 대한 식이섬유 함량의 분석을 필요로 한다. Total dietary fiber and crube fiber contents were analyzed for 54 different kinds of Korean vegetable foods by AOAC method. On the fresh matter basis, total dietary fiber and crube fiber contents of tested food samples ranged from 1.19~10.35%, 0.19~1.28% in cereals, 1.12~1.81%, 0.29~0.64% in potatoes, 2.05~18.14%, 0.38~4.42% in pulses, 0.99~7.42%, 0.35~2.61% in fresh vegetables, 2.28~41.14%, 0.97%~20.96% in processed begetables, 0.19~2.91%, 0.10~0.79% in fruits, 4.27%~10.83%, 0.96%~4.62% in nuts and seeds, 1.62%~3.94%, 0.79%~0.89% in mushrooms, 28.70%~38.19%, 2.17%~6.41% in seaweeds, and 4.65%~6.67%, 2.49%~3.44% in seasonings, respectively. The ratio of total dietary fiber/crude fiber contents ranged from 2 to 13, showing a wide variation among food commodities, necessitating the analysis of total dietary fiber content for individual food items.

학령기 아동들의 부모에 대한 애착관계가 거부민감성 및 또래 관계에 미치는 영향

이경숙,서수정,신의진 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2000 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.11 No.1

요약 : 본 연구는 영유아기에 부모와의 애착에서 형성된 내적작동모델의 안정성과 불안정성이 학령기에 들어서 아동들이 사회적 상황에서 경험하는 타인들의 거부에 대한 민감성, 또래 관계에서의 수용, 거부와 관련이 있는가를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 초등학교 5, 6학년 아동 218명이었으며, 측정도구로는 부모와의 애착 관계 측정도구, 거부민감성 질문지, 또래 관계 사회측정법이 사용되었다. 연구결과 부모와 안정적인 애착 관계를 형성한 아동들은 거부민감성의 하위척도인 불안, 분노, 신념, 심리적반응 모두에서 부모와 불안정한 애착 관계를 형성한 아동에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 또한 또래 관계에서 수용되는 아동들은 거부당하는 아동들보다 부모와의 애착 관계 척도에서 점수가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 부모와 불안정한 애착 관계를 형성한 아동들은 거부민감성이 증가하여 타인과의 관계에서 자신이 거부당했다고 더 쉽게 지각하고 불안과 분노를 더 느끼고 과잉 반응함으로써 심리적 안정감이 감소되는 것으로 나타났다 또한 부모와 형성한 안정적인 애착 관계는 대인관계에 대한 긍정적 경험을 제공함으로써 아동 자신에 대한 긍정적인 관점을 갖게 되고 따라서 또래로부터 긍정적인 반응을 이끌어내어 실제 대인 관계에서 수용되는 것으로 생각된다. This study aims to reveal whether attachment relationship with parents can differ from children being accepted and rejected in peer relations, and whether children's rejection sensitivity can differ from children having secure and insecure attachment relationship with parents. Subjects were 218 students in fifth and sixth grade of primary school. Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment(IPPA), Children's Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire(CRSQ, and peer relation sociometrics were used as measurements. The results showed that children in secure attachment with parents had lower scores on the subscales of CRSQ, such as anxiety, anger, belief, and psychological reaction, than children in insure attachment relationship with parents. And IPPA scores were higher in children being accepted in peer relation than children being rejected. These results can be considered that early attachment relationship with parents may influence children's rejection sensitivity and peer relation. KEY WORBS : School-age children · Parents · Attachment relationship Internal working model · Rejection sensitivity Peer relation.

반응성 애착장애아와 발달성 언어장애아의 의사소통 의도 비교 연구

이경숙,이호분,신정현,노경선,임연화 대한소아ㆍ청소년정신의학회 1997 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.8 No.2

中國의 女性政策과 女性의 政策決定參與

李慶淑 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성문제연구소 1989 亞細亞女性硏究叢書 Vol.1 No.-

In the last 10 years since 'socialist modernization' began in December 1978 when the third plenum of the Central Committee of the eleventh Party Congress was held, there have been many abrut changes made in almost every aspect of life-political, social, economic, cultural, military and so on. Much researches have been done on these changes, however, few studies of the effects of economic reforms on women can be found. Thus, the objectives of this article are two-fold:First we explore Chinese policies toward women by tracing the evolution of policies especially focusing on an era of 'socialist modernization'. Second we examine the degree to which chinese women are participated in the policy making process. The most important goal of the policies on women has been to mobilize women to participate in goverment-sponsored political campaings, rather than to reoresent the interests of women to the goverment. Therefore, the main hypothesis of this study is that the policies on women and the degree to which women are participated in policy making process vary according to the strategies of the leaders for thr national policy, especially economic policy. Examining the evolution of the policy on women at each stage the role of women tends to be emphasized during the mass mobilization campaings and it is deemphasized during the periods of economic development or social comstruction. What are the effects of the economic reforms on women? Beginning in 1978, economic reforms began to restructure the lives of women. In the countryside, agriculture was decollectivized and production was reorganized with households as the basic unit. These new policies increased women's opportunities to earn income, but also placed their labor firmly under the control of the head of household rather than the collective, reinforcing familial authority. In the cities, industrial enterprises were given expanded powers to hire and fire, and were made responsible for their own profits and losses. They prefer to hire men rather than women, who were considered unreliable workers because of their responsibilities in the home. The discrimination against women also occured in promotion as well as in retirement age. Of all the policies introduced since 1978, one of the most momentous and far-reaching in its implications for women in the family and in society is the single or one-child family progeamme. The rate of popualtion growth mandated an increasingly strict family planning policy. The traditional preference for sons put intolerable pressure upon women;those who bore daughters were often abused, girl babies were sometimes killed or abandoned. In order to see how these effects of the economic reforms are reflected on the representation of women in policy making proecss we examined the number of women in the Standing Committee of Politburo, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the National People's Congress. We found out that from eighth to thirteenth Party Congress there has no woman member in the Standing Committee of Politburo, the most powerful decision-making organ in China. In the Politburo, an organ partially making decisions and discussing impotant issues, two women, Chiang Ching and Yeh Chun were elected as regular members at the ninth Party Congress and Chiang Ching was reelected as a regular member and We Guixian as an alternate member atathe tenth Party Congerss. Chen Maohua was elected as an alternetr member at the eleventh party Congress who has a right to participate but no right to vote. Deng Yingchao was elected as a regular member at the third plenum of the Central Committee of the twelfth Party Congress. Chen Maohua was seleected as an alternete member atathe twelfth Party Congress.There was no woman member at the thirteenth Party Congress. In the Central Committee, the highest reprerentation of women was 12.9%. But during the period of social recinstruction or economic development, the representation of women was around 4∼5% as we can see from the 8th, the 12th and the 13th Party Congress. In the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, women's representation has been around 20% since the Cultural Revolution. But the reoresentation of women in the Standing Committee of the NPC was droppedd to 10% since the end of the Cultural Revolution and the beginning of 'socialist modernization' plan. In cinclusion, the degree to which women are represented in the policy making process is very low. and even in the symbolic organ such as the NPC, the government does not give a priority on womwn's representation when economic development is emphasized. As long as the number of women in the making of the national policy is decided by the Communist Party and the role of women representation is to mobilize women to support the national policy, but not to represent the status and interest of women, the policies on Chinese women can not be made or implimented for women themselves and the discrimination against women will be existed and the revolution for women's liberation must be postponed.

류마티스 관절염ㆍ루프스ㆍ섬유조직염 환자의 피로 양상 비교

이경숙,송경자,이은옥 대한류마티스 건강전문학회 2000 근관절건강학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Almost all patients with rheumatic disease experience fatigue. The fatigue affects the patient's life extensively at home and at work, therefore it is necessary to investigate the nature of the fatigue which the patients perceive. The purpose of this study is to explore the nature and pattern of fatigue of the patients with rheumatic diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis is typical disease for its joint involvement which leads to deformity. Whereas lupus is a characteristic systemic autoimmune disease and the flbromyalgia is characterized by the general bodyache and multiple local tenderness. The prevalence of these diseases and the fatigue was known to be higher in women than men. Therefore the subjects were woman patient diagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or fibromyalgia, and they were recruited from the H-Rheumatic Disease Hospital. The two instruments, the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue by Belza(1995) and the Piper Fatigue Scale by Piper, et al(1995) were used to explore the nature and pattern of self-reported fatigue. In total, the data from 157 patients were analysed by the SPSS-PC program for statistical analysis. The results were as follows : 1. Most patients with rheumatic disease experienced fatigue and the degree of fatigue was at the middle range by the scores of the two instruments. 2. The degree of fatigue of the patients with fibromyalgia was the highest and the next was that of the patients with lupus and the fatigue of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. But there were no statistically significant differences among the patients with three rheumatic diseases, except the subcategory, the meaning of fatigue of the Piper Fatigue Scale. 3. Even when the period of the symptom and pain were covariated, there were no statistically significant differences among patients with three rheumatic diseases. The fatigue of the patients with lupus and fibromyalgia is rarely investigated in Korea and this study can be the base for the further understanding of the patients with rheumatic diseases. Therefore repeated studies are required to identify the factors to affect the fatigue and to understanding the nature of the diseases and to develop the nursing interventions to alleviate the fatigue.