地方自治團體의 財政權에 관한 硏究

이경석 釜山大學校 1991 국내석사

철도노반 강성 증진을 위한 고밀도 우레탄 적용성 연구

이경석 서울과학기술대학교 2024 국내박사

제 목 : 철도노반 강성 증진을 위한 고밀도 우레탄 적용성 연구 국내 도로 및 철도 분야의 경우, 지반 상태에 따라 지속적으로 침하가 발생 함에도 불구하고, 운행중인 포장체 하부 지반을 보수 및 보강·복원하기 위한 근본적인 해결책이 전문한 상태이다. 특히, 철도 경우에는 지반의 연약화와 관계된 침하에 대한 근본적인 보강 없이 주로 궤도만을 인상시키는 방법이 사용되고 있어 궤도 구조물의 심각한 손상이 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 그리고 지반침하로 인한 구조물의 손상 또는 변형 또한 지반의 보강을 동반하지 않은 상태에서 단순 복원을 통한 보수는 구조물의 내구성에 심각한 손상을 입혀 장기적 안정성에 문제를 야기시킬 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 고밀도 우레탄을 변위와 침하가 발생한 연약화된 철 도노반에 직접 주입하여 노반 보강 및 복원을 실시하였다. 채움재로서의 물리적 특성을 고찰하기 위하여 정·동적 실내시험을 수행하 였다. 일축압축강도 시험을 통하여 충분한 내구성을 확인하였으며, 반복재하시 험을 통하여 공진현상 발생 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 수치해석을 수행하여 채움재의 주입 위치를 고려할 수 있게 되었다. 한편, 실물 크기의 노반을 조성하여 실대형시험을 실시하였다. 매우 연약한 노반으로 조성하였으며, 고밀도 우레탄 주입 후 노반 보강 및 복원을 확인하 였다. 그 결과 노반의 강성이 증진되었으며, 조성 직후의 Level로 복원되었다. 지속적으로 침하가 발생하고 있는 콘크리트궤도로 부설된 접속부 구간에서 고밀도 우레탄을 활용하여 노반 보강 및 복원을 실시하였다. 노반의 연약대에 고밀도 우레탄을 주입하여 근본적인 노반 보강을 수행하여, 당초 계획한 목표 Level까지 복원되었다. 위와 같이, 콘크리트궤도의 노반 보강 및 복원을 위한 방법으로 고밀도 우 레탄을 주입하는 방안이 철도 성토노반의 침하 문제를 해결할 수 있는 방법으 로 충분한 활용 가치가 있을 것으로 판단된다. On roads and railways, there isn't the fundamental solutions for repair, reinforcement and restoration of ground despite continued settlement. Without fundamental roadbed reinforcement, a method on impression of track is used. So serious damage to the track structure is occurring. Repair through simple restoration causes serious damage to the durability of railway structure. So it causes problems with long-term stability. In this paper, the high-density urethane was injected into a railway roadbed where displacement and settlement occurred, so the roadbed was reinforced and restored. The sufficient durability was confirmed through the compressive strength test, and the possibility of resonance phenomenon was confirmed through the repeated loading test. In addition, by performing numerical analysis, it became possible to determine the injection location of material. The very soft railway roadbed of full-size was created. Reinforcement and restoration of the roadbed were confirmed by injecting the material. As a result, the strength of roadbed was improved and the level of roadbed was restored.- 85 In addition, the high-density urethane was injected into the transition area constructed with concrete track where settlement was continuously occurring. The fundamental reinforcement of roadbed was performed by injecting the material into soft zone of Roadbed, and the desired level was restored. As such, the method of injecting high-density urethane to reinforce and restore the roadbed of concrete track is expected to be an alternative to solving the settlement problem of roadbed.

도로변 인구밀집지역의 교통 소음에 관한 연구

이경석 朝鮮大學校 産業大學院 1995 국내석사

This study was carried out measuring and analyzing the traffic noise at centering of Bongsun, Munheung and Weolgok Section where were the population massed zones by road side in Kwang Ju. From May 1993 to April 1995, In order to provide the basic data for the establishing efficiency and economical countermeasuring of traffic noise. The results were as follows ; 1. It was showed that the Equivalent Sound Level(Leq) of Bongsun Section approached 64dB(A) and that of Munheung and Weolgok Section was appeared highly 69 ~74dB(A) during day­time(06:00 - 22:00 ;environmental criteria of noise is 65dB(A)). Whereas, That of Bongsun Section exceeded environmental criteria of noise with 57dB(A) and that of Munheung and Weolgok Section exceeded greatly environmental criteria of noise with 67 -69dB(A) during night-time (22:00-06:00 ; environmental criteria of noise is 55dB(A)). 2. The Noise Pollution Level(L_(NP)) of Bongsun Section was 74dB(NP) and that of Munheung and Weolgok Section were 80dB(NP), 83dB(NP) during day­time(06:00-22:00). Also, That of Bongsun Section was 7ldB(NP) and that of Munheung and Weolgok Section was 82dB(NP) during night­time(22:00-06:00). In this place, We know that there was no big difference between day and night­time and it was showed highly in Munheung and Weolgok Section. 3. The Traffic Noise Index(TN1) of Bongsun Section was 65, that of Munheung 69 and that of Weolgok 80 during day­time and that of Bongsun was 72, that of Munheung 83 and that of Weolgok 85 during night-time. So, it was large variation between day and night­time and was showed highly in Munheung and Weolgok Section. Therefore, It got to damage for the daily living of the residance. 4. The correlationship between L_(NP)(X) and Leq(Y) were Y =0.8959X- 0.8970 (R^(2) =0.7959) during day-time and Y = 0.9231X-8.3333 (R^(2) =0.9082) during night­time. Correlation coefficient(r) were 0.8921 during day­time and 0.9530 during night­time. So, this data was indicated that traffic noise was the main source of city noise pollution. 5. When we opening the window, the traffic noise was affected seriously on our daily living according to the questionnaire about disturbing for living against the traffic noise. Especially, It was showed that the disturbance of listening phone was been 52%, T·V and Radio listening 50% and reading or thinking 71%. So, it was estimated that we need for the countermeasuring of traffic noise. The damage of traffic noise will be a serious problem, so the effective and economical countermeasuring of noise will be proceeded when we build up a large building or housing complex and it also need enlightenment activity in order to reduce the sound by improvement of how to drive.

생활지원사의 자기효능감이 서비스의 질에 미치는 영향 : 조직몰입, 임파워먼트 매개효과를 중심으로

이경석 서울시립대학교 일반대학원 2024 국내박사

Korean society is facing an aging population that is unprecedented worldwide. This rapid aging population has raised interest in social care for the elderly and has led to the demand for policies for elderly care at the national level. Accordingly, the state has come to provide elderly care services along with long-term care systems at the social insurance level. There were a total of 6 projects for elderly care services, and the system needed to be reorganized as they were implemented in segments and fragments according to the service target and type. In line with this, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has integrated and expanded into a customized care service project for the elderly for integrated care for the local community while covering an increasing number of elderly care targets. The elderly customized care service project, which provides services by integrating the existing six projects, not only expanded the target, but also promoted diversification and preventive care by providing customized services based on the concept of community integrated care and needs. This study targets life support workers who play a very important role in the elderly customized care service project. As it is thought that the ability of the life support worker, who is the direct service performer, will determine the success of the project in the delivery system of the customized care service for the elderly, it is intended to examine how the self-efficacy of the life support worker, which is a human resource, will affect the quality of service. One of the individual characteristics, one of individual characteristics, one of the individual characteristics of individual characteristics, and ultimately provide policies, and practice direction in improving service queries. This study collected data through a self-report questionnaire for 300 out of 115 living support workers working as living support workers at 115 organizations in 31 cities and counties in Gyeonggi-do, and used the response data of 259 out of the 289 finally recovered data for analysis. SPSS 28.0 and AMOS 28.0 were used to analyze them with a structural spinning model. The main research results are as follows. First, it was found that the self-efficacy of life support workers had a significant positive effect on the quality of service, and a significant positive effect on organizational commitment, but organizational commitment had a negative significant effect on the quality of service. Second, it was found that the self-efficacy of life support workers had a significant positive effect on empowerment, and the empowerment of life support workers had a significant positive effect on the quality of service. Third, it was found that the self-efficacy of life support workers did not affect the quality of service through organizational commitment. However, it was found that the self-efficacy of life support workers affected the quality of service through empowerment. As a result of the study according to the characteristics of the study subjects, it was found that more than half of married women in their 50s or older who had no work experience in elderly-related facilities with a high school diploma or higher and many living support workers who had more than three years of experience. However, it was found that those who were in poor economic conditions were employed at the economic level. As a result of the difference in the main variables according to the individual characteristics of the study subjects, the self-efficacy was relatively lower in the group of less than 3 million won per month and less than 3 million won and 5 million won or more than in the group of more than 5 million won. The perception of service quality was higher in women than in men. The perception of organizational commitment was higher with age and lower with younger age. In addition, the higher the educational background, the lower the perception of organizational commitment was, and the lower the educational background, the higher the perception of organizational commitment. The results of empowerment were relatively higher in women than men. Based on the above research results, the following theoretical, practical, and policy implications were derived. First, from a theoretical point of view, unlike the research results of other occupations (social workers, nurses, teachers, kindergarten teachers, nursing care workers, childcare teachers, clinical pathologists, public officials, hotel workers, service workers, etc.), the results of organizational commitment showed a negative influence relationship in the influence relationship between self-efficacy, organizational commitment, and the quality of service, and the mediating effect could not be verified. As a result, the hypothesis that "the self-efficacy of life support workers will affect the quality of service through organizational commitment" could not be supported. In addition, the higher the education level, the lower the perception of organizational commitment, and the younger the age, the lower the perception of organizational commitment. The rest of the results were supported by the results of previous studies. Second, from a practical point of view, it is thought that the organization that carries out the customized care service for the elderly should come up with various measures to increase the level of awareness of the life support workers' self-efficacy, empowerment, and organizational commitment by reflecting the degree of awareness of the major variables according to their individual characteristics. Given that raising the level of living support workers is crucial for the successful settlement of personalized care services for the elderly and the improvement of the quality of the business, it is thought that various measures through education, personnel management, and supervision should be discussed. In particular, it is necessary to find a way to improve the negative impact relationship between organizational commitment and service quality in consideration of the unique working patterns of life support workers. Third, from a policy point of view, in order to achieve the policy goals and successful settlement of the elderly customized care service project, it is necessary to supplement policies for central and regional institutions, local governments, performing institutions, and performing personnel in the delivery system so that the project can be carried out well from the perspective of community integrated care by reflecting the research results related to life supportors. It is necessary to provide a stable work type guarantee for performing personnel (life support workers, dedicated social workers), and to provide a system guarantee (dispatch of management personnel) to manage and operate dedicated personnel in the performing institution, and to prepare a training, support, and support system for living support workers in the central, metropolitan, and local governments. In light of what has been discussed so far, the self-efficacy of life support workers who directly provide personalized care services for the elderly has been identified as a factor affecting the quality of service, and the self-efficacy of life support workers has been identified as a meaningful factor in improving the quality of personalized care services for the elderly. Therefore, this study suggests that policy interventions that can improve the self-efficacy, organizational commitment, and empowerment of life support workers are required to improve the quality of service using the parameters of self-efficacy, organizational commitment, and empowerment of life support workers. 한국사회는 세계적으로 유례를 찾아보기 힘든 급속한 고령화를 맞이하고 있다. 이러한 급속한 고령화는 사회적 노인돌봄에 대한 관심을 높아지게 했고, 국가차원의 노인돌봄 정책을 요구하기에 이르렀다. 이에 따라 국가는 사회보험 차원의 장기요양제도와 함께 노인돌봄서비스를 제공하기에 이르렀다. 노인돌봄서비스는 총6개 사업으로 서비 스 대상, 유형에 따라 분절적, 파편적으로 시행되면서 제도의 개편이 필요하였다. 이에 맞춰 보건복지부는 늘어나는 노인돌봄대상을 포괄하면서 지역사회통합돌봄을 위해 노인맞춤돌봄서비스 사업으로 통합, 확장하여 도입하게 되었다. 기존 6개의 사업을 통합하여 서비스를 제공하는 노인맞춤돌봄서비스 사업은 대상을 확대하였을 뿐 아니라 지역사회통합돌봄의 개념과 욕구중심 맞춤형서비스 제공을 통해 다양화와 예방적 돌봄을 강화할 수 있도록 추진하였다. 본 연구는 노인맞춤돌봄서비스 사업에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 감당하는 생활지원사를 대상으로 한다. 노인맞춤돌봄서비스 사업 전달체계상 서비스 직접 수행자인 생활지원사의 능력이 사업수행의 성공을 좌우할 것으로 생각되어 인적자원인 생활지원사의 자기효능감이 서비스 질에 어떠한 영향을 미칠 것인가를 살펴보고자 한다. 개인의 특성 중 하나인 자기효능감이 서비스 질에 어떠한 영향을 미칠 것인가와 관련하여 조직몰입과 임파워먼트의 매개효과를 논의하고, 결국 서비스 질의 향상에 있어 정책적, 실천적 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 경기도 내 31개 시·군의 115개 수행기관에서 생활지원사로 근무하는 생활지원사 중 300명을 대상으로 구조화된 설문지를 배포, 수집하고 최종적으로 회수된 289명의 자료 중 259명의 응답자료를 분석에 사용하였다. IBM SPSS 28.0과 AMOS 28.0을 활용한 구조 방적식 모형으로 분석하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 생활지원사의 자기효능감은 서비스의 질에 직접적으로 유의한 정적인 영향을 미쳤고, 조직몰입에 유의한 정적인 영향을 미쳤으나, 조직몰입은 서비스의 질에 부적인 유의한 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 생활지원사의 자기효능감은 임파워먼트에 유의한 정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 생활지원사의 임파워먼트는 서비스의 질에 유의한 정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 생활지원사의 자기효능감은 조직몰입을 매개로 서비스의 질에 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 생활지원사의 자기효능감은 임파워먼트를 매개로 서비스의 질에는 영향을 미친 것으 로 나타났다. 연구대상자의 특성에 따른 연구결과 경기도 내에서 노인맞춤돌봄서비스 사업을 직접 수행하는 생활지원사의 근무 현황은 고졸이상의 학력을 가진 노인관련시설에서 근무경험이 없는 50대 이상의 기혼 여성들이 절반 이상이고 3년 이상된 생활지원사들이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 경제적 수준은 열악한 상황에 있는 분들이 종사하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구대상자의 개인적 특성에 따른 주요 변수의 차이 결과는 자기효능감은 월수입 300∼500만원 미만이 300만원 미만, 500만원 이상 그룹보다 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 서비스의 질에 대한 인식은 남성보다 여성이 더 높게 나타났다. 조직몰입에 대한 인식은 연령이 높을수록 더 높게 나타났고 젊을수록 더 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 조직몰입은 학력이 높을수록 더 낮게 나타났고, 학력이 낮을수록 조직몰입에 대한 인식은 더 높게 나타났다. 임파워먼트에 대한 결과는 남성보다 여성이 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과에 근거하여 아래와 같은 이론적, 실천적 그리고 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 첫째, 이론적 관점에서는 타 직군의 종사자(사회복지사, 간호사, 교사, 유치원교사, 요양보호사, 보육교사, 임상병리사, 공무원, 호텔 종사자, 서비스직 종사자 등)들에서의 연구결과와는 다르게 자기효능감-조직몰입-서비스의 질 간의 영향관계에서 조직몰입의 결과가 부정적 영향 관계를 보였으며, 매개효과를 검증할 수 없었다. 그 결과 ‘생활지원사 의 자기효능감은 조직몰입을 매개로 서비스의 질에 영향을 미칠 것이다.’ 라는 가설을 지지할 수 없었다. 또한 학력이 높을수록 조직몰입에 대한 인식은 낮았고, 연령이 젊을수록 조직몰입에 대한 인식이 낮았다. 나머지 결과들은 기존의 선행연구들의 결과가 지지되었다. 둘째, 실천적 관점에서는 노인맞춤돌봄서비스 사업 수행기관은 생활지원사들의 개인적 특성에 따른 주요변수에 대한 인식 정도를 잘 반영하여 생활지원사의 자기효능감과 임파워먼트 그리고 조직몰입에 대한 인식 수준을 높일 수 있는 다양한 방안들을 마련해야 할 것으로 생각된다. 노인맞춤돌봄서비스의 성공적인 정착과 사업의 질을 높이기 위해서는 생활지원사의 수준을 높이는 것이 매우 중요하다는 사실을 생각할 때 생활지원사 교육, 인사관리, 슈퍼비전 등을 통한 다양한 방안이 논의되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 특히 생활지원사의 독특한 근무형태를 감안하여 조직몰입과 서비스의 질 간의 부정적 영향관계를 개선할 수 있는 방안을 찾아야 할 것이다. 셋째, 정책적 관점에서는 노인맞춤돌봄서비스 사업의 성공적인 정착과 정책목표를 달성하기 위해서 생활지원사와 관련된 연구 결과들을 반영하여 지역사회통합돌봄의 관점에서 사업이 잘 수행될 수 있도 록 전달체계 상 중앙 및 광역기관과 지자체, 수행기관, 수행인력 등에 대한 정책보완이 요구된다. 수행인력(생활지원사, 전담사회복지사)의 안정적 근무형태 보장 제공이 필요하며, 수행기관에서 전담인력을 잘 관리, 운영할 수 있는 체계보장(관리인력파견)과 중앙과 광역 그리고 지자체에서의 생활지원사 훈련, 지원, 지지체계가 마련 등을 위한 관련제도 정비가 필요하다. 지금까지 논의된 내용에 비추어 볼 때, 노인맞춤돌봄서비스를 직접 제공하는 생활지원사의 자기효능감은 서비스 질에 영향을 주는 요인으로 확인되었으며, 생활지원사의 자기효능감은 노인맞춤돌봄서비스의 질을 향상시키는 의미가 있는 요인으로 확인되었다. 이에 본 연구는 생활지원사의 자기효능감과 조직몰입, 임파워먼트를 매개변수로 서비스의 질을 향상시키기 위해서는 생활지원사의 자기효능감과 조직 몰입, 임파워먼트를 향상시킬 수 있는 정책적 개입이 요구됨을 시사한다.

OFDMA 方式 高速 移動 通信 시스템에서 廣帶域 패킷 스케줄링

이경석 忠南大學校 2008 국내박사

Next generation mobile communication systems are expected to provide a wide range of multimedia services with variable QoS (Quality of Service). The major issues of the next generation systems are performance enhancement and efficient resource management. 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) is standardizing LTE (Long Term Evolution), which is a framework for the evolution of the 3GPP radio access technology such as HSDPA/HSUPA (High Speed Downlink/Uplink Packet Access). The target of LTE is to provide significantly higher data rates and the radio transmission is based on OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) for high spectrum efficiency and robust performance. The OFDMA divides a broadband wireless channel into a number of subcarriers that are transmitted simultaneously. Hence, the OFDMA has a potential for efficient handling of broadband radio resources since subcarriers can be dynamically assigned to different users. In order to employ the OFDMA to next generation systems, the wireless system requires the channel state information of entire system bandwidth to allocate downlink resources in time varying broadband channel. However, the OFDMA/FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) system needs much signaling overheads for mobile stations to feedback the information to the packet scheduler which is located in the base station. Therefore, an efficient CQI (Channel Quality Information) report mechanism should be considered to reduce the extensive signaling overhead in a fast moving environment. In addition, the performance of a mobile system heavily depends upon packet scheduling and the frequency domain packet scheduling is needed to increase system throughput by exploiting multi-user diversity and frequency-selectivity. The allocation of subcarriers should consider not only throughput performance but also fair allocation among mobile stations. Also, the complexity of scheduling algorithm should be lessened to manage a large number of mobile stations since the packet scheduler takes into account much information, such as wireless channel state, buffer status, and QoS requirement. This paper proposes the Multi-Level feedback scheme for the efficient report of channel state information. Furthermore, the paper proposes the OPF (OFDMA Proportional Fair) packet scheduling for the sub-optimal resource allocation scheme which guarantees proportional fairness with reduced complexity. Proposed Multi-Level feedback scheme continuously measures downlink channel state and averages over multiple time slots for reporting. Each channel state per subband is quantized into a discrete value LMCS which designates the possible MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) level. Then, the scheme merges the channel state information of adjacent subbands at each reporting time to reduce the size for reporting. The procedure is divided into the frequency domain merging and the Multi-Level mapping. The frequency domain merging compares the channel quality of adjacent subbands and merges it into one MCS level when the difference between adjacent subbands is lower than a certain threshold. The Multi-Level mapping transforms channel state information into indicators which is composed of 2bit per subband. Then, the channel information is reported to the base station for packet scheduling. Proposed OPF packet scheduling algorithm is based on the conventional Proportional Fair scheduling and the paper extends the scheme for throughput performance and proportional fairness on OFDMA systems. Firstly, the paper redefines the instantaneous channel state into which is the sum of the channel state of selected subbands. Secondly, a weighted variable which represents the delay of incoming data is added for QoS. Then, the algorithm selects mobiles according to the priority function and resource allocation is done by using the ratio of the proportional fairness. In addition, the moving average per user is calculated once per scheduling period to update the average value Rk (t). For comparison, a system-level simulation approach is used and it assumes an OFDMA/FDD system which has 10 MHz channel bandwidth. The channel model is based on SCME (Spatial Channel Model Extended). The simulation result shows that the proposed Multi-Level feedback scheme reduces signaling overheads up to 73% compared to the full CQI feedback scheme. In addition, the scheme gives the best throughput performance among partial CQI feedback schemes. Also, the proposed OPF packet scheduling follows proportional fair throughput with reduced complexity which is similar to the complexity of the single carrier packet scheduling algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm increases system performance by efficiently utilizing the frequency diversity. 본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다. 제2장은 먼저 이동 통신 시스템에서 통신 매개체로 사용하는 무선 채널의 특성에 대하여 정리한다. 그리고, OFDMA 방식을 사용하는 광대역 이동 통신의 개요를 설명하기 위하여, 3GPP에서 차세대 이동 통신 규격으로 개발 중인 LTE 시스템의 무선 전송 구조 및 무선 자원 구조에 대하여 기술한다. 또한, 광대역 이동 통신 시스템의 무선 채널 상태 개념 및 채널 상태 보고 기술에 대하여 정리하고, 이와 관련된 연구 동향에 대하여 기술한다. 이와 함께, 광대역 이동 통신 시스템에서 필요한 패킷 스케줄링의 기능과 대표적인 패킷 스케줄링 알고리즘의 연구 동향에 대하여 기술한다. 제3장에서는 본 논문에서 제안한 무선 채널 상태 보고 방식 및 광대역 패킷 스케줄링 알고리즘에 대하여 특징과 구조, 그리고 알고리즘의 절차에 대하여 구체적으로 기술한다. 제4장에서는 본 논문에서 제안한 무선 채널 상태 보고 방식 및 패킷 스케줄링 알고리즘의 성능을 시뮬레이션을 통하여 비교한 결과와 장단점을 기술하며, 마지막으로 제5장에서 결론을 정리한다.

Derived categories of surfaces isogenous to a higher product : 종수가 2이상인 대수곡선 2개의 곱공간을 덮개공간으로 갖는 대수곡면들의 유도된 범주이론

이경석 서울대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

Let $S=(C \times D)/G$ be a surface isogenous to a higher product of unmixed type with $p_g=q=0$. In this paper, we study exceptional sequences of line bundles on $S$. The orthogonal complements of the admissible subcategories generated by exceptional sequences of maximal length in the derived category of $S$ are quasiphantom categories. We compute the Hochschild cohomologies of the quasiphantom categories and prove that for some exceptional sequences we made the DG algebras of endomorphisms are deformation invariant. 이 논문에서 우리는 종수가 2이상인 대수곡선 2개의 곱공간을 덮개공간으로 갖는 기하종수가 0인 대수곡면들의 유도된 범주를 탐구한다. 이러한 대수곡면들 은 Bauer, Catanese, Grunewald에 의하여 분류되었다. 이러한 대수곡면의 유 도된 범주는 특이수열로 생성되는 범주와 이 범주와 수직인 범주로 나누어 질 수 있고 우리는 각각의 범주들을 공부함으로써 대수곡면의 유도된 범주이론에 대하여 탐구할 수 있다. 우리는 특이수열들과 수직인 범주들의 Hochschild 호 몰로지가 0이라는 것을 보였고 이를 통해 새로운 quasiphantom 범주들의 예를 만들어냈다. 또한 우리는 이러한 범주들의 Hochschild 코호몰로지와 대수곡면의 Hochschild 코호몰로지와의 관계를 탐구했고 특이수열로 생성되는 범주들 중 어 떤 것들은 곡면의 복소구조의 변형에 대하여 불변하다는 것을 보였다.

폐인쇄회로기판 재활용을 통한 유가금속 생산공정의 탄소배출 저감효과 분석

이경석 인하대학교 대학원 2025 국내석사

The Paris Agreement, adopted during COP21 in 2015, led to the declaration of a carbon-neutral goal by 2050. Globally, countries are announcing policies and plans to reduce average global temperatures by 1.5°C, and South Korea has also established and is implementing national greenhouse gas reduction targets to achieve carbon neutrality. This study responds to these global demands and aims to achieve carbon neutrality by comparing the carbon emissions of precious metal production processes through the recycling of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) with those of renewable production processes, analyzing the reduction effects. The study collected data using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) techniques and estimated the carbon emissions of precious metal production processes, leading to the following results. Data was gathered from the transportation process for incoming materials to the facility, sorting and crushing stages, and the transportation of materials to the smelting plant. For emissions occurring after the transportation stage to the smelting plant, emissions data for both the smelting process and the renewable production process were calculated using general data. The carbon emissions calculated using the collected data showed that the renewable production process emitted a total of 7,055,168 kgCO2. On the other hand, the carbon emissions from the production process via the recycling of waste PCBs amounted to 490,183 kgCO2. This resulted in a reduction of 6,564,985 kgCO2 in emissions compared to conventional processes. Based on these results, it can be predicted that recycling other waste electronic products, in addition to PCBs, could lead to significant carbon emissions reductions. Furthermore, ongoing technology development for the commercialization of recyclable metals extracted from printed circuit boards is expected to continue. As this technology spreads, it could serve as a valuable foundation for achieving carbon neutrality in the future. 2015년 COP21에서 협의한 파리협정문으로 인하여 2050년 탄소중립 선언이 발표되었다. 전 세계적으로 평균 온도 1.5도 감축을 위하여 정책과 계획을 발표하고 있으며, 우리나라 또한 탄소중립 달성을 위하여 국가 온실가스 감축 목표를 수립하고 수행하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 시대적 요구에 대응하고 탄소중립 정책을 달성하기 위하여 폐인쇄회로기판 재활용을 통한 유가금속 생산 공정의 탄소 배출량과 신재 생산 공정의 탄소 배출량을 비교하여 저감 효과를 분석하는 연구를 진행하였다. 전 과정 평가 기법을 활용하여 데이터를 수집하였고, 유가금속 생산 공정의 배출량 산정을 수행하여 다음과 같은 연구 결과를 도출하였다. 데이터는 사업장으로 입고되는 수송 과정과 선별 및 파쇄 단계, 제련업체로 수송되는 출고 단계까지의 현장 데이터를 수집하였다. 출고 수송 단계 이후 제련업체에서 발생하는 탄소 배출량과 신재 생산 공정은 일반 데이터를 사용하여 탄소 배출량을 계산하였다. 수집한 데이터를 사용하여 탄소 배출량을 산정해본 결과, 신재 생산 공정의 탄소 배출량은 총 7,055,168 kgCO₂가 발생하였다. 폐인쇄회로기판 재활용을 통한 생산 공정의 탄소 배출량은 490,183 kgCO₂가 발생하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 기존 대비 6,564,985 kgCO₂의 탄소 배출 저감 효과가 발생하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과를 통해 추후에는 폐인쇄회로기판뿐만 아니라 다른 폐 전기전자제품에서 재활용을 통한 탄소 배출량 감축이 가능하다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, 인쇄회로기판에서 추출되는 재활용 금속 기술 상용화를 위한 연구 개발이 진행되고 있으며, 지속적으로 확산된다면 탄소중립 달성을 위한 기초연구로서 활용 가치가 높을 것으로 예상된다.

有·無線 通信市場의 需要代替現象에 관한 實證分析

이경석 西江大學校 大學院 2001 국내석사

In most countries throughout the world, mobile telephones have grown to be an integral part of the public telecommunication network. At the beginning of 2001, there were more than 725 million mobile subscribers around the world, up from just 11 million in 1990. The average mobile penetration rate of OECD countries was 32.4 per 100 inhabitants (OECD, 2001). Mobile telephones already account for almost one-third of all telephone connections. It seems likely that in a few years the number of mobile telephone subscribers will surpass conventional fixed telephones or fixed line connections as the dominant form of telecommunications in the world. Thus, the potential for mobile telephones to become a substitute for, and directly compete with fixed telephones, has become evident. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of rapid growth in mobile telephones on the toll demand for traditional fixed telephones. In particular, we study whether or not mobile telephones are a substitute for fixed telephones by estimating the demand equations. The analysis is based on aggregate monthly time-series data collected in Korea over the period 1996 - 2001. The study shows that mobile telephone services are becoming a substitute for fixed telephones. Substitution effects between fixed and mobile telephones become predominant. The empirical findings of this paper are relevant to several important public policy issues.

스피노자의 『윤리학』에 나타난 인식과 자유

李慶錫 慶熙大學敎 大學院 2002 국내박사

In this essay I research the concept of Spinoza's human freedom and the relation between freedom and cognition. Spinoza defines freedom as causality of essence or nature. Freedom is existence and action by essence. And he conceive human essence as intellect. Then in him human freedom is the freedom of intellect. Freedom is not effect but cause. The human freedom is not the power of will but the power of intellect. It is the end of this essay to show how freedom is defined by the intellect, or how the intellect realize freedom. The intellect is the cognition of true knowledge. And the cognition is divided into true knowledge and untrue knowledge. Following Spinoza, true knowledge is adequate knowledge, and untrue knowledge is inadequate knowledge. Our question change into which cognition is related to freedom. Why the cognition of adequate knowledge realize freedom, and why the cognition of inadequate knowledge not? For the answer to this question it is necessary to know where the intellect realize freedom. It is in affects that the intellect is related to freedom. The affects is a place where the human freedom is realized to the power, and where the cognition produce to effect. The method of this essay is to appreciate the effects of various cognitions in affects. There is various kinds of knowledge. If we appreciate the effects of each cognition, then we can distinguish which cognition realize freedom, and we can find why this is so. For the appreciation of effects of each cognition in affects, we should know the relation between cognition and affects. In the first chapter of this essay we explain this relation following to Spinoza. By Spinoza's physiological explanation, cognition and affects are the ideas of affection of human body. But cognition express the constitution of the body, affects express changes of the power of existing of the body or the strive to preserve to its being. Whenever in the body the certain constitution of body happen, the power of existing of body is changed. Therefore cognition accompany with affects, but cognition is prior to affects, and, though not precise meaning of 'cause', cognition cause affects. Under this relation human freedom can be realized by cognition of true knowledge in affects. And from the classification of knowledge, adequate and inadequate, there follow the classification of affects, action and passion, and the classification of human state, freedom and servitude. Before we appreciate the relation between adequate cognition and freedom, we should appreciate the fall of inadequate cognition. For it is necessary that we recognize the limits of untrue knowledge. The inadequate cognition follow from imagination. For the imagination only indicate the effect, but not explain it through the cause. In the inadequate knowledge from imagination there are two kinds. The first of this two kinds is illusion. I treat illusion in the second chapter of this essay. The illusion is confusion of real object with imaginary object of idea. It follows from the ignorance of cause of thing. In this illusions there is the illusion that we image to act freely or without any cause. The cause of this illusion of freedom is the our ignorance of our own behavior. There is this illusion in the judgement of absence of causes from the ignorance of causes. the freedom from this illusion is the freedom of will. The free will is faculty for this freedom. Then the freedom of will or the free will is the product of illusion. By the illusion of freedom we are subordinated under the passion. Because we conceive our own as only cause of our behavior, we complicate with more strong passion, for example 'repentance'. Therefore the illusion of freedom is the obstacle for true freedom. In the chapter three of this essay I treat the second fall of imagination. It is universal notion. The universal notion is the notion formed by abstraction. It is inadequate, because the idea through abstraction do not agree with its object. The human freedom related to this universal notion is freedom as human end. We imagine universal man as perfect and as the model of human nature, and this model as end. We consider particular man as imperfect and as privation the properties the perfect man must has. The end is given us as prescript. The human nature is reason. One who is led by reason is the model of human nature. Following to Spinoza, it is free man. The reason dictate us to follow true good. Good is a mean to approach to model of human of nature. Therefore the faculty the idea of freedom as end has is the effects of the idea of good. How strong are the ideas of good and evil in affects? The ideas of good and evil are one sort of affects. The power of the idea of good and evil follow to the order of power of affects. Then an affect of good and evil can be restrained or taken away by an affect opposite to, and stronger then it. To us there are so many affects stronger then affects of good that force us not to follow to the dictate of reason. Therefore the idea of freedom as end is insufficient to arrive in human real freedom. Thus there is certain limit in the knowledge and the ideas of freedom from imagination. It is fault to define human freedom by free will or teleological cause. If one recognize freedom of will, then one must conceive region that isn't under the control of one law of Nature. And if one recognize final cause, then one must invert the order of causality of Nature. But not only in Spinoza' metaphysical system but also in our scientific view Nature have only one causal order. Therefore it is error that one recognize nither free will nor final cause. This recognition is only the product of ignorance of true cause. The human freedom defined as cause is the freedom of intellect. Only intellect has the power of mind and human potence realize human freedom. At intellect there are reason and intuition. Reason is the cognition of true cause, intuition is the cognition of essence of thing. In chapter four of this essay I treat reason and the effect of reason in affects. The cognition of cause is acquired through the common notion. The common notion is only one foundation of adequate knowledge in experience. It is evidence of agreement of our nature with external things. Therefore through the common notion we can transform the effects of external thing into the internal constitution of our nature. Then passion changes into action. The bad affects is diminished, the good affects is increased. This power of reason is the remedy of affects and the mastery over passion. It is the freedom of reason. In chapter five of this essay I treat the cognition of essence of thing and the freedom occur from it. The essence of thing is the eternal form in God' idea. Therefore the cognition of our own essence is the discovery of our eternal life. The eternal life is freedom itself. Because it is the action by our essence itself. The cognition of our own essence accompany with the superior satisfaction and happiness. Spinoza call this happiness 'blessedness'. In the blessedness we are perfect, and determined only to action. In it we can agree with God, therefore external Nature. Here human freedom become God' freedom. Through the cognition of our own essence we recognize God' freedom as our own freedom. Therefore the true human freedom is God' freedom. Then we must question what is God' freedom. The answer of this question I treat in the chapter six. The freedom of God is the identity between God' essence and God' existence. Because God exist only by his essence. And freedom of God is determination and production of all things from necessity of the divine nature. Because there is nothing that disturb God's production. And the essence of God that produce all thing is the power of God. Therefore God' power is the feature of God's freedom. Each things that has its own essence has the power univocal power of God. Through this power each thing is free, and become a part of God. In the fall of human being the power of intellect play a roll of participation in God. Through the cognition by intellect we receive God' freedom and necessity as our freedom. Then, Spinoza says, we must expect and bear calmly both good fortune and bad. One consider this attitude as resignation. Of cause it is one kind of resignation. But this resignation is renunciation of imaginary desire, not of essential desire. Rather through this resignation we recover our essence in God. Recognition of God's necessity is a attitude of life that we do not renunciate our own individuality and could insure identity with God and could live as a part of Nature. Therefore the human freedom defined by intellect is appropriate for the life agree both with the order of Nature and with each human essence

혈소판 농축 혈장이 가토의 골신장술시 초기 골형성능에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이경석 원광대학교 대학원 2003 국내석사