Comparison of Speech Rate and Long-Term Average Speech Spectrum between Korean Clear Speech and Conversational Speech

유제은,오홍엽,정승엽,진인기 대한청각학회 2019 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.23 No.4

Background and Objectives: Clear speech is an effective communication strategy used in difficult listening situations that draws on techniques such as accurate articulation, a slow speech rate, and the inclusion of pauses. Although too slow speech and improperly amplified spectral information can deteriorate overall speech intelligibility, certain amplitude of increments of the mid-frequency bands (1 to 3 dB) and around 50% slower speech rates of clear speech, when compared to those in conversational speech, were reported as factors that can improve speech intelligibility positively. The purpose of this study was to identify whether amplitude increments of mid-frequency areas and slower speech rates were evident in Korean clear speech as they were in English clear speech. Subjects and Methods: To compare the acoustic characteristics of the two methods of speech production, the voices of 60 participants were recorded during conversational speech and then again during clear speech using a standardized sentence material. Results: The speech rate and longterm average speech spectrum (LTASS) were analyzed and compared. Speech rates for clear speech were slower than those for conversational speech. Increased amplitudes in the mid-frequency bands were evident for the LTASS of clear speech. Conclusions:The observed differences in the acoustic characteristics between the two types of speech production suggest that Korean clear speech can be an effective communication strategy to improve speech intelligibility.

고객참여 : 반(半)제품 조립과정에서 지각된 즐거움과 제품가치 평가

서문식,유제은,노태석 한국마케팅관리학회 2015 마케팅관리연구 Vol.20 No.1

Consumers value their participation in the product production due to their self associate anchoring. While customer participation increase the value of the product, less is known about the enjoyment incurred through the process itself. The study specifically focuses on the assembly task during the consumer self- production, thereby creates enjoyment and increases the value of the product. Research has been conducted with survey and following experiment with the assembly of the IKEA product. First, we investigated the relationship between enjoyment and the product evaluation resulted in consumers who felt higher enjoyment during the assembly process valued the product more. Second, we demonstrate how the creative achievement of the customer affect the enjoyment during the assembly process. Consequently, consumers with higher creative achievement felt more enjoyment in the assembly process. Furthermore, the research tested how the difficulty of the assembly task influences the enjoyment in the assembly process. Consumers with higher creative achievement exhibited greater enjoyment in more difficult assembly task. In each study, the enjoyment increases consumer product evaluation. The results have implication for creating the hedonic satisfaction in the utilitarian product and the managerial opportunity in the post-purchase behavior. 제품의 생산과정에 소비자의 참여를 유도하는 것은 다양한 소비자 욕구 충족을 위한 기업 전략의 일환이 될 수 있다. 제품생산과정에서의 고객 참여(customer participation) 중에서도 고객이 해당 제품의 최종완성과정에 참여하는 것을 직접조립(self-production)이라고 하는데, Troye and Supphellen(2012)는 사전에 제작된 부품을 공구나 장비 등을 이용하여 최종 완제품 상태로 만들어 내는 것을 직접조립이라 지칭하였고, Buechel and Janiszewski(2014)는 이러한 상황에서 고객이 수행하는 행위들을 조립과업(assembly task)으로 정의하였다. 본 연구는 선행연구의 연장선상에서, 조립과업 간에 발생할 수 있는 정서적 반응인 즐거움이 완성된 제품의 가치평가에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위해 시행되었으며, 추가적으로 개인의 창의적 성취가 즐거움에 미치는 영향, 과업의 난이도가 미치는 조절적 영향을 검증하였다. 선행연구들이 그 초점을 실용적 측면과 이성적인 측면으로 연구하였다면, 본 연구는 즐거움이라는 감정을 통한 가치평가 향상 역시 가능하다는 것을 주장하고자 하였다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 조립과정에서의 즐거움은 완성된 제품의 가치평가에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 개인의 창의적 성취는 즐거움에 역시 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 난이도는 각 변수들 간의 관계에서 유의한 조절적 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 조립과업 연구 분야에서 정서적 측면의 확장을 시도하고, 반제품 시장세분화와 고객관리에 필요한 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제공하였다.

자기효능감과 피드백이 반(半)제품 조립의 즐거움에 미치는 영향 : 과업난이도와 관계친밀도의 조절효과를 중심으로

서문식,유제은 한국마케팅관리학회 2019 마케팅관리연구 Vol.24 No.4

Experiential products usually incur consumer participation in the consumption stage. This research focuses on the 'kit,' which invites consumers to participate in the product assembly, such as products from IKEA. Consumers benefit from the functional attributes in the kit and also attain emotional benefits such as enjoyment and self-confidence by completing the assembly task in the kit. Based on the previous research, in which consumers feel the product more valuable when the assembly process is plausible(Suh, Yoo and Roh 2015), this research, in line, focuses on the consumer attributes and contextual features that maximize the enjoyment in the assembly process. First, we investigated how consumers' self-efficacy affects the enjoyment of the assembly process and the moderation effect of the task difficulty. The results show that self-efficacy has a positive effect on the process enjoyment, and when consumers have higher self-efficacy, the enjoyment diminished less even the task was difficult. Second, we investigated how other’s feedback during the assembly process exerts to the enjoyment. Our result showed that other's feedback partially had a positive effect on the enjoyment, whereas the relational closeness with the feedback provider had no significant moderating effect. Based on the results, this research provides academic and managerial implications in several aspects, i.e., customer participation area in the product consumption stage and guidance for the customer segmentation and marketing strategy in the kit market. 본 연구는 경험적 제품의 일환인 ‘반(半) 제품’이 소비자가 제품의 완성에 있어 직접 노동을 수행하고, 이를 통해 제품의 기능적 효익과 경험을 통한 정서적 효익을 모두 얻을 수 있는데 주목하였다. 소비자는 반제품의 조립과정에서 즐거움을 느끼게 되면 제품에 대한 가치를 더 높게 평가하므로(서문식 외. 2015), 본 연구에서는 조립 과업을 통한 즐거움이 제품의 가치 평가에 미치는 영향을 알아보고(H1), 소비자 특성으로써의 자기효능감이 조립의 즐거움에 미치는 영향과(H2), 조립 과정에서 유발되는 상황적특성인 타인의 피드백이 조립의 즐거움에 미치는 영향(H4)을 분석하였다. 이 후, 조립의 즐거움에 대한자기효능감과 과업 난이도의 상호효과(H3) 및 피드백 및 타인과의 관계친밀도의 상호효과(H5)를 알아보았다. 가설 검증결과 첫째, 조립의 즐거움은 제품의 가치평가에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 자기효능감은 조립의 즐거움에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 자기효능감이 낮을 경우 조립이 어려우면 즐거움이 감소하였지만, 자기 효능감이 높은 경우는 즐거움에 큰 차이가없었다. 넷째, 제품 조립과정에서 타인의 피드백은 조립의 즐거움에 부분적으로 정(+)의 영향을 주었지만, 피드백 여부와 타인과의 친밀도의 상호작용효과는 나타나지 않았다. 연구 결과를 통해 고객 참여범위가 제품평가에 미치는 영향이 분석 되었으므로, 본 연구의 결과는 반제품 시장의 세분화 및 고객관리에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

이명 재활을 위한 소리치료 방법과 적용

정승엽,허소희,오홍엽,유제은,진인기 한국청각언어재활학회 2019 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.15 No.1

Sound therapy is known to be a useful treatment option for tinnitus rehabilitation. The purpose of this paper was to review sound therapies that reported effects of tinnitus masking or tinnitus relief. Four sound therapies were reviewed: masking sound therapy, sequential sound therapy, sound therapy for Tinnitus Retraining Therapy, and notched sound therapy. Each sound therapy was reviewed for purpose of the therapy and definition, protocol of the sound therapy, effects of tinnitus relief or masking, usefulness, and limitations. Many researchers have investigated sound therapies using above mixing point sounds, at or below the mixing point sounds, and notched sounds. Most researchers reported that sound therapy is effective on tinnitus, but there is inconsistency regarding the extent of the masking or relief effects. Few researchers reported a sound therapy using sequential sounds. Although some studies have shown efficacy for these sound therapies, further studies are required for more reliable results. Although various sound therapies have identified positive effects of tinnitus relief or masking, information about selecting the appropriate rehabilitation method for each tinnitus sufferer is insufficient. However, the results of this paper will provide a basic guideline for audiologists or clinicians selecting a sound therapy for people who have tinnitus.

자연음을 활용한 부분 차폐의 이명 재활 효과

정승엽,허소희,오홍엽,유제은,진인기 한국청각언어재활학회 2019 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.15 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to identify tinnitus rehabilitation effects using partial masking with nature sounds. Methods: Nineteen people who had chronic subjective tinnitus participated in this study. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of two groups: counselling and sound therapy using nature sounds or counselling and sound therapy using broadband noise (BBN). Two types of nature sounds were used: the sound of waves and the water of a stream. The partial masking was applied to the sound therapy in both groups and the rehabilitation period was three months. The Tinnitus Handicap Index was administered before and after the rehabilitation. Results: The average decrease in tinnitus as shown by the questionnaire was 15.92% for the nature sound therapy group and 8.43% for the BBN therapy group. Statistical significance was observed only in the nature sound therapy group (p < 0.05). For effect size (Cohen’s d) of the tinnitus rehabilitation, the nature sound therapy group was 1.03 (large effect) and the BBN therapy group was 0.58 (moderate effect). Conclusion: Results of the current study showed that sound therapy using nature sounds was more effective than sound therapy using BBN in a short period of tinnitus rehabilitation. Although further studies are required, results of the current study indicate that the effect of the tinnitus rehabilitation may differ, depending on the characteristics of the sound stimulus.