統辭變化와 變形生成文法

禹倫植 釜山 外國語 大學校 1991 外大論叢 Vol.9 No.1

Living languages never hold still. Every language is the product of change and continues to changes as long as it is spoken. Changes take place in every part of grammar, including the component of syntax. Diachronic syntax, the study of syntatic changes, is far less advanced. compared with those of phonological and morphological changes, that is to say, diachronic syntax is, as Dr. King (1969) claimed, in its infancy. In this respect. I examined synactic changes in terms of the ransformational generative grammar based on the works of Klima(1965), King(1969), Bynon(1977) and Jeffors & Lehiste(1979), and reached the following conclusion ; 1. It is shown that two opposing trends of syntatic changes are simplification and elaboration, but they are not clearly to be distinguished. 2. Klima(1965), representing the transformational-generative view of syntatic change, described syntactic changes in terms of the transformational rules, that is rule reordering which may, as Lightfoot(1979) claimed, be a correct description of some change, but offers nothing in he way of explanation and says nothing of the cause of the change,. So his claim that more satisfying explanations for syntactic changes be sought somewhere else is persuasive, I think. 3. As we have noted above, the transformational component has proved to be an unlightening context in which to seek motivations for syntatic changes. Therfore, scholars have retured to the surface syntactic paterns themselves in order to find explanations for synbtactic change. One of the attempts to explain changes in syntactic patterning is the theory of perceptual strategy of Bever & Langendoen(1972), who have claimed that speakers make use of hierarchical sets of perceptal strategies as a means of mapping external strutures on to their underlying inernal sturctures. They explain structural changes in relative clauses of English by means of perceptual strategies necessary to interpret such complex sentences in the language. However, it would be premature, I think, to try to explain syntactic changes by resorting only to perceptual strategy, since changes in syntax contain a variety of complex phenomena. Therefore, to make progress in diachronic syntax, I propose that the theories in grammar and in liguistic changes, as Lightfoot(1979) claimed, be distinguished, and the systematic study of syntatic changes be made on the basis of highly structured theory to support and guide one's research.

비대칭적 이중언어현상에 관한 사례 연구

우윤식 釜山外國語大學校 比較文化硏究所 1997 比較文化硏究 Vol.8 No.-

Diglossia, defined as one particular kind of standardization where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the speech community, with each having a definite role to play, has been used extensively, since Ferguson(1959) introduced the term modeled on the French diglossie. As a result of the descriptive analysis of the linguistic situations of Arabic, Swiss German, Greek and Haitian Creole based on his experiences in Arabic countries, he found that the above four languages have nine crucial features as following : (1) a. The superposed variety(H) and the venacular variety are in strict comlementary functional distribution. b. H is uniformly held in higher esteem than L by members of the speech community. c. H has associated with it a highly regarded body of written literature. d. Proficiency in High is attained through formal education, whereas proficiency in L is attained through the natural process of the 1st language acquisition. e. The pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of H are codified and standardized, and allow only limited variation, whereas there is wide variation in the pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of L. f. Diglossic situations are extremely stable, and typically Persist for at least several centuries. g. There are always extensive differences in grammatical structures between H and L. h. There exists a series of phenologically unrelated lexical doublets for concepts frequently expressed In H and L. i. The sound system of H and L constitutes a single phonological structure, of which L is the basic system(Ferguson 1959 : 328-36). And in the narrow and original sense of the term, diglossia has the following three crucial criteria : (2) a. Two varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high variety and the other a low one. b. The H-variety and the Low-variety are in strict functional complementary distribution. c. No one uses the High-variety in everyday interaction. Seen from the standpoint of the criteria of (2), the linguistic situations of Arabic, Swiss German, Greek and Haitian Creole are regarded as the original diglossic ones, and the linguistic reality of Hemnesbergert, Norway is also the one regarded as the original diglossic situation in the narrow sense of diglossia, except for the fact that the standard Norweigian, Bokma˚l is used for the conversation with outsiders. But the diglossic reality of Paraguay is quite different from the above five situations in that Spanish and Guarani are genetically unrelated. Fisherman's(1984) definition of diglossia includes within its compass situations where the High-and Low-variety are unrelated. Therefore if we interpret diglossic situation in a broader sense and adopt Fishman's definition, the linguistic situation of Paraguay and other ones of other countries are diglossic ones, too. In this respect, 1 define diglossia as the following, to cover various linguistic phenomena showing functional complementary distribution between two linguistic forms(j,e. languages), related or unrelated, whether in mono-, or in bi- and multi-lingual speech community; (3) Diglossia is a societal, not individual, linguistic situation in which two linguistic forms(i,e. languages), whether related or unrelated, exist side by side, as a High-form and Low-form respectively, not in only mono-lingual but also in hi-, and multi-lingual speech communities and there appears a rigid functional specialization between them by a social concensus. In conclusion, the study of diglossia will be fruitful and succesful, when its synchronic study is combined with its diachronic one, and with the findings of social sciences such as politics, sociology, anthropology and ethnology.

세계화에 대한 소고

우윤식 부산외국어대학교 비교문화연구소 2001 比較文化硏究 Vol.12 No.-

Globalization, defined as a social, cultural process in which by frequent industrial and cultutal exchanges between regions the regional boundness has collapsed and the world appears to be a grand world community, is the topic of conversation in schools, business firms, public organizations, and government organizations or services as a special term accounting for sudden social changes of the world in 1990s. The factors such as the changes in ideology between the West and East caused by the collapse of the old Soviet Union and the unification of the East- and West Germany, the revolution in information and technology and the remarkable developments in the means of transportation whereby the distance in space and time has been narrowed, forming one large community, the possibility of outbreaks of crises anywhere and any time on the earth such as acid rains, air- and water pollution, floods, very heavy snowfalls and sweltering heat which are not to be surmounted by a country or region alone, and the birth of the World Trade Organization(WTO) has prompted globalization, which is being accelerated day by day with the theory of Neo-liberalism in vogue. In such a context, this article is aimed at providing evidences for the possibility of globalization in a true sense, which promises the co-existence and common prosperity of all the human beings on the earth, not for some economic superpowers such as U.S., Britain, France, Japan, etc., under assumption that the globalization in the field of literature will lead to that of culture, which in turn ultimately leads to the achievement of globalization in a true sense. To achieve this goal, the writer has accepted the idea of Gothe who advocated global literature, compared his work Faust with Chunhyangjeon, the love story of Chosen Dynasty, and eventually found that the thoughts, emotions and behaviors of the characters appearing in the two works are almost the same ,but different in some details, which indicates the possibility of global literature in Gothe's view. If global literature is possible as he predicted, the globalization of literature in turn will make the globalization of culture possible, because all the components of culture are characterized as integrated together and functioning as a whole. Then the appearance of global culture will mean the completion of globalization, because the globalization in all the components of culture will create a world society in which cultural factors will play crucial role in enhancing the quality of life.

統辭變化와 透明性 原理

禹倫植 釜山外國語大學 文化硏究所 1991 比較文化硏究 Vol.4 No.-

Diachromic syntax, the study of syntactic changes is far less advanced, compared with those of phonological and morphological ones, because of the lack and uncertainty of data available and the want of theoretical grounds. It is no exaggeration to say that the study of historical linguistics before 1960s was that of phonological and morphological changes, and so the study of syntactic changes was totally neglected. Since the middle of the 1960s, diachronic syntax has received much attention from scholars such as Klima(1965), king(1969). Bynan(1977), and Jeffors and Lehiste (1979), but is still in its infancy. In this context, 1 have attempted to contribute to the building of the theory on syntactic changes by examining the description and analysis of syntactic changes in terms of the transformational generative grammar (TG) by Klima(1965) and its problems, by discussing the way of their scientific description, by considering the theories of perceptual strategy and transparency princple (TP) proposed as the theories of linguistic changes by Bever and Langendoen(1972), and Lightfoot(1979) respectively and by testing its explanatory power with concrete examples, and reached the following conculsions. 1. Klima's analysis of syntactic changes by rule changes, that is, rule reordering, may be a correct description of syntactic changes, but says nothing of the causes of the changes. I think that the correct and scientific description is the first step to diachronic syntax, and that we can rely on TG as a way of describing syntactic changes if the description by rule changes is correct. 2. As I mentioned above, the transformational component has proved to be an unlightening context in which to seek motivation for syntactic changes. Therefore, many scholars have tried to give more satisfying explanations for syntactic changes in somewhere else. There are two views concerning the causes of the changes. One of them is the theory of Perceptual str3tegy Propose,』 by Bevel and Langendoen, who explanied structual changes in relative clauses of English by means of pereceptual strategy necessary to interpret complex sentences in the language. However, we cannot account for all syntactic changes by resorting only to perceptual strategy, since changes in syntax contain a variety of complex phenomena. And the other is transparency principle by Lightfoot(1979), who explained his theory with the reanalysis of some of the impersonals as personal constructions. According to Lightfoot, there was no distinction between nominative and accusative case forms, and singular and plural forms as a result of the rigidification of SVO order and the loss of nominal and many verbal inflections, and this syntactic reanalysis took place under these phenomena of ambiquity or intransparency caused by the changes in structure. On the other hand, Traugott(1972) regarded this reanalysis as subjcetivalization, representing the view of the TG. In this sense, Lightfoot's TP representing the revised view of TG, though it is not widely accepted, is considered as well-advanced, compared with Traugott's view. 3. However, Lightfoot's principle, like Bevel and Langendoen's theory, cannot coyer all syntactic changes in that there are many factor involved, analogical, sociolinguistic psychological, cultural, social and political. In conclusion, I agree to Lightfoots' proposal that the theories in grammar and in linguistic changes be distinguished and do propose that the extensive study of syntactic changes be made on the basis of highly structureed theory combined with TG.

남성과 여성의 언어행위에 관한 사회언어학적 고찰

우윤식 부산 외국어 대학교 2002 外大論叢 Vol.24 No.-

Language has the property of differentiating into a variety of forms and takes the composite strucutre sensitive to concrete contexts in speech communities, coupled with such variables as region, social class, ethnic group, age, education and sex. In this sense, it is a matter of course that language is differentiated into gender dialects, depending on the differences in sex. The stereotype that women talk much and that they don't let males get a word in edgeways is reflected into proverbs in almost every speech communities. Another widely held view about women is that they hedge and qualify everything they say, as Lakoff, and American linguist, comments. In this contexts, this paper has discussed the systematic differences in lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax between male and female languages, and the unequality between them because of complex social factors and dimensions. Therefore it is assumed that the value of female(male) language is determined by the following sociolinguistic universals proposed by Holmes(2000). (1). Women and men develop different patterns of language. a. Women tend to focus on the affective functions of an interaction more often than men do. B. Women tend to use linguistic devices that stress solidarity more often than men do. c. Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increate solidarity, while (especially in formal contexts) men tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase their power and status. d. Women use more standard forms than men from the same social group in the same context. e. Women are stylistically more flexible than men. In addition, Holmes(2000) analyzes the sociolinguistic universals described above, taking account of cultural, socially-structured, and biological factors as well. Therefore, the female(male) language in reality is the composite structure of the following form; (2). The female(male) language=abstract language+sociolinguistic universals+cultural. socially-structured and biological factors+.........(........means other factors to be identified through researches in the future) But for Holmes's sociolinguistic approaches to attain adequacy for the description of sociolinguistic phenomena in the area of sociolinguistics, his sociolingustic universals are to be tested against the data collected across the cultures, and in the different contexts of the same culture.

類推變化의 條件에 關한 硏究

禹倫植 釜山外國語大學 語學硏究所 1990 外大語文論集 Vol.6 No.-

Historical Linguistics, a branch of Linguistics studying all aspects of languages as they are constantly and grandually changing with time, has traditionally dealt with the interplay between sound change and analogy, Analogy defined and regarded in Historical Comparative Linguistics as a process of regularization which affects the exceptional forms caused by sound change in the grammar of a language, was one of the two components of linguistic changes, as the Neogrammarians claimed. In this respect, this paper aims at proposing the conditions on analogic changes which serve as the predictive mechanism and which predicts the tendencies and directions of analogic changes. To do this, I have made the attempt to explore the true nature of analogy and seen that analogy supposes a model and its regular imitation. And I have examined the analogic changes, according to Jeffors & Lehiste's classification, which is restricted to the traditional proportional analogy They divided analogic changes into three types : analogic creation, morphological reinterpretation, and analogic restoration. On the basis of what has been discussed above, I have analysed and compared Kurylowicz's laws of analogy and Mar'iczak's, and applied their laws to the actual analogic phenomena to see in what directions their laws work together. As a resuit, Mar'iczak's laws of anlogy are more objective, refined, and advanced than Kurylowicz's, in spite of the latter' sharp intuition into analogic changes, but both Kurylowicz's and Manozak's basic principles of analogy cannot explain all of the linguistic changes caused by analogy uniformly. In conclusion, I think the accumuiation of the results by the constant and unceasing studies with more linguistic data undergone analogic changes available on the level of particular grammars is essential to tile success in establishing the analogic conditions on analogic changes.

범주이동(Move-α)과 자질유인(Attract-F)

우윤식 釜山外國語大學校 語文學硏究所 1999 外大語文論集 Vol.14 No.-

영어에서의 소유격 할당과 점검

우윤식 부산 외국어 대학교 2000 外大論叢 Vol.21 No.1

Case generally refers to a grammatical category that represents the syntactic relationships between DPs in sentences through such contrasts as nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative. The means of Case-marking, however, varys from language to language. In languages such as Sanskrit, Latin and Russian, Case is morphologically manifested, while in other languages such as English, French and Chinese, it has little or no overt realization. Despite the crucial role played by Case in determining semantic relations, the study of Case has attracted little attention, especially the genitive Case-assignment and-checking. In this sense, this paper aims at examining the Case assignment of accusative and nominative, compared with genitive Case assignment, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the Case checking of accusative and nominative and at exploring the possibility that the genitive Case-checking can also be carried out in the same way that nominative-and accusative Case checking takes place by raising the relevant DPs into the specifier position in the higher functional projection. Through the discussion of Case assignment', the source, the structural relationship and structural condition with respect to acc-, nom-, and gen- Case assignment can be generalized as follows : 표 삽입(원문을 참조하세요) And Case-assignment in Case Theory has been replaced by Case-checking in Chomsky's Minimalist Program in 1990s. We could account for nominative-and accusative- Case checking by positing the existance of a subject agreement phrase(AgrSP) and of an object agreement phrase(AgrOP) and by raising the relevant DPs into the specifier position of AgrSP and AgrOP respectively. Likewise, genitive Case-checking in genitive gerund structures can also be explained in the same way that nominative-and accusative-DPs are case-checked by assuming that they have a vp-complement and that the subject of the gerund(genitive DP) moves from spec-vp to spec-DP. Thus we can posit that genitive as well as nominative and accusative is case-checked by moving overtly or covertly the relevant DPS into the higher functional projection(AgrSP or AgrOP).

성 방언의 보편성에 관한 연구

우윤식 부산 외국어 대학교 2002 外大論叢 Vol.25 No.-

Language is basically sensitive to such social variables, as region, class, ethnicity, age, occupation, and educational backgrounds. Gender also serves as a social variable which brings about linguistic variation, and the outcome of linguistic differentiation by gender is genderlect. The researches on genderlect were motivated by Lakoff(1973, 1975), an American linguist who held the view that women hedge and qualify everything they say, and that with respect to the use of language, women's identities are submerged because they are denied the means of expressing themselves strongly, encouraged to use forms that express uncertainty concerning what they are talking about. The post-Lakoff researches on the relationship between language and gender were conducted, focusing on gender as an independent variable on the one hand, and the attempt to explain the reasons for male and female linguistic differences on the other hand. In the meantime, in the early 1990s the notions of Chomsky's(1965) linguistic competence and language universals were extended to the use of language ,and the terms, sociolinguistic competence and sociolinguistic universals were introduced by Holmes(1992) and other sociolinguists. Furthermore, Holmes(2000) extended the notion of sociolinguistic universals to the study of genderlect ,and proposed the following sociolinguistic universals concerning genderlect. (28) Women and men develop different patterns of language. a. Women tend to focus on the affective functions of an interaction more often than men do. b. Women tend to use linguistic devices that stress solidarity more often than men do. c. Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase solidarity, while (especially in formal contorts) men tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase their power and status. d. Women use more standard forms than men from the same social group in the same context. e. Women are stylistically more flexible than men. As language universals are parameterized to an individual language, so sociolinguistic universals in genderlect can be likewise parameterized to each speech community, using the social dimensions such as solidarity, social status, formality and the referential-affective function of language , and taking social attitudes toward women in each speech community and its social and cultural environments surrounding them. In conclusion on the basis of parameterization values assigned to each community it can overcome linguistic unequality ,and attain linguistic equality through androgynous socialization by which men's and women's natural abilities are to be maximized I believe.

GC-MS SPME를 이용한 우유내 이취 성분 분석법 개발

우윤식,이예진,김지윤,민휘진 한국산업식품공학회 2023 학술대회 및 심포지엄 Vol.2023 No.11