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오희은 ( Hee Eun Oh ) 서울대학교 국사학과 2016 韓國史論 Vol.62 No.-
As can be confirmed in Five Punishments(五刑) code and Standard Implements of Punishment(刑杖式) of ≪Goryeosa(高麗史)≫, Goryeo adopted Song``s penal system, which executed the Replacement Punishment of Flogging(折杖法) on the basis of Five Punishments. The Replacement Punishment of Flogging was a penal law to replace four of Five Punishments (excluding the capital punishments), 笞, 杖, 徒, 流, with flogging and forced labor. Song Dynasty developed Pyeonbae punishment (編配刑) to ease the gap between the capital punishment and other four punishments replaced with flogging, thus making Pyeonbae punishment(編 配刑) a commutation or an additional punishment. Therefore, Goryeo``s punishment of exile was very similar to Song``s Pyeonbae punishment(編配 刑) in its way of development and execution; it is enough to say that Goryeo``s punishment of exile, in some characteristics, was Goryeo``s version of Pyeonbae punishment(編配刑). Among the punishment of exile of early Goryeo period was ``the Punishment of Exile to a Place in Connection with the Criminal``, which is called Guihyang punishment(歸鄕刑). Like other punishments of exile, Guihyang punishment(歸鄕刑) was also a severe punishment, serving as a commutation or an additional punishment to other punishments stated in the code of criminal law. However, it was the lightest punishment compared to other punishments of exile. Generally, it was applied only to the ruling class; it deprived them of the rights of controlling their land and the merits they enjoyed being exempted from labor(役). In most cases, the ‘Punishment of Exile to a Place in Connection with the Criminal’ from early Goryeo period comes down to Guihyang punishment(歸鄕刑), a punishment of exile to Hyang(鄕). Goryeo``s Hyang (鄕) does not only mean the person``s Bonguan(本貫), but also consists of many other places s/he is connected either paternally, maternally, or by marriage. However, in later Goryeo period, many other places than Hyang (鄕) came to be seen as ‘Places in Connection with the Crimina’, causing the ``Punishment of Exile to a Place in Connection with the Criminal`` to change. Criminals were exiled to other places like Byeolup(別業), which were places personally connected to him/her but not Hyang(鄕). On the other hand, in later Goryeo period, Yuan Dynasty``s criminal law influenced Goryeo``s crime punishment system to differ from its earlier form. Thus, the ``Punishment of Exile to a Place in Connection with the Criminal`` cleansed itself of its earlier heavy characteristic and changed into mild punishment applied to high-ranking officials. Also, it started to combine with a newer punishment, Conscription(充軍刑). Therefore, it is possible to say that the ‘Punishment of Exile to a Place in Connection with the Criminal’ also changed according to time.
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신슬미,이종길,김경제,김설아,오희은,공현석,신은주,도선길,조태형,박영인 대한면역학회 2012 Immune Network Vol.12 No.3
Obesity-induced disorders contribute to the development of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, fatty liver diseases,and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we evaluated whether the Aloe QDM complex could improve metabolic disorders related to blood glucose levels and insulin resistance. Male C57BL/6 obese mice fed a high-fat diet for 54 days received a supplement of Aloe QDM complex or pioglitazone (PGZ) or metformin (Met) and were compared with unsupplemented controls (high-fat diet; HFD) or mice fed a regular diet (RD). RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to quantify the expression of obesity-induced inflammation. Dietary Aloe QDM complex lowered body weight,fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and leptin levels, and markedly reduced the impairment of glucose tolerance in obese mice. Also, Aloe QDM complex significantly enhanced plasma adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity via AMPK activity in muscles. At the same time, Aloe QDM decreased the mRNA and protein of PPARγ/LXRα and scavenger receptors in white adipose tissue (WAT). Dietary Aloe QDM complex reduces obesity-induced glucose tolerance not only by suppressing PPARγ/LXRα but also by enhancing AMPK activity in the WAT and muscles, both of which are important peripheral tissues affecting insulin resistance. The Aloe QDM complex could be used as a nutritional intervention against T2D.
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김경제,조경혜,박윤희,김설아,오희은,고영욱,한신하,이승정,이종길,신슬미 대한면역학회 2010 Immune Network Vol.10 No.4
Cordyceps militarys water extract (CME) has been reported to exert antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. However, the therapeutic mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of CME on the antigen presenting function of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Methods: Dendritic cells (DCs) were cultured in the presence of CME, and then allowed to phagocytose microspheres containing ovalbumin (OVA). After washing and fixing the efficacy of OVA, peptide presentation by DCs were evaluated using CD8 and CD4 T cells. Also, we confirmed the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines through western blot analysis. Results:CME enhanced both MHC class I and class II-restricted presentation of OVA in DCs. In addition, the expression of both MHC class I and II molecules was enhanced, but there was no changes in the phagocytic activity of exogenous OVA. Furthermore, CME induced the protein levels of iNOS,COX-2, proinflammatory cytokines, and nuclear p65 in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by western blot. Conclusion: These results provide an understanding of the mechanism of the immuno-enhancing activity of CME on the induction of MHC-restricted antigen presentation in relation to their actions on APCs.
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문선희,김경제,신슬미,김설아,오희은,한신하,이승정 대한면역학회 2011 Immune Network Vol.11 No.5
Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) has been used to treat inflammatory diseases including edema and arthritis; however,the anti-inflammatory mechanism of SM action remains unresolved. Methods: The effects of an ethanol extract of SM (ESM) on pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α,IL-1β, IL-6, and NO, and on anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-1Ra have been studied in an attempt to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism in murine macrophages. Results: ESM inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via down-regulation of gene and protein expression whereas it increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, ESM inhibited the expression of the chemokines, RANTES and CX3CL1, as well as of inflammatory mediators such as TLR-4 and 11β-HSD1. Conclusion: These results indicated that the regulatory effects of ESM may be mediated though the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Consequently, we speculate that ESM has therapeutic potential for inflammation-associated disorders.
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