조선 세조~예종연간의 북방 군사정책과 具致寬

오종록(Oh, Jong-Rok) 고려사학회 2017 한국사학보 Vol.- No.69

The Characteristics of the Ruling Structure during Early Chosŏn

Oh Jong-rok(오종록) 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2005 International Journal of Korean History Vol.9 No.-

조선시대의 지배체제가 중앙집권체제라는 데에는 한국사 연구자들 사이에서 별다른 이견이 없다. 특히 조선초기는 고려의 중앙집권적 체제를 계승하여 그것을 더욱 강화시킨 시기로 이해되고 있다. 그러나 조선초기 중앙집권체제의 세밀한 분석은 물론, 그것을 종합적으로 설명하려는 노력이 별반 이루어져 있지 않다. 조선의 지배체제는 인격이 부정되는 노비 등을 제외한 사회 구성원 전반이 국왕의 신민으로서 봉사하고 은택을 입는 형식을 갖추고 있었다. 모든 양인이 군역을 위시한 국역의 의무를 지는 한편으로 과거에 응시할 수 있었던 것이 이를 나타낸다. 한편 권력은 여러 제도 장치에 의해 국왕에게 집중되고, 이 집중된 권력이 국왕의 명령에 의해 또는 국왕의 명령에 따라 정해진 제도에 의해 다시금 각 관서와 관원에게 분배되어 행사되었다. 이에 따라 조선초기의 지배체제는 서양이나 일본의 봉건제와는 뚜렷히 구별되는 강력한 중앙집권적 성격을 띠게 되었다. 그런데 지배체제가 운영되는 실제 내용에서는 국왕과 백성의 중간에 위치하는 지배층과 이들이 소속되어 근무하는 여러 관서가 상당한 정도의 자율성을 갖고 중요한 역할을 수행할 수 있었다. 입법과 사법 과정에서 백성의 생활에 의미가 있는 부분은 관서나 주요 관원 선에서 결정되는 경우가 많았다. 주요 정책이 결정되는 과정에서 주요 관원들의 영향력은 매우 컸으며, 이는 관원의 임명 절차에서도 유사하게 작용하였다. 이러한 주요 관원들의 힘은 겉으로는 그들이 갖춘 높은 수준의 식견에 입각하고 있었지만, 실질적으로는 그들이 지닌 경제적 사회적 기반에서 나오는 것이었다. 이러한 점에서 조선의 중앙집권체제는 내면적으로는 분권적인 봉건제도와 상당한 유사성을 보이고 있었다. 조선초기의 강력한 중앙집권체제는 고려말에 맞은 국내외의 위기를 극복해야 할 필요성과 새 왕조가 백성들로부터 긍정적으로 평가받아야 할 필요성이 결합되어 중앙권력을 강화시켜 지배층의 권익을 적절한 수준에서 통제할 목적에서 나옹 것이었다. 따라서 농장의 발달과 외적의 침입으로 대표되는 위기가 약화되고 새 왕조가 안정성을 확보하면 중앙집권체제의 강도와 성격이 달라질 개연성이 많았다. 15세기 중엽부터 나타난 변화는 실제로 중앙집권체제의 강도가 느슨해지고, 국가의 공적 이익보다도 지배층의 사적 이익이 추구되는 쪽으로 가닥을 잡아가고 있었음을 보여준다.

후방 인공 수정체 공막 고정술의 장기 임상 결과

오종록(Jong Rok Oh),온영훈(Young-Hoon Ohn) 대한안과학회 2016 대한안과학회지 Vol.57 No.1

Purpose: To investigate the long-term results of transscleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) for unstable posterior capsular supporting structure. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 67 patients (67 eyes) with unstable posterior capsular supporting structure who underwent transscleral fixation at Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital from March 2005 to January 2013. Transscleral fixation without scleral flap was performed by a single surgeon. We analyzed the causes of transscleral fixation and compared postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spherical diopter. Results: Among the 67 eyes of 67 patients, the causes of transscleral fixation included IOL subluxation (33 cases, 49.2%), IOL dislocation (11 cases, 16.4%), intraoperative posterior capsule rupture (8 cases, 11.9%), aphakia associated with previous intraocular surgery (7 cases, 10.4%), crystalline lens disorder with zonular dialysis (4 cases, 5.9%) and IOL opacity (4 cases, 5.9%). The mean BCVA before surgery was 1.26 ± 0.94 (log MAR) and the visual acuity improved to 0.59 ± 0.71, 0.60 ± 0.69, 0.58 ± 0.70, 0.55 ± 0.70, 0.60 ± 0.58 and 0.66 ± 0.70 (1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 1 year, 3 years and 5 years, respectively, after the surgery; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Posterior chamber IOL transscleral fixation in unstable posterior capsular supporting structure is effective for increasing visual acuity and spherical diopter. Specifically, the most improvement was observed at one month after surgery. Transscleral fixation is an adequate surgical procedure for fast improvement of visual acuity with long-term effects.

文獻을 통해 본 韓國人의 一生儀禮

오종록(Oh Jong-Rok) 한국역사민속학회 2011 역사민속학 Vol.37 No.-

이 글은 전근대 사회 동안 한국인의 일생의례가 어떤 과정을 거쳐서 현재에 이르렀는가를 문헌자료를 통해 어느 정도까지 확인할 수 있을지를 파악하려는 목적에서 작성되었다. 한국사학계에서는 근래에 의례 연구가 활발해지고 있으나, 아직은 거의 국가나 사회 차원에서의 의례와 왕실 및 지배층의 일생의례에 대한 연구만이 이루어져 있다. 그 까닭은 주로 지배층이 작성 주체라는 점에서 비롯되는 문헌자료의 속성 때문이나, 민중의 일생의례에 대한 가치 있는 정보를 찾아내고 해석하려는 의식적 노력이 부족했다는 점도 인정해야 한다. 우리의 전근대사가 전개되어 온 과정은 일생의례의 다양성이 줄어드는 과정이었으며, 이 과정은 근대사회에 들어와서도 지속되었다. 이미 고대사회 때부터 중국의 유교와 도교 문화 그리고 중국을 거쳐 수용된 불교 문화의 영향이 왕실과 중앙의 지배층으로부터 나타나기 시작하였고, 그것이 지방의 지배층에게로 확산되었으며, 이러한 양상이 대체로 고려 때에도 지속되었다. 그러나 민중의 경우는 그 일생의례 본연의 모습을 꽤 강고하게 유지하고 있었다. 일생의례의 다양성은 고려 말엽에 성리학이 수용된 뒤 조선왕조가 성리학을 유일한 지배이념으로 규정함에 따라 전보다 빠른 속도로 감소하기 시작하였다. 그러나 지배층 전반에서 일생의례를 주자학적 규정에 따라 준행하기까지는 꽤 오랜 시간이 걸렸다. 특히 가족-친족관계, 재산 및 지위의 상속과 관계가 깊은 혼례와 제례는 17세기부터 비로소 비교적 빠른 속도로 변모해 갔다. 매우 더딘 속도로 변해온 민중의 일생의례도 17세기 이후 신분구조의 변동 양상과 짝하여 양반으로의 신분 상승을 꾀하는 사람들 사이에서 주자학적 겉모습을 갖추려는 움직임이 강하게 일어났다. 한국 전근대사회의 일생의례를 연구할 때 우선 문헌 사료를 해석하는 관점의 다양화가 요구된다. 그리고 문헌 사료 외의 다른 사료의 이용 필요성이 매우 크다. 한국사학계에서도 문헌 사료 이외의 사료를 이용하는 경향이 생겨나 있고, 일생의례 연구에서도 그 사례를 찾아볼 수 있으나, 앞으로는 문헌 사료 이외의 사료를 더 적극적으로 이용해야 할 것이다. This article was written with the purpose of understanding what kinds of process did the ceremony of Koreans pass through until present time. The article is based on the literature sources. In the Korean historic academia, the study of rituals are getting brisk recently, but, if anything, the study of ceremony was restricted to royal family and hierarchy in national or social level. Because ruling class were usually the main agent of writing, nevertheless, we should admit that conscious efforts to find and interpret the precious information were lack. The process of pre-modern society had developed was the process that diversity of the ceremonies of one's lifetime has decreased, and this was maintained after entering the modern times. Since ancient times, the Confucianism and Taoism of China and the Buddhism that passed through China had already effected the hierarchy of royal family and Capital. This was spread to the ruling class of other region and this aspect had persisted until Goryeo(高麗). However, in case of the public, the natural form of ceremony of lifetime had still maintained quite firmly. The diversity of ceremony started to decline in the late Goryeo at an alarming rate, as the dynasty of Chosun(朝鮮) regulated the Neo-Confucianism as the controlling ideology. However it took so many times to follow in accordance with the doctrines of Chu-tzu(朱子). Specially, the relation between family and relative & the wedding and ancestral ritual formalities (which is) deeply-related to inheritance of fortune and status had changed considerably fast since the 17th century. Furthermore, the ceremonies of one's lifetime of the public that transformed slowly had strong movement to be equipped the doctrines of Chu-tzu appearance. This process went with the fluctuations in hierarchy. When we study the ceremony of one's lifetime of pre-modern society, it required the diversification of perspectives to interpret the literature sources. Thus, we should consider the other historical records except the literature. Also, the Korean historic academia has a tendency to use those other sources, and we could find such cases in the study of lifetime ceremony. From now on, we should make use of the historical records more enthusiastic.

朝鮮時期의 官僚制度 및 그 운영의 특성

오종록(Oh Jong-Rok) 한국사연구회 2005 한국사연구 Vol.130 No.-

An advanced central governing system centered around the king was established during the Chos?n dynasty to control the entire nation. However, a closer look at the system reveals that Chos?n was based on a hierarchical bureaucratic system which had the king at the top, followed by high and mid-level bureaucrats and then middle class individuals such as technicians, s?ri and hyangni (clerks). Many historical sources can be found which detail how rights and interests were distributed among the various members of the bureaucracy. The rights and interests of those who were responsible for the management of the nation were distributed in accordance with their political and social status. The distribution of rights and interests in such a manner was regarded as being a well-balanced system. Therefore, the people of Chos?n did not perceive the corruption committed by members of the bureaucracy as being completely wrong, but as something that was to some degree natural. The notion of vested bureaucratic rights and interests was based on the absolute monarchial system established at the beginning of the dynasty. However, as the royal power began to weaken from the 16th century onwards, a new notion of those who should enjoy various rights and interests took root in which one had to belong not only to a privileged social class but hold an official government position. As a result, the yangban emerged as a privileged class during the 17th century. While these changes were proceding, the kwaj?n (科田, rank land) system, under which members of the bureaucracy were granted an amount of land that reflected their official rank, was first changed to the chikch?n (職田, official land) system and then eventually abolished. The amount of nokbong (祿俸, officials salary) was also gradually decreased and in essence existed in name only. Although membership in the bureaucracy was the only way for clans to preserve their social status, it became natural for members of the bureaucracy to use their status within the bureaucratic structure to safeguard their own rights and interests, given that the previous rewards for serving as a government official had all but disappeared. When such practices first emerged, the Samsa (三司, Financial Commission) enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy when it came to its function of controlling corruption, However, from the 18th century onwards, the Samsa could no longer be counted on to control these corrupt practices. This study analyzed the Chos?n bureaucracy from the standpoint of the publics consciousness of corruption. The researcher's findings with regards to the characteristics of corruption within the management of bureaucratic institutions were different from those found in previous studies. These findings can be summarized as follows: Chos?n was a kingdom which was based on agriculture, and in which agricultural products represented the main financial resource. The tools with which to redistribute state wealth, which was amassed from these agricultural products, had as their primary function the preservation of the royal family. In addition, within the niche in which these redistribution tools functioned, members of the bureaucracy, as well as the s?ri and hyangni class, were allowed to secure the resources they needed to ensure the continuation of their lifestyle. The degree of the rights and interests which each member of the bureaucracy enjoyed was heavily dependent on his social status and official rank. In conclusion, the central governing system of Choson was premised on the continuation of the feudal system.

21세기 한국 사회와 이순신

오종록(Oh, Jong-rok) 역사비평사 2014 역사비평 Vol.- No.109

For an efficient rescue operation at the scene of major disaster, the decision and judgment of the on-the-scene-commander must be guaranteed and prioritized. When it comes to the Sewol Ferry however, principles were ignored because of the prevalent custom of the commanding authority. Lee Sun-shin, one of the greatest military leaders of mid-Joseon times in the history of Korea, is considered to have been more rational than other commanders, and his decisions often caused intense conflicts with other commanders. On one famous occasion he disobeyed an order from the king on the battlefield that was contrary to his own fighting strategy and which nearly resulted in him being sentenced to death. Lee Sun-shin was able to win the trust of his subordinate officers, soldiers and the common people by showing them his sincere respect. In the case of Lee Sun-shin, the important lesson about institutional strategy we should learn is that one"s superior must treat his/her subordinates respectfully so that, for example, the military which is there to protect the nation, can properly fulfill its duty.

조선시대 정치ㆍ사회의 성격과 의사소통

오종록(Oh Jong Rok) 역사비평사 2009 역사비평 Vol.- No.89

Generally, the political communication in Chosun Dynasty Period was accomplished by administration of the political system. However, the discussion about the changes of a tax system which is closely connected to the people’s real life always developed in authorities, scholars and the others of meritocracy’s participation for a long time. To settle the Gongbup(貢法), to establish the Daedongbup(大同法) and to put the Guynyeokbup(均役法) in force are good examples for this situation. Among these cases, the political communication when setting up institutional contents for extended enforcement of the Daedong law(大同法) during the period from the king In jo(仁祖) to the king Hyun jong(顯宗) in the 17th centuries was rationally carried out. It is why Confucian scholars reflected the popular will and made consensus strong as soon as three organizations for expression(司憲府, 司諫院, 弘文館) took the lead political communication in the condition of harmonious faction politics. It is remarkable that the new communication mechanism worked by local autonomous entity(鄕會) and comitia(民會) to be constituted in local society related to imposing taxes on the people in the late of Chosun Dynasty.

성상유리체증이 있는 환자에서 야그레이저후낭절개술 후 발생한 실리콘 인공수정체 후면의 혼탁

선해정(Hae Jung Sun),오종록(Jong Rok Oh),권현석(Hyun Seok Kwon),이성진(Sung Jin Lee) 대한안과학회 2016 대한안과학회지 Vol.57 No.12

목적: 성상유리체증이 있는 환자에서 실리콘 인공수정체를 삽입한 후 야그레이저후낭절개술 이후에 인공수정체 후면의 혼탁이 발생한 1예를 경험하였기에 이를 보고하고자 한다. 증례요약: 76세 남자 환자가 좌안의 인공수정체 혼탁으로 의뢰되어 내원하였다. 환자는 7년 전 양안에 수정체유화술 및 인공수정체낭내삽입술을 시행 받았고 양안 모두 같은 종류의 실리콘 인공수정체를 삽입하였다. 3년 뒤 좌안의 후낭혼탁이 관찰되어 야그레이저후낭절개술을 시행 받았는데 세극등현미경 검사에서 후낭이 절개된 부위에 국한된 인공수정체 후면의 혼탁이 관찰되었다. 좌안의 인공수정체 교환술을 시행하였고 제거된 인공수정체를 주사전자현미경 및 X선 분광분석기로 분석하여 유리체와 맞닿아 있던 인공수정체 후면에서 표면에 국한된 결정들을 확인하였고 침착된 물질은 주로 칼슘과 인으로 구성되어 있었다. 이는 성상유리체증의 구성과 일치하는 결과를 보였다. 후낭절개술이 시행되지 않은 우안의 인공수정체는 정상이었다. 결론: 성상유리체증이 있는 경우 실리콘 재질의 인공수정체에서 후낭절개 후 표면의 석회화가 발생할 수 있어 백내장 수술 시 인공수정체의 선택에 참고해야 할 것이다. Purpose: In the present study, a case of posterior surface opacification of a silicone intraocular lens (IOL) in a patient with asteroid hyalosis (AH) is reported. Case summary: A 76-year-old male was referred to our clinic with IOL opacification in his left eye. The patient had uneventful cataract surgery 7 years prior with the same silicone IOL implanted in both eyes. Three years after surgery, posterior capsular opacity was observed in his left eye and neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser capulotomy was performed. After posterior capsulotomy, opacification of the IOL’s posterior surface was observed on slit lamp examination. IOL exchange was performed and the explanted IOL was analyzed using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for elemental analysis of the deposits. The calcification was on the posterior surface of the IOL and composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus, the main components of AH. The right eye showed clear IOL with intact posterior lens capsule. Conclusions: Surgeons performing cataract surgery should consider the possibility of surface calcification of silicone IOLs in eyes with AH before IOL selection for implantation.

대학 한국사 교양교육의 실태와 개혁 방안

오종록 한국역사연구회 2004 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.52

The university and college in Korea, which used to be a cradle bringing up the elite, has changed into a public educational institution since 1990s. In addition, as the information-oriented generation came into a university, the liberal arts became bearing an up-to-date meaning. Furthermore, the private education has gained an abnormal increase in relative importance, and as a result of this, the liberal arts in university ended up taking over the responsibility for public education to cultivate people as a member of the race and nation, and also as a global citizen. The liberal arts in university consist of three different categories: an achievement of a personality and knowledge to enable students to act properly as a social member, an establishment of academic foundation, and a cultural or artistic life. The history or Korean history as liberal arts has been traditionally understood as a part of the first and the second category, but the number of subjects belonging to the third category has sharply increased. This phenomenon is violently conflicted with the fact that for the future of the Korean society the liberal arts in the first category must be necessarily improved. Korean history as liberal arts in university has generally jumped in a variety of levels of subject introduction, and the number of subjects focused on an establishment of identity as a member of the race and nation has decreased, but the subjects suitable to the students' interests have increased. On the other hand, the liberal arts as academic foundation have still shrank. At present situation, the mutual effort among the academic world is needed in many aspects. We should carry out many reforms from gaining a capability of critical understanding in history and cultivating a sound historical consciousness, to the extent of achieving an education in which students participate spontaneously. Also we should strive for the education substantial in foundation in spite of its difficulties.