Alterations of White Matter Integrity in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Tract-Based Analysis Using TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy

엄미경,이승환,김우진,조성휘,윤혜경,임명남,편성범,태우석,김삼수 대한영상의학회 2017 대한영상의학회지 Vol.77 No.3

Purpose: To investigate structural brain changes and their relationship with cognitive function by determining the alterations of white matter integrity and changes in hippocampal volume that occur during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Materials and Methods: Diffusion tensor images and 3D-T1 MR images were acquired in 13 male nonhypoxemic COPD patients and 13 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Global probabilistic tractography was used to assess a total of 18 major tracts. We examined the association between the hippocampal volume and diffusivity parameters of white matter tracts. Results: A significant difference in diffusion parameters between groups was identified for 11 white matter bundles (p < 0.05). No association was demonstrated between the normalized hippocampus volume and diffusion parameters among the participants. Significant associations between Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (KMMSE) scores and diffusivities were found for six tracts (p < 0.05). Of note, the mean diffusivity (MD) and redial diffusivity (RD) of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus parietal segment showed a significant negative correlation with the K-MMSE score (MD: r = -0.623, p = 0.001; RD: r = -0.408, p = 0.048). Conclusion: Altered white matter integrity was demonstrated across regional white matter bundles, including the superior longitudinal fasciculus, in COPD patients, and it was related to cognitive function. Changes in the volume of the hippocampus should be investigated in further studies.

꽃, 선인장

엄미경 고요아침 2009 시조시학 Vol.- No.-

민들레 노랑 부리 외 5편

엄미경 고요아침 2008 시조시학 Vol.- No.-

늦은 시월 외 1편

엄미경 고요아침 2007 시조시학 Vol.- No.-

갈치

엄미경 고요아침 2006 시조시학 Vol.- No.-

[시작노트] 잎사귀를 내는 마음

엄미경 고요아침 2010 시조시학 Vol.- No.-

『祖堂集』 ‘是什摩’ 用處와 ‘이뭣고’ 화두의 관계

엄미경 동아시아불교문화학회 2022 동아시아불교문화 Vol.- No.50

Today’s Korean Seon community recognizes “What is?(sisimma 是甚麼)” and “Imwotgo” as corresponding source- and target-language words, and thus “是甚麼” is being translated as “Imwotgo” or “What is this?” In fact the “是” of “是甚麼” is not “this” but functions as a descriptive verb which corresponds to the verb “to be” in English. In the translation of “是甚麼” into Korean, “是” is also used to mean “this (this thing)”, resulting in “Imwotgo”. The hwadu “Imwotgo (What is this?)” requires a preceding hwadu that “this” refers to. However, without any preceding hwadu or any words before or after the term, “是甚麼”, which is only a simple interrogative, the phrase “是甚麼” is being interpreted as “Imwotgo” and the hwadu “Imwotgo” is rendered as “是甚麼” in the Korean Seon community. Originally, the hwadu “Imwotgo” is meant to investigate “one thing (一物)” or “original face (本來面目)”, but as “Imwotgo” is recognized as the translation of “是甚麼”, which is a mere interrogative, arguments about “Imwotgo” not being a hwadu appeared, and counter-arguments were raised, creating a controversy regarding the hwadu “Imwotgo”. If we look into past recorded Chan sayings, “是甚麽” never functioned as a hwadu by itself, but was only used as a simple interrogative. Taking a closer look at the use of “是甚麼” into past recorded Chan sayings, starting with this problem, it was found that it was mainly used as an interrogative sentence by the Seon Master in a tone of urging or rebuking the disciples. I examined the Bian lu (碧巖錄; The Blue Cliff Record), one of the major gongan collections, and Zutang ji (祖堂集; Collections from the Chan Masters Hall), the oldest history of Dharma transmissions that exists in its complete form, and counted 108 occurrences of “是什摩”, and confirmed that it was never interpreted as “What is this?” Investigating the origin of the hwadu “Imwotgo” and how to practice it as a hwadu, “Imwotgo” would then translate as “What thing is this? (이것이 무슨 물건인고)”. These can be abridged to a shorter form “Imwotgo” as a hwadu to investigate the “one thing (一物)”. Therefore, it is clear that “是甚麽” and “Imwotgo” are not exact translations for each other. That is why we need to correct the current practice which recognizes “是甚麽” and “Imwotgo” as corresponding translations, and reestablish their relationship. In terms of the hwadu “Imwotgo”, it should be clarified that it is a shortened form of the hwadu “What thing is this?” or an abridgment of various hwadu that investigate “one thing (一物)”. And regarding the Seon term “是甚麼”, the following must be clarified. Although the Korean Seon community uses “是甚麼” as the original Chinese phrase for the hwadu “Imwotgo”, “是甚麼” only has the interrogative meaning of “what is”. It is advisable to elaborate on “是甚麼” and explain that it is an abridged form or abbreviation which omitted the preceding and possibly following Chinese characters from such phrases as “此是甚麽” or “這是甚麽”, both of which mean “Imwotgo”, or as “這箇是甚麽物” which means “What is this thing?”, or which omitted the preceding hwadu that is referred to by “i”; In this way I have reestablished the relationship between the Seon term “是甚麼” and the hwadu Imwotgo (이뭣고). 현재 한국선에서는 ‘是甚麼’와 ‘이뭣고’를 대역어로 인식하여, ‘是甚麼’를 ‘이뭣고’ 혹은 ‘이것이 무엇인가’로 번역하여 사용하고 있다. ‘是甚麼’의 ‘是’는 ‘이(이것)’가 아니라 영어의 ‘be동사’에 해당되는 서술형 동사의 역할을 한다. ‘이뭣고’ 화두는 ‘이’가 가리키는 전제 화두가 있어야만 화두로서의 역할을 하게 된다. 그런데도 전제된 화두나 앞뒤 문구가 없는 단순한 의문사일 뿐인 ‘是甚麼’를 ‘이뭣고’라고 해석하고, ‘이뭣고’ 화두를 ‘是甚麼’라고 옮겨 표기한다. ‘一物’이나 ‘本來面目’을 참구하는 화두인 ‘이뭣고’를 단순한 의문문에 불과한 ‘是甚麼’를 번역한 문구로 인식함으로 인해서 ‘이뭣고’는 화두가 아니라는 주장이 나오고, 그에 대해 반박하는 주장들로 인한 ‘이뭣고’ 화두 논란이 일게 되기도 한다. 선어록의 ‘是甚麽’ 해석에서는 ‘是甚麽’ 자체로는 화두로서의 역할을 한 적이 없으며, 단순한 의문문으로 사용되었을 뿐이다. 이러한 문제를 발단으로 선어록에서의 ‘是甚麽’에 대한 용처를 면밀히 살펴보았더니, 의문문으로서 스승이 제자들에게 다그쳐 묻거나 질책하는 어투로 주로 사용되었다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 대표적인 선종공안집인 碧巖錄 이나 온전한 형태로서 더 오래된 전등사서인 祖堂集 에 등장하는 108회의 ‘是什摩’ 문구의 번역을 통해 ‘이것이 무엇인가’로 해석되지 않는다는 것이 확인된다. ‘이뭣고’ 화두의 연원과 ‘이뭣고’ 화두 드는 법을 살펴보면, ‘이뭣고’ 화두는 바로 ‘이것이 무슨 물건인고’로 귀결된다. ‘一物’을 궁구하는 화두로서 긴 문장이라고 하더라도 ‘이뭣고’라고 간단히 줄여진 것이라는 데서 ‘是甚麽’와 ‘이뭣고’는 대역어가 아님이 확연해진다. 그래서, 현재 선종언어 ‘是甚麼’와 ‘이뭣고’ 화두가 대역어로 인식되고 있는 상황에 대해서는 그 관계를 다시금 정립하여야 한다. ‘이뭣고’ 화두에 대해서는 ‘이것이 무슨 물건인고’ 혹은 ‘一物’을 참구하는 종류의 화두를 간단히 줄여서 사용하는 화두이다’라고 명시하여야 한다. 그리고, 선종언어 ‘是甚麼’에 대해서는 ‘우리나라 선가에서 주로 ‘이뭣고’라는 화두의 한문 표기로서 이와 같이 쓰는데, 본래의 의미는 ‘무엇인가’라는 의문문에 지나지 않지만, ‘이뭣고’의 의미인 ‘此是甚麽’, ‘這是甚麽’ 또는, ‘이것이 무슨 물건인고’의 의미인 ‘這箇是甚麽物’과 같은 문장의 앞뒤에 붙은 문구를 생략하거나 ‘이뭣고’ 화두의 ‘이’에 해당하는 전제 화두의 내용이 생략된 형태의 한자어로서 화두의 제목으로 삼아 ‘是甚麽’라고 표기한다’라고 명시할 것을 제언하는 것으로 선종언어 ‘是甚麼’와 ‘이뭣고’ 화두의 관계를 정립하였다.

백파 긍선 『禪要記』 필사본의 서지사항과 원형 추적

엄미경 한국불교학회 2022 韓國佛敎學 Vol.104 No.-

In the late Joseon dynasty, Baekpa Geungseon (⽩坡亘璇, 1767-1852) practiced Ganhwa Seon of the teachings transmitted from Bodhidharma to the sixth patriarch (祖師禪). He mainly wrote and commented on the books related to the practice of Seon. He seems to have paid special attention to the Seonyogi (禪要記), a commentary on the Seonyo (禪要; Chanyao), which is a guidebook for Ganhwa Seon. He revised this commentary repeatedly until he was the age of 73. In terms of quantity his commentaries are superior compared to other Seonyo commentaries because his have been repeatedly interpreted based on the philosophy of the three types of Seon (三種禪)as mentioned in the Seonmunsugyeong (禪⽂⼿鏡). As a result of a complete survey of the notes on Seonyo provided by the Buddhist Record Cultural Heritage Archive (ABC) and Dongguk University’s Buddhist Academy a large number of existing manuscripts remain and are frequently cited in major textbooks on Seonyo. Among the Seonyogi manuscripts, manuscripts on Unmunam Hermitage of Baegyangsa Temple (⽩⽺寺 雲⾨庵本; Unmunambon) located in Jangseong, Seonamsa Temple (仙巖寺本; Seonamsabon) located in Suncheon, and Mitaam Hermitage of Daeheungsa Temple (⼤興寺 彌陀庵 本; Mitaambon) located in Suncheon are confirmed to be the writings of the Baekpa Geungseon. In addition to the fact that Unmunam (雲⾨ 庵) is a temple where Baekpa actually lived, Unmunambon seems to be written according to the prototype of his students who are supposed to have been present when it was copied in 1895. Thus, the Unmunambon has been used as the authority of the Seonyogi by Baekpa Geungseon, and the Seonamsabon and Mitaambon as reference copies for amendments. Selecting and correcting with reference copies has been conducted to make an authentic text. Thus, this research lays the foundation for additional corrections of the Seonyogi. Research and reinterpretation of the ideas of Baekpa Geungseon through Seonyogi remain as future tasks. 조선후기에 백파 긍선은 조사선 우위의 사상으로 간화선 수행을 방편으로삼고, 주로 선 수행과 관련한 전적에 대하여 주석을 내거나 집필하였다. 간화선의 지침서로 삼았던 『禪要』(이하 『선요』)에 대한 주석서인 『禪要記』(이하『선요기』)는 73세에 이르도록 거듭 수정하여 교정본을 낼 만큼 각별한 애정을 쏟은 것으로 보인다. 『禪⽂⼿鏡』에서 언급한 삼종선에 관한 사상적 이론을 기반으로 거듭 해석하였으므로 여타 『선요』 사기에 비해 분량면에서도 월등하다. 동국대학교 불교학술원 불교기록문화유산아카이브(ABC)가 제공하는『선요』 주석서를 전수 조사한 결과 현존 필사본 중 가장 많은 수가 남아 있고, 『선요』의 주요 교재에서도 빈번히 인용되고 있음을 통해 그 위상을 짐작할 수가 있다. 『선요기』 필사본 가운데 내용상 백파 긍선의 교정본 『선요기』임을 확정할수 있는 7종 중에서 장성 백양사 운문암본, 순천 선암사본, 순천 대흥사 미타암본이 원형과 근사할 것으로 판단된다. 운문암본은 백파의 생전 주석사찰임은 물론이고 필사된 1895년에는 직계 후학들이 건재하였다는 개연성을 배제할 수 없으므로, 백파의 사상과 가르침을 계승하고자 내용에 대한 가감이나 사상적 훼손 없이 원형에 가깝게 필사하였을 것으로 추정된다. 그래서 운문암본은 백파 긍선 『선요기』 정본화 작업을 위한 저본으로 삼고, 선암사본과 미타암본은 교감에 대한 대조본으로 삼고자 한다. 이에 본 연구는 사상과내용에 대한 연구에 앞서 서지사항과 내용을 면밀히 검토하여 저본을 채택한후에 대조본을 선정하여 『선요기』의 정본화를 위한 단초를 마련하였다. 차후『선요기』를 통한 백파 긍선의 사상에 대한 연구와 재해석을 앞으로의 과제로삼는다.

초등학생의 컴퓨터게임 이용실태 및 게임중독정도와 정신건강과의 관계

엄미경 韓國學校保健學會 2002 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.15 No.1

Sporadic Intradural Extramedullary Hemangioblastoma Not Associated with von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review

엄미경,이영준,이준우,이규상,강유선,AHN JOONG MO,강흥식 대한영상의학회 2021 대한영상의학회지 Vol.82 No.3

Hemangioblastomas are low-grade, highly vascular tumors that are usually associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Hemangioblastomas most commonly occur in the cerebellum, and intradural extramedullary hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina is very rare, especially in patients without von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Herein, we report a case of intradural extramedullary hemangioblastoma of the cauda equina that was not associated with von Hippel- Lindau syndrome, with a focus on its imaging characteristics and differential diagnoses. We compared the clinical presentation and imaging features of our case with those of previously reported cases in the review of the literature.