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양지훈 ( Yang Ji Hoon ) 해군사관학교 해양연구소 2022 해양과학기술 Vol.55 No.0
The 4th Industrial Revolution takes place actively and its development speed is beyond imagination, and it will be similar to or more than the sum of the development speeds from the Industrial Revolution to the present. Such technological development is so close that we can feel our lives right away, and one of the representative results is self-driving cars. Self-driving cars are a new concept of transportation that is automatically operated by the system, completely deviating from the current concept of cars driven by humans. If self-driving cars are introduced, it will be of great significance that the accident rate can be drastically reduced compared to the conventional methods operated by humans and the opportunities for the weak, including the disabled and the elderly, to use cars. The U.S. Eco Center for Transportation also published a study showing that if the penetration rate of self-driving cars reaches more than 90%, the annual death toll from traffic accidents decreases to 21,700. However, even if it is operated by the system, it cannot be overlooked that there is a possibility of accidents caused by various causes such as hacking, natural disasters, and network failures. Nevertheless, it is expected that the technology development of self-driving cars will proceed at a faster pace than expected and commercialization of fully autonomous vehicles will take place in 2030. There is no one to deny that various legal devices attached to this should be prepared. Particularly problematic is the type of accident at Level 3. The theory corresponding to this is driving control and operator responsibility. The driver’s responsibility according to driving control is basically a concept that must be established only on the premise that a person drives a car. Of course, it is reasonable and reasonable to see that the current law is somewhat unreasonable to apply without modification to accidents in Level 3 self-driving mode, where people operate by the system due to the advent of self-driving cars, so it is necessary to interpret new laws and laws suitable for self-driving cars. Level 3 Autonomous driving mode accidents of autonomous vehicles are caused by malfunctions or defects in the autonomous vehicle itself or the autonomous driving system, so the manufacturer should be held responsible (product liability). It is reasonable to interpret that a person who owns an autonomous vehicle does not have driving control over an accident in an autonomous driving mode, and of course, it will not bear the responsibility of the driver. However, it seems reasonable in terms of legislation, legal interpretation, and rationality to assume that the owner is responsible for accidents that occur during autonomous driving mode or manual driving. It can be said that a diversified law of responsibility for operation control is required.
양지훈(Ji-Hoon Yang),김성환(Sung-Hwan Kim),송민아(Min-A Song),정재훈(Jae-Hun Jung),정재인(Jae-In Jeong) 한국표면공학회 2016 한국표면공학회지 Vol.49 No.3
The properties of AlTiN films by a cathodic arc deposition process have been studied. Oblique angle deposition has been applied to deposit AlTiN films. AlTiN films have been deposited on stainless steel (SUS304) and cemented carbide (WC) at a substrate temperature of 500℃. AlTiN films were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, glow-discharge light spectroscopy, micro-vickers hardness, and nanoindenter. When applying a current of 50 A to the cathodic arc source, it showed that the density of macroparticle of AlTiN films was 5 lower than other deposition conditions. With the increase of the bias voltage applied to the substrate up to –150 V, the density of macroparticle was decreased. The change of the N₂ flow rate during coating process made no influence on the film properties. For the multi-layered films, the film prepared at oblique angle of 60° showed the highest hardness of 28 GPa and H³/E² index of 0.18. AlTiN films have been shown a good oxidation resistance up to 800℃.
절연체(CeO₂ / Si)위에 성장된 실리콘 박막의 특성 연구
양지훈(Ji Hoon Yang),문병식(Byung-Sik Moon),김관표(Kwan Pyo Kim),김종걸(Chong Geol Kim),정동근(Donggeun Jung),노용한(Yonghan Roh),박종윤(Chong-Yun Park) 한국진공학회(ASCT) 1999 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.8 No.3(2)
CeO₂/Si 표면에 실리콘의 성장 과정을 연구했다. 실리콘 박막은 전자빔 증착 방법을 사용해 증착되었다. CeO₂ (111) 박막은 700℃의 증착 온도, 5×10^(-5) Torr의 산소 부분압에서 (111)방향의 실리콘웨이퍼 위에 적층 성장하였다. CeO₂/Si위의 실리콘 박막의 적층 성장 조건을 조사하기 위해 여러 온도에서 실리콘을 증착했다. 상부 실리콘은 x-ray diffraction(XRD), double crystal x-ray diffraction(DCXRD), 그리고 transmission electron microscopy(TEM)으로 분석하였다. 690℃보다 높은 증착 온도에서는 CeO₂에서 해리된 산소와 실리콘이 화학적 반응을 일으켜 Si/CeO₂의 계면에서 SiO₂층이 성장하는 것을 관찰했다. 620℃에서 CeO₂/Si 표면에 실리콘을 증착 했을 때 실리콘 박막이 (111)방향을 따라 적층 성장하였다. We have investigated the growing process of a silicon film on the CeO₂/Si surface. The silicon was deposited by using electron beam deposition method. The CeO₂ (111) film was grown on a (111)-oriented silicon substrate at 700℃ at oxygen partial pressure of 5×10^(-5) Torr. To investigate the condition of epitaxial growth of Si films on the CeO₂/Si substrate, we deposited Si at various temperatures. The overlayer silicon was characterized by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), double crystal x-ray diffraction (DCXRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At temperature higher than 690℃, SiO₂ layer was observed at the Si/CeO₂ interface, which was formed by chemical reaction with silicon and oxygen dissociated from CeO₂. When silicon was deposited on the CeO₂/Si at 620℃, silicon grew epitaxially along the (111)-direction.
보험수익자 변경의 의사표시가 상대방 없는 단독행위인지 여부에 대한 법적 검토
양지훈(Yang Ji hoon) 계명대학교 사회과학연구소 2020 한국사회과학연구 Vol.39 No.3
혁신적 기술 발달은 인간 평균수명을 획기적으로 증가시켰고, 사회를 더욱 복잡하게 변화시키고 있으며, 예측하기 어려운 위험을 증가시키고 있다. 이러한 위험으로부터 경제적 안정을 담보하기 위한 제도인 보험의 수요와 중요성은 꾸준히 증가하고 있고, 특히 타인의 생명을 보험사고로 하는 타인을 위한 생명보험 계약에서 분쟁이 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 타인을 위한 생명보험이 다른 보험계약과 다른 점은 보험수익자가 존재한다는 것이다. 당연하게도 보험사고 발생 시 보험금을 수령 할 보험수익자 (변경)지정이 중요한데, 현행 상법은 보험계약자가 보험수익자를 지정 또는 변경하는 데 필요한 요건을 따로 규정하고 있지 않고, 형성권으로써 단지 보험계약자가 변경 의사표시를 한 것으로 보험수익자 지위가 변경된 것으로 보고 있다. 물론 보험수익자 변경사실을 보험자에게 통지하여야 하지만, 이는 대항요건으로 통지 시기는 그리 중요하지 않다. 이러한 이유로 진정한 보험수익자가 누구인지에 대한 분쟁이 있는 것이다. 최근 선고된 ‘대법원 2020.2.27.선고 2019다204869 판결’에서도 1심은 보험수익자 변경 의사표시가 상대방 있는 의사표시로 보았으나, 2심과 법원은 상대방 없는 의사표시로 보는 등 보험수익자 변경 의사표시에 대한 견해가 상반되기도 하였다. 본고에서는 보험수익자 변경 의사표시의 성질을 살펴보고, 이에 따른 효력 발생시점 검토를 진행하였다. 이를 통해 보험수익자 변경의 의사표시를 상대방 있는 행위로 변경하여 보험계약자의 보험수익자 변경의 의사표시가 보험자에게 도달한 시점부터 비로소 변경의 효력이 나타나는 것으로 보는 것이 계약의 원칙에 부합하고 계약의 또 다른 당사자인 보험자 보호, 불안정한 보험수익자의 지위를 조금이나마 보장할 수 있는 방안이 될 것이며, 이를 위해 상법 등 관련 법령과 약관을 개정할 필요가 있어 보인다. Innovative technological advances have dramatically increased human life expectancy, making society more complex, and increasing unpredictable risks. The demand and importance of insurance, a system to ensure economic stability from these risks, is steadily increasing, and disputes continue to arise, especially in life insurance contracts for others whose lives are insurance accidents. What makes life insurance for others different from other insurance contracts is that there is an insurance beneficiary. Naturally, it is important to designate an insurance beneficiary (change) to receive insurance money in the event of an insurance accident, and the current commercial law does not separately prescribe the requirements for the policyholder to designate or change the policyholder, but merely because the policyholder expressed its intention to change. Of course, the insurer should be notified of the change in the beneficiary, but this is a counter-requisite and the timing of the notification is not very important. For this reason, there is a dispute over who the true insurance beneficiary is. In the recently sentenced Supreme Court 2020.2.27. Sentencing 2019da 204869, the first trial saw insurance beneficiary change expression as a representation of the other party, but the second trial and the Supreme Court saw it as a representation of the other party"s intention to change insurance beneficiary. This treasury examined the nature of the indication of intention to change the beneficiary of insurance and reviewed the time of effectiveness accordingly was reviewed. It is deemed necessary to change the expression of the beneficiary"s intention to the other party"s actions, but to minimize the inherent infringement of the policyholder"s rights, it is necessary to seek the safety and swiftness of the insurance transaction and to have a contract.
양지훈(Ji Hoon Yang) 한국보험법학회 2024 보험법연구 Vol.18 No.3
이 논문은 보험금청구권신탁 제도를 우리나라에 도입하기 위하여 주요국 사례와 비교를 통해 관련 법제 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 연구 대상으로 한다. 피보험자의 사망을 보험사고로 하는 생명보험계약에서 사망보험금은 상속수단으로 유용하게 사용할 수 있다. 사망보험금은 당연히 보험수익자에게 귀속되는데, 보험수익자는 일반적으로 가족이 된다. 가족이 아니라도 보험계약자는 보험수익자가 사망보험금을 효율적으로 사용하기를 희망할 것이다. 그러나 보험수익자가 제한능력자거나 낭비벽이 심해서 보험금을 탕진할 위험이 클 수 있고, 단순히 상속인을 신뢰하지 못하는 경우 등 수많은 상황이 발생할 수 있다. 하지만 사망보험금 등을 신탁재산으로 활용하게 되면 보험계약자의 진의를 실현할 수 있음에 더하여 안정적 자산운용도 가능하다. 애초에 신탁은 자산을 이전하는 수단으로부터 자산관리를 거쳐 상속을 대체하는 기능과 함께 후견을 보완하는 장치로 발전해 왔기 때문이다. 이때 유용하게 활용할 수 있는 것이 바로 보험금청구권신탁이다. 우리나라는 보험금청구권신탁을 도입하지 않고 있지만, 최근 이른바 ‘부의 이전’ 현상이 뚜렷해지고, 생명보험을 이용한 상속에 대한 관심도 커지면서 제도 도입에 관한 논의가 필요한 시점이다. 구체적으로는 보험금청구권신탁의 기능과 필요성을 포함하여 보험금청구권신탁에 대한 포괄적인 개념을 정의하였다. 그리고 주요국의 보험금청구권신탁제도에서는 보험금청구권신탁 제도를 시행하고 있는 미국, 영국, 일본, 중국, 대만 등 주요국 사례를 조사·분석하였다. 보험금청구권신탁은 영미법계 국가와 대륙법계 국가에서 신탁재산의 종류와 관리방식, 신탁계약 설정과 운용방식, 설립목적 등 몇 가지 차이가 있는데, 이를 중심으로 살펴보며 시사점을 도출하였다. 또한 우리나라에서 보험금청구권신탁 도입 시 상정할 수 있는 구조에 대한 논의를 진행하고, 이 제도가 왜 우리나라에 지금까지 도입되지 못하였는지 그간의 논의를 비판적으로 검토하며, 제도 도입을 위하여 어떠한 조치가 필요한지를 따져보았다. 여기에 더하여 상정할 수 있는 보험금청구권 신탁 유형과 구조, 문제점과 개선사항을 살펴보았는데, 실질적으로 수익은 신탁수익자가 누리지만 이익상반문제(자기거래), 신탁재산성, 보험금청구권의 양도성이 문제 된다. 이와 관련하여 신탁업자가 수탁가능한 재산범위를 규정하고 있는「자본시장법」을 개정하여 종국에는 재산권적 성격을 가진 모든 재산을 수탁할 수 있다는 방향으로 개정이 필요할 것이다. 그리고 신탁재산으로 설정할 수 있는 보험금청구권의 범위를 사망이나 저축성 보험 등 확정할 수 있는 것으로 한정하는 것이 바람직할 것이며, 보험계약대출 실행 등으로 보험금청구권의 금전적 가치가 변하는 경우를 대비하여 보험계약을 해지하지 못하도록 하거나 보험계약자의 보험수익자 변경 특약을 포함하여야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 이익상반행위의 예외 범위를 확대해야 할 것인데, 특히 자기거래와 관련하여 신탁수익자의 동의가 있는 경우 이를 예외사항으로 허용할 필요가 있다. 결론적으로는 우리나라에서 보험금청구권신탁 유형은 위탁자를 보험계약자, 수탁자를 보험수익자로 설정하는 유형 2가 가장 적합하다고 판단한다. 이는 미국과 중국, 대만, 일본 등 주요국에서 도입하고 있는 일반적 유형이기도 하다. This paper aims to propose improvements to relevant legislation for the introduction of an insurance claim rights trust system in South Korea by comparing it with case studies from major countries. In life insurance contracts where the insured's death is the insurance event, death benefits can be effectively used as a means of inheritance. Death benefits naturally belong to the designated beneficiaries, who are generally family members. Even if the beneficiaries are not family, the policyholder would typically hope that they will use the death benefit efficiently. However, various situations may arise where the beneficiaries may be unable to manage the funds effectively due to limited capacity, tendencies for wastefulness, or simply a lack of trust in the heirs. Utilizing death benefits and similar payments as trust property can help realize the policyholder's true intentions while also enabling stable asset management. Trusts have evolved from a means of transferring assets to an arrangement that supplements guardianship, thereby replacing inheritance. In this context, the insurance claim rights trust becomes particularly useful. While South Korea has not yet adopted an insurance claim rights trust, the recent phenomenon of wealth transfer has become pronounced, and interest in using life insurance for inheritance has grown, making discussions about the introduction of this system timely. Specifically, the study defines a comprehensive concept of insurance claim rights trusts, including their functions and necessity, while distinguishing them from similar systems such as life insurance assignments and insurance benefit trusts. The study investigates and analyzes the insurance claim rights trust systems in major countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, China, and Taiwan. There are notable differences between trust property types and management methods, trust contract establishment and operation, and purposes between common law and civil law countries, which are discussed to derive implications. The paper also explores the structure that could be assumed for introducing insurance claim rights trusts in South Korea, critically examines why this system has not yet been adopted, and considers what measures are necessary for its implementation. Additionally, the types and structures of possible insurance claim rights trusts, along with their issues and areas for improvement, are examined. A common finding is that the formal beneficiary would become the trust company. While the actual benefits would be enjoyed by the trust beneficiaries, issues arise regarding conflicting interests (self-dealing), the nature of trust property, and the transferability of insurance claim rights. In this regard, amendments to the “Capital Market Act” are necessary to redefine the scope of property that trust companies can hold, ultimately allowing for all types of property with a proprietary nature to be entrusted. It would also be advisable to limit the scope of insurance claim rights that can be established as trust property to those that can be definitively determined, such as death or savings insurance. Provisions should be included to prevent the termination of insurance contracts in cases where the monetary value of insurance claim rights changes, such as through policy loans, and should allow for the inclusion of policyholder beneficiary change clauses. Finally, the scope of exceptions for conflicting interest transactions should be expanded, especially to allow exceptions for self-dealing when there is consent from the trust beneficiary. In conclusion, the type of insurance claim rights trust that seems most suitable for South Korea is one that designates the policyholder as the trustor and the beneficiaries as the trustees. This aligns with the common types adopted in major countries such as the United States, China, Taiwan, and Japan.