한국 국가의 기능별 재원 배분, 1948~2021

신헌태,김민한,임동완,정용덕 한국행정연구원 2024 韓國行政硏究 Vol.33 No.1

이 연구에서는 대한민국 정부수립 이후 지난 70여 년간 국방, 경제성장, 사회복지, 교육 기능에 각각배분된 재원의 양상을 일반정부 부문 자료를 활용하여 경험적으로 분석한다. 시기별 변화의 특징적형태에 대해서도 주목한다. 분석 결과, 한국은 4대 국가기능별 재원 배분에서 국가형성 및 산업화시기에 국방 및 경제성장을 위한 재원 배분이 사회복지 및 교육을 위한 재원 배분보다 우선순위가높았음을 알 수 있었다. 다만, 세계 냉전의 완화와 전 지구화, 남북 관계의 안정화, 그리고 국내 산업구조의 고도화가 이루어진 이후부터 보건복지 기능이 재원 배분에서 가장 높은 우선순위를 차지하는역전 현상이 나타났다. 시기별 변화의 형태 면에서는 총지출과 기능별 지출 모두에서 민주주의 이행을기점으로 그 이전에는 단절균형적 변화의 양상이 강했으나, 이후에는 점증주의의 성격을 나타냈다. 이러한 양상은 특히 외환위기를 겪은 후인 2004년 무렵부터 더욱 강하게 나타났다. 이와 같은 분석결과는 한국에서 국가가 압축 발전을 주도하던 시기에 국가기능의 우선순위 및 재원 배분 결정에서단절적 균형의 특성이 있었고, 민주주의의 공고화와 시장경제의 역동성이 증대된 이후에는 안정적이고지속성 있는 변화의 특성이 나타나고 있는 것으로 해석할 수 있다 In this article, we empirically analyzed the functional allocation of fiscal resources over the past 73 years since the formation of the Korean state in 1948. Utilizing the data of the general government sector, we focused on the four areas of the state function: i.e. national defense, economic growth, social welfare, and education. The research result shows that during the periods of state-building and rapid industrialization, the priority in fiscal allocations was given to national defense and economic growth over social welfare and education. After the easing of the Cold War, globalization, stabilization of the North-South Korean relations, and advancement of the domestic industrial structure, however, a reversal in this trend became apparent: i.e., the areas of health and welfare began to take the highest priority in fiscal resource allocation. Both total expenditures and functional expenditures exhibited a pattern of punctuated equilibrium prior to the democratic transition while showing characteristics of incrementalism afterward, especially right after the Asian liquidity crisis of 1997. These findings suggest that during the period when the state-led compressed development in South Korea, there were characteristics of punctuated equilibrium in prioritizing the state’s functional allocation of fiscal resources.

한국 자율국가의 수취능력, 1948~2019

신헌태,정용덕 한국행정사학회 2019 韓國行政史學誌 Vol.46 No.-

Many social scientists at home and abroad have analyzed that the Korean state has enjoyed a high degree of autonomy from civil society based on its high level of capacity. An autonomous state needs a high level of financial extract. In this article, we analyzed the extractive capacity of Korean state by applying two approaches. First, we quantitatively analyzed the proportion of the total state revenue to the gross domestic product (GDP). The research result shows that the proportion of Korea was among the smallest of the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This result is a far cry from the conventional findings that the Korean state has maintained high capacity and autonomy. Therefore, we came to conclude that the quantitative analysis of the proportion of revenues to the GDP as a result of the extractive capacity has limitations in measuring the extractive capacity of the state. As an alternative, we analyzed the Korean state's extractive capacity through a historical approach. The result shows that the Korean state has been flexibly and effectively mobilizing and allocating a wide variety of possible domestic and foreign financial resources to carry out its preferred policy tasks of the time. Furthermore, we came to conclusion that it is appropriate to interpret that the Korean state has been able to maintain its relatively small proportion of revenue to the GDP not because of its weak capacity, but rather because of its strong capacity. Second, we also analyzed the level of development of the state-administered cadastral records as one of the indicators of extractive capacity. According to the OECD data, Japan is ranked 1st and Korea is 18th. On the other hand, the World Bank data shows that Korea, along with Japan and Taiwan, has a high level of cadastral system as West European countries. To determine the relevancy of the conflicting data, we conducted a historical analysis in parallel. As a result, the Korean state has developed its cadastral capacity for thousands of years, but its development of modern cadastral system was later than that of Japan, not to mention the Western countries. It is since the Republic that Korea has advanced beyond Japan and Western counterparts to the highest level. A theoretical implication is that it is necessary to combine quantitative and historical analyses for assessing the extractive capacity and the state capacity to include it. 많은 국내외 사회과학자들은 한국 국가가 높은 수준의 능력을 바탕으로 사회에 대해 높은 수준의 자율성을 누려온 것으로 분석하고 있다. 일반적으로 자율국가는 높은 재원 수취능력을 필요로 하는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 이를 입증하기 위해 본 연구는 한국 국가의 수취능력을 두 가지 접근방법에 의해 분석했다. 첫째, 국가세입의 국내총생산에 대한 비중을 정량 분석했다. 그 결과 한국의 수취 규모(비중)가 경제협력개발기구 회원국 가운데 가장 작은 편에 속해 왔음을 발견했다. 이와 같은 결과는 한국 국가가 높은 능력과 자율성을 유지해 왔다는 통념과는 크게 상반된 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 결과로서의 수취 규모에 대한 정량 분석에 의해서는 한국 국가의 능력과 자율성을 측정하는 데 한계가 있다고 판단하면서, 하나의 대안으로 역사적 접근방법을 통해 한국 국가의 수취능력을 분석했다. 이를 통해 한국 국가는 선호하는 시대적 정책과제를 수행하기 위해 가능한 국내외 재원을 신축적이고 효과적으로 동원하고 배분해 왔음을 알 수 있다. 더 나아가 한국 국가의 작은 수취 규모는 국가능력이 낮기 때문이 아니라, 오히려 강하기 때문에 가능했던 것으로 해석하는 것이 적합하다는 결론에 도달했다. 둘째, 한국 국가가 성취한 (수취능력의 측정 지표 가운데 하나로서) 지적의 발달 수준을 분석해 보았다. 국제협력개발기구의 자료에 의거하는 경우, 일본은 1위 그리고 한국은 18위로 각각 분석되었다. 반면, 세계은행 자료에 의거하는 경우, 한국은 일본 및 타이완과 더불어 서구 나라들과 비슷한 수준의 높은 토지행정 체계를 갖추고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이 상반된 분석 결과에 대한 적실성을 판단하기 위해 역사적 분석을 병행하였는데, 그 결과 한국은 수천 년에 걸쳐 지적을 발전시켜 왔으나, 근대적인 지적의 발달에서 서구는 물론이고 일본보다도 늦었음을 알 수 있었다. 다만, 오늘날은 한국이 일본과 서구 나라들을 넘어 최상위 수준의 지적 제도를 발달시켜 온 것으로 평가했다. 끝으로, 수취능력 그리고 그것을 포함하는 국가능력을 평가하기 위해서는 정량적 분석과 역사적 분석을 병행할 필요가 있다는 이론적 함의를 발견할 수 있었다.

사회분야 재정사업 예비타당성조사 분석: 평가의 심리학적 편향을 중심으로

신헌태 한국정책학회 2022 한국정책학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.-

한방의료기관 감염관리에 대한 한의사의 인식도와 수행도

신헌태 대한예방한의학회 2019 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Purpose : This study was designed to identify the perception and practice level of infection control among korean medical doctors and to identify factors that may influence the performance and practice level. Methods : Data were collected using the online survey method. Seven hundred and eighty four Korean medical doctors(KMD) participated the survey. The study was conducted from December 2018 to January 2019. Results : The results of this study are as follows. 1. Participants who experienced infection risk by needles or sharp instruments were 596(76%). and participants who had experienced blood or body fluid contact with the mucous membrane or skin of the patient during treatment were 226(28.8%) of them. 2. The degree of perception and practice of the infectious guideline was higher in the group over 50 years, in the doctor group, in the group with more than 6 years experience in clinic and in the group who work in the hospital. (p < 0.05) 3. In the performance of the infection control management related to the Korean medical treatment, the practice level of the article 'Discard the remaining needle that used for one patient' was the lowest at 4.02, 'Identify the patient and check the validity period of sterilization of medicines or instruments' was the second lowest in 4.16. 4. Among the contents of "Prevention of Nosocomial infection and Sanitary Safety Guidelines" issued by the Korean Medical Association in 2008, the guideline "Prevention of infection by pathogens such as HIV, MRSA, SARS" were lowest article in the perception and practice level of participants. 5. Regression analysis was performed to find out the factors affecting perception and performance of the participants. The regression model showed significant difference in the regression model of the working years. (p <0.05) 6. In order to examine the effect of the variables on the perception and practice of the infectious guideline, the mediated effect of the knowledge and education level according to the years of working, age, education degree was found to be significant only in the education degree variable. (p <0.05) In conclusion : in order to improve the perception and practice of infectious control of Korean medicine doctors , it is necessary to include the contents of infection management as essential education during the continuing education of Korean medicine association.

일부 한국인 고혈압환자의 한방양생 실천수준 및 생활습관 -강원도 홍천군민을 중심으로-

신헌태,이선동,Shin, Heon-Tae,Lee, Sun-Dong 대한예방한의학회 2009 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.13 No.3

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and the relationship between hypertension and the grades of 'Yang-Saeng'(health promotion methods in oriental medicine) in hypertension group and control group of Hong-Cheon county in Korea. Methods : To accomplish the purpose, we analyzed the Hong-Cheon survey data which was collected from 1,739 subjects from october 1. 2006 to October 20. 2006. Results : Hypertension group marked lower mentality score($21.0{\pm}3.7$) than that of control group($21.8{\pm}3.2$). (p<0.05) Hypertension group marked higher grades in the other Yang-Saeng categories{Eating($31.6{\pm}5.0$ ; $29.9{\pm}4.9$), Daily life($31.5{\pm}4.3$ ; $30.6{\pm}4.2$), Seasonal life($29.1{\pm}3.4$ ; $28.3{\pm}3.1$), Sexual behavior($13.9{\pm}2.3$ ; $13.5{\pm}2.1$)}. (p<0.05) Conclusion : The result of this study suggest that mental program could be needed more during operating health promotion program for hypertension group.

한약과 양약 복용이 신장기능에 미치는 영향 -피부과치료 한약복용 환자를 중심으로-

신헌태,이선동,Shin Heon-Tae,Lee Sun-Dong 대한예방한의학회 2004 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.8 No.2

We have conducted questionnaire and measured serum kidney function tests on 156 patients whom have received a treatment at a local Oriental medicine clinic in Seoul from Sept. 1, 2002 to Dec. 31, 2002. Patients were categorized into five groups. The groups are control(10 samples), herbal extract group(41 samples), herbal pills group(5samples), western medicines(45samples), and combination group(55 samples). This study was conducted to investigate how these treatment methods can affect the kidney functions. Following results were obtained : 1) Most of the research subjects were male(103 individuals) living in large urban area, with a drinking habit, highly educated, and with normal marriage. For the treatment history, 45 individuals received western medicine treatment(28.85%), 46 with Oriental medicine(29.49%), and 55patients (35.26%) experienced both forms of the treatment. 2) For measuring Mean(SD) of serum kidney functions for all the research subjects, Bun was 12.16(3.90)g/dl, 0.51(0.19) g/dl for Creatinine, and 4.64(1.49)g/dl for Uric acid. All the measurements were within the normal range. 3) Confounding variables which may affect the kidney functions such as age, smoking, drinking, occupation, and residency were eliminated in calculation and no significant differences were witnessed between the control and experiment groups. 4) In measuring affects of treatment duration on the kidney functions, no statistical significances were shown in multiple regression's ${\beta}(SE)$ values. 5) Correlations affecting the kidney functions are duration of drinking, drinking volume per round, drinking volume per week, smoking, gender, and age difference caused significant correlations. From the above results, we can deduce that taking herbal and western medicine didn't cause significant effects between the control and experiment groups in the kidney functions. Further research is needed in this field to verify this evidence by adding odds ratios and etc.

사물탕투여가 임신랫드의 모체 및 태자에 미치는 영향 -유해금속(As, Cd, Pb, Hg)과 양-반응관계를 중심으로-

신헌태,박해모,이선동,Shin, Heon-Tae,Park, Hae-Mo,Lee, Sun-Dong 대한예방한의학회 2009 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Purpose : To evaluate the effects of Samultang(SMT) on the metals in the dams and fetuses Method : SMT(Decoction) was administered orally using different concentrations to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats for 20days after being assigned randomly to 5 groups. Each group has 11 dams. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation and metal concentration in the dams and fetuses was observed using a ICP-MS and mercury analyzer. Results : Hg concentration in the blood of dams was lower in the $SMT{\times}1$, $SMT{\times}2$, $SMT{\times}4$group than VC(Vehicle Control) and Control group. Hg concentration in the organs of dams was lower in the $SMT{\times}1$, $SMT{\times}2$, $SMT{\times}4$ group than VC, Control group. Whereas Cd concentration in the organs of fetuses was getting lower as increasing SMT dose, Hg concentration in the organs of fetuses was getting higher as increasing SMT dose. Discussion and Conclusion : There were not any significant harmful differences of metal concentration in the dams and fetuses treated by SMT. Particularly, SMT showed the possibility of efficacy to reduce the concentration of Hg in dams but to increase the concentration of Hg in fetuses. The mechanism of reduction is not yet proven. A hypothesis says there is a possibility of the chelation effect between the essential elements of herbs and heavy metals. Another hypothesis is the possibility of Hg transmission from dam to fetus. Further study should be conducted to make guidelines for the safe use of herbal medicine.

한의과대학생의 유급경험에 관한 현상학적 연구

신헌태,Shin, Heon Tae 대한예방한의학회 2016 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.20 No.2

Objectives : The aim of this study was to explore the academic failure experiences of Korean Medicine Students. The academic failure in a medical school is defined as the situation the student who have academic failure need to repeat their academic year again. Methods : Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews from April to May 2016 and analyzed through Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology. The participants were interviewed twice, for 30minutes to 60minutes per interview. Results : Eight theme-clusters of were identified from 21 themes. The theme-clusters were 'Dream of university life and freedom', 'Meeting Stranger academic field and growing study stress', 'Difficulty of self-management', 'Weak supporting system', 'Feeling of guilty, sense of isolation and decreasing in self-esteem', 'The experience during the vacation after the academic failure', 'The experience of returning to school' and 'Self growing through hard experience'. Conclusions : Understanding of academic failure experience of Korean Medicine Students is an important approach to counsel them and an important way to reach a good model of education at a medical college.

사물탕투여가 임신랫드의 모체 및 태자에 미치는 영향 ― 유해금속(As, Cd, Pb, Hg)과 양-반응관계를 중심으로 ―

신헌태,박해모,이선동 대한예방한의학회 2009 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Purpose:To evaluate the effects of Samultang(SMT) on the metals in the dams and fetuses. Method:SMT(Decoction) was administered orally using different concentrations to pregnant Sprague- Dawley rats for 20days after being assigned randomly to 5 groups. Each group has 11 dams. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation and metal concentration in the dams and fetuses was observed using a ICP-MS and mercury analyzer. Results:Hg concentration in the blood of dams was lower in the SMT×1, SMT×2, SMT×4group than VC(Vehicle Control) and Control group. Hg concentration in the organs of dams was lower in the SMT×1, SMT×2, SMT×4 group than VC, Control group. Whereas Cd concentration in the organs of fetuses was getting lower as increasing SMT dose, Hg concentration in the organs of fetuses was getting higher as increasing SMT dose. Discussion and Conclusion:There were not any significant harmful differences of metal concentration in the dams and fetuses treated by SMT. Particularly, SMT showed the possibility of efficacy to reduce the concentration of Hg in dams but to increase the concentration of Hg in fetuses. The mechanism of reduction is not yet proven. A hypothesis says there is a possibility of the chelation effect between the essential elements of herbs and heavy metals. Another hypothesis is the possibility of Hg transmission from dam to fetus. Further study should be conducted to make guidelines for the safe use of herbal medicine. Purpose:To evaluate the effects of Samultang(SMT) on the metals in the dams and fetuses. Method:SMT(Decoction) was administered orally using different concentrations to pregnant Sprague- Dawley rats for 20days after being assigned randomly to 5 groups. Each group has 11 dams. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation and metal concentration in the dams and fetuses was observed using a ICP-MS and mercury analyzer. Results:Hg concentration in the blood of dams was lower in the SMT×1, SMT×2, SMT×4group than VC(Vehicle Control) and Control group. Hg concentration in the organs of dams was lower in the SMT×1, SMT×2, SMT×4 group than VC, Control group. Whereas Cd concentration in the organs of fetuses was getting lower as increasing SMT dose, Hg concentration in the organs of fetuses was getting higher as increasing SMT dose. Discussion and Conclusion:There were not any significant harmful differences of metal concentration in the dams and fetuses treated by SMT. Particularly, SMT showed the possibility of efficacy to reduce the concentration of Hg in dams but to increase the concentration of Hg in fetuses. The mechanism of reduction is not yet proven. A hypothesis says there is a possibility of the chelation effect between the essential elements of herbs and heavy metals. Another hypothesis is the possibility of Hg transmission from dam to fetus. Further study should be conducted to make guidelines for the safe use of herbal medicine.

일부 한국농촌지역의 8대 한방공공보건사업에 대한 주민의 이용실태 및 개선방향;강원도 홍천군을 중심으로

신헌태,이선동,주재신,한상백,한용주,박해모,Shin, Heon-Tae,Lee, Sun-Dong,Chu, Chae-Shin,Han, Sang-Baek,Han, Yong-Joo,Park, Hae-Mo 대한예방한의학회 2007 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Health promotion program utilizing traditional korean medicine(TKM) is very unique modality uncommonly conducted throughout the world. Korea's TKM public health services went through initial stage from 2001 and spread throughout the country by 2003. 35 public health centers in the nation is appointed as 'TKM health promotion HUB' and in operation from 2007. But the program is still in the early state and evaluation of usage, satisfaction, and community service is still in demand. This study aims to verify current situations of TKM public health service by examining public awareness, usage, and satisfaction and suggest improvements based on findings. 2.5% of local residents were sampled and 1739 were chosen as subjects. Knowledge, attitude, satisfaction and others for TKM public health service were examined. TKM treatment service was most widely utilized(13.2%), followed by CVA prevention program(5.2%). For satisfaction level, CVA prevention program showed highest satisfaction(73.3%), closely followed by (Qi-gong program 63%). In general, awareness and utilization of TKM public health service were low but compensated by high satisfaction level. More active promotion and development of community specific programs should become available in the future.