Predicting Methane Production on Anaerobic Digestion to Crop Residues and Biomass Loading Rates

신중두,홍승길,박상원,김현욱,Shin, JoungDu,Hong, Seung-Gil,Park, SangWon,Kim, HyunWook Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association 2016 유기물자원화 Vol.25 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 농업에서 발생하는 식물체 잔사 종류별 투입비율에 따른 메탄 잠재 발생량을 예측하는 것이다. 바이오가스를 생산하기 위하여 보릿짚 및 유채대 등의 식물체 잔사를 다양한 투입율로 사용하여 세륨병에서 실험을 수행하였다. 표면 방법론의 운동방법을 통하여 메탄 생산은 Gomperz 수식에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 중온소화 시 식물체 잔사별 바이오가스 생산에 있어, 최대생산량은 보릿짚 및 유채대 투입율 1%로 혐기소화 후 각각 6.8일에 37.2 mL/g과 7.5일에 28.0 mL/g로 나타났다. 중온소화 시 메탄 함량은 보릿짚 및 유채대 투입율 5%로 혐기소화 후 각각 5.5일에 61.7%와 3.4일에 75.0%로 가장 높게 관측되었다. 중온 소화시 최대 메탄 잠재발생량은 1% 보릿짚 투입율에서 159.59 mL/g 와 3% 유채대 투입율에서 156.62 mL/g로 산정되었다. 전반적으로 중온소화 시 바이오매스 투입율은 유채대 3% 및 보릿짚 1%를 투입하는 것이 적정 비율인 것으로 나타났다. Objective of this experiment was to predict the potential methane production with crop residues at different loading rates. Anaerobic digestion of barley and rapeseed straw substrates for biogas production was performed in Duran bottles at various biomass loading rates with crop residues. Through kinetic model of surface methodology, the methane production was fitted to a Gompertz equation. For the biogas production at mesophilic digestion with crop residues, it was observed that maximum yield was 37.2 and 28.0 mL/g at 6.8 and 7.5 days after digestion with 1% biomass loading rates of barley and rapeseed straws, respectively. For the methane content of mesophilic digestion, there were highest at 61.7% after 5.5 days and 75.0% after 3.4 days of digestion with barley and rapeseed straw on both 5% biomass loading rates, respectively. The maximum methane production potentials were 159.59 mL/g for 1% barley straw and 156.62 mL/g for 3% rapeseed straw at mesophilic digestion. Overall, it would be strongly recommended that biomass loading rate was an optimum rate at mesophilic digestion for using 1% barley and 3% rapeseed straws for feed stocks.

Run-off Impact Assessment of the Steeped Cornfield to Small Stream

신중두,이종식,김원일,정구복,소규호,이정택,이명선 한국환경농학회 2005 한국환경농학회지 Vol.24 No.4

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutrient loss and to assess the eutrophication into small stream by intensive rains in the steeped cornfield during cultivation. The crop cultivated was a soiling corn (DW5969), and the experimental plots were divided into two parts that were 10 and 18% of slope degrees. The amount of T-N and T-P loss was calculated by analysis of surface run-off water quality, and was investigated the effect of eutrophication to small stream as a part of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology application. For the surface run-off water quality, EC and T-N values were highest in first runoff event as compared to the other events and maintained the stage state with litter variations at every hour during the runoff period except for EC in the slope 18%. However, T-P concentration has been a transient stage after runoff event of July 27. Total surface run-off ratio was not significantly different with slope degrees, but amount of T-N and T-P losses at 18% of slope were high as 5.96 kg ha-1 and 0.65 kg ha-1 as relative to 10% of slope degree, respectively. Furthermore, T-N losses from run-off water in the sloped cornfield 10 and 18% were approximately 9.8 and 12.5% of the N applied as fertilizer when the fertilizer applied at recommended rates after soil test, respectively. For the eutrophication impact to the small stream, it was shown that PO4 equivalence and Eco-indicator value at 18% of slope degree were greater as much 6.11 kg ha-1 and 0.81 as compared to the slope angle 10%, respectively. Therefore, it was appeared that each effect of nutrient losses, eutrophication and Eco-indicator value was enhanced according with higher slope degree.

Estimation of Carbon Sequestration and Its Profit Analysis with Different Application Rates of Biochar during Corn Cultivation Periods

신중두,최용수,이선일,Shin, JoungDu,Choi, Yong-Su,Lee, SunIl Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association 2016 유기물자원화 Vol.25 No.3

바이오차 시용이 토양비옥도나 온실가스 완화에 기여하는 것 외에, 경작지 시용에 따른 탄소격리 및 순익 분석이 평가된바 거의 없다. 본 연구는 옥수수 재배 기간 동안 온실가스 완화에 대한 이익을 평가하고, 탄소격리를 산정하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 실험의 처리구는 돈분처리구, 돈분을 퇴비로 시용하면서 바이오차 처리를 2,600(0.2%), 13,000(1%), 및 26,000(2%) kg/ha로 나누어 시용하였다. 바이오차 시용에 따른 탄소 격리량을 예측하기 위해 Y = 0.5523X - 742.57 ($r^2=0.939^{**}$) 일차 모형식을 유도하였으며, 본 수식을 바탕으로 바이오차 0.2, 1 및 2% 시용 시 탄소 격리량은 각각 1,235, 3,978, 및 14,794 kg/ha로 산정되었고, 온실가스 완화는 각각 4.5, 14.6, 및 54.2 ton/ha로 평가 되었다. 이에 대한 이익 평가는 적게는 $14.6, 많게는 $452로 산정되었다. 또한 한국 기후변화 시장의 이산화탄소 시장 거래가로는 바이오차 0.2, 1 및 2% 시용 시 $35.6, $115.3 및 $428.2로 나타났다. 바이오차 시용에 대한 작물 재배에 있어, 초장과 수량은 처리간에 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 따라서 본 실험결과는 농사활동에서 바이오차를 토양에 시용함으로서 탄소 배출건 거래제가 시행된다는 전제 조건하에 기초자료가 될 것이다. Despite the ability of biochar to enhance soil fertility and to mitigate greenhouse gas, its carbon sequestration and profit analysis with arable land application have been a few evaluated. This study was conducted to estimate carbon sequestration and to evaluate profit of greenhouse gas mitigation during corn cultivation periods. For the experiment, the biochar application rates were consisted of pig compost(non application), 2,600(0.2%), 13,000(1%), and 26,000(2%) kg/ha based on pig compost application. For predicting soil carbon sequestration of biochar application, it was appeared to be linear model of Y = 0.5523X - 742.57 ($r^2=0.939^{**}$). Based on this equation, soil carbon sequestration by 0.2, 1 and 2% biochar application was estimated to be 1,235, 3,978, and 14,794 kg/ha, and their mitigations of $CO_2$-eq. emissions were estimated to be 4.5, 14.6, and 54.2 ton/ha, respectively. Their profits were estimated at $14.6 for lowest and $452 for highest. In Korea Climate Exchange, it was estimated that the market price of $CO_2$ in corn cultivation periods with 0.2, 1 and 2% biochar application was $35.6, $115.3 and $428.2 per hectare, respectively. For the plant growth response, it was observed that plant height and fresh ear yield were not significantly different among the treatments. Therefore, these experimental results might be fundamental data for assuming a carbon trading mechanism exists for biochar soil application in agricultural practices.

농업관련 바이오매스를 이용한 신재생에너지 전환기술 방향

신중두,소규호,남재작,이정택,김충희,조강재,최홍림,이명선 유기성자원학회 2007 유기물자원화 Vol.14 No.4

Influnce of Plant Residues on Net Mineralization and Nitrification of the Selected Piedmont Soils in North Carolina

신중두,Shin, Joung-Du Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 1997 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.30 No.1

Determination of N mineralization and nitrification potentials of selected Piedmont soils of North Carolina requires a better understanding of the influences of incorporated plant residues. The net N mineralization and nitrification were significantly influenced by the soil types and by plant species. The net N mineralization and nitrification of soils mixed with plant residues were consistently increased with successional incubation periods. The net mineralization and nitrification ranged from $9.77{\mu}g/g$ to $143.80{\mu}g/g$, and from $5.31{\mu}g/g$ to $145.66{\mu}g/g$ during the incubation periods, respectively. The net N mineralization was more influenced by NO3-N than by NH4-N. Overall, the greatest proportions of net N mineralization and nitrification occurred in Chewacla and Wehadkee and lowest in Enon and Mecklenburg. For the plant residues, the net N mineralization and nitrification were observed to be lowest in corn and highest in soybean. In a low-input agricultural systems, soybean may be planted as cover crop which may improve the nitrogen status of selected Piedmont soils of North Carolina.

벼 재배시 Biochar Pellet 완효성 비료 사용에 따른 농업환경 영향 평가 및 탄소 격리

신중두,이선일,최은정 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2020 심포지엄 및 특별세션 Vol.2020 No.2

Estimation of soil carbon sequestration and profit analysis on mitigation of CO2-eq. emission in cropland cooperated with compost and biochar

신중두,홍승길,이선일,홍성창,이종식 한국응용생명화학회 2017 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.60 No.4

Only a few have evaluated the mitigation of greenhouse emissions and profit analysis along with soil carbon sequestration for corn cultivation. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions as well as their profit analysis with different composts mixed with biochar during corn cultivation. This experimental data provided the second year of corn cultivation. The soil type used was clay loam. The application amounts of synthetic fertilizer and biochar were 220–30–155 kg ha-1 (N–P–K) as the recommended amount after soil analysis and 2600 kg ha-1 based on 1.3% of soil bulk density. For the biannual experimental results, it appeared that carbon sequestration in cow manure cooperated with biochar was highest at 2.3 tons ha-1 and recovered from 67.3 to 78.5% with biochar application. Furthermore, mitigation of CO2-eq. emission as greenhouse gases was estimated to be at 7.3–8.4 MT ha-1, and its profit was evaluated from $7.2 to 8.4 as lowest, from $57.2 to 66.6 as medium and from $139.7 to 162.7 as highest per hectare regardless of organic compost types used. For agricultural practice in Korea, it is evaluated that the market price of CO2 in corn field cooperated with 2600 kg ha-1 of biochar application ranged from $57.2 to 162.7 per hectare in Korean Climate Exchange. For corn biomass, the treatment with biochar application did not significantly decrease compared with the only organic compost application. Based on these experimental results, it might be applied for carbon trading with clean development mechanism for agricultural practices.

Influences of Discharge Waters from Wastewater Treatment Plants on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Growth and Percolation Water Salinity

신중두,이종식,김원일,이창은,윤순강,엄기철,Shin, Joung-Du,Lee, Jong-Sik,Kim, Won-Il,Lee, Chang-Eun,Yun, Sun-Gang,Eom, Ki-Cheol Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2003 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.36 No.1

Objective of this study was to assess rice growth and percolation water salinity under the irrigation of the discharge waters from the municipal wastewater treatment plant and from the industrial wastewater treatment plant as alternative water resources during transplanting season. Three kinds of waters were irrigated; the discharge water from an industrial wastewater treatment plant (DIWT), the discharge water from the municipal wastewater treatment plant (DMWT), and groundwater. Concentrations of $COD_{er}$, $NH_4{^+}_-N$, $Mn^{2+}$, and $Ni^+$ in DIWT, SS content and $PO_4-P$ concentrations in DMWT were higher than those of reuse water criteria of other country for agricultural irrigation. The plant height in the irrigation of DMWT was shorter by 2 cm than the groundwater irrigation except for 10 days irrigation. However, the number of tillerings was not significantly different between DMWT and the groundwater. For the harvest index, there were no significant difference between DMWT and DIWT for 20 days irrigation, but slightly higher in DIWT than that of DMWT for 30 days irrigation regardless of soil types. The salinity of percolation water in the rhizosphere with irrigation of DIWT had more twofold than DMWT, but SAR value from DMWT had no significantly different from the groundwater irrigation. The average $EC_i$ values in the rooting zone irrigated with DIWT and DMWT for 30 days after rice transplanting were 4.7 and $3.4dS\;m^{-1}$ in clay loam soil, and were 3.5 and $2.5dS\;m^{-1}$ in sandy loam soil, respectively. There was dramatic decrease in $EC_i$ value at 30 days after rice transplanting even though $EC_i$ of DIWT had more twofold than DMWT. However, $EC_i$ from DMWT had no significant difference from the groundwater. Therefore, it might be considered that there was limited possibility to irrigate DMWT to overcome drought injury of rice transplanting season in paddy field.

혐기소화 공정 및 원료 유형별 바이오가스 생산에 미치는 영향

신중두,홍승길,박우균,박상원 유기성자원학회 2011 유기물자원화 Vol.19 No.4

Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biogas production to different systems and feeding stocks. For the biogas production through operating the temperature phase anaerobic digestion(TPAD) with different feeding stocks, the stage state of biogas production with 70% of methane concentration in the thermophilic digestion tank with co-digestion of food waste and swine manure(40 : 60) was delayed at 3.5times, but its mesophilic tank was short for 5 days as relative to the swine manure. The cumulative methane production in the thermophilic digestion tank with co-digestion of food waste and swine manure was started with greater than its swine manure at 60 days after digestion periods. However, its mesophilic tank with swine manure was great at 3 days after digestion periods. For aspect of anaerobic digestion processes with swine manure, it was appeared that the stage state of biogas production rate in TPAD was shorter than the two phase anaerobic digestion system. 본 연구의 목적은 TPAD(Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion)시스템〔고온조(55℃)와 중온조(35℃)〕과 이상혐기소화시스템〔중온조(35℃)와 중온조(35℃)〕공정을 비교하고, 이러한 공정을 적용한 유기성 자원별 바이오가스 생산량을 비교하는 것이었다. 원료별 TPAD시스템을 적용한 바이오가스 생산량을 비교해 볼 때, 고온조에서 돈분과 음식물류폐기물을 혼합한 원료를 사용한 경우는 돈분만 사용하였을 때 보다 혐기소화 공정의 안정화에 걸리는 기간은 3.5배가 지연되었지만, 중온조의 경우, 돈분과 음식물류폐기물을 혼용 처리하였을 때 메탄가스 농도 약 70%로 체류시간을 5일 앞당겨 안정화 단계에 도달하는 것으로 나타났다. 돈분과 음식물류폐기물을 혼합한 원료의 경우 고온조에서 혐기소화 60일을 기점으로, 또한 중온조의 경우 초기단계인 혐기소화 3일 후부터 돈분만 사용한 경우 보다 누적메탄가스 발생량이 많게 나타났다. 또한 혐기소화 공정측면에서 돈분을 이용한 TPAD시스템 운영은 이상혐기소화시스템 보다 조기에 공정의 안정화 단계에 도달하는 것으로 나타났다.

Influences of Discharge Waters from Wastewater Tretment Plants on Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Growth and Percolation Water Salinity

신중두 한국토양비료학회 2003 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.36 No.1