Total Nitrogen Distribution and Seasonal Changes in Inorganic Nitrogen at a Pinus koraiensis Stand in Kwangju-gun, Ky?nggi-do, Korea

신준환,이돈구,Shin, Joon Hwan,Lee, Don Koo Korean Society of Forest Science 1985 한국산림과학회지 Vol.69 No.1

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 경기도(京畿道) 광주군(廣州郡) 도척면(都尺面)에 위치(位置)한 서울대학교(大學校) 중부연습림(中部演習林)의 24년생(年生) 잣나무 인공조림지(人工造林地)를 대상(對象)으로 하여 (1) 임분내(林分內) 전질소(全窒素)의 분포(分布)를 조사(調査)하여 갱신법(更新法)에 따른 잣나무림(林) 생태계(生態系)의 자기시비계(自己施肥系)가 받는 충격(衝擊)의 정도(程度)를 알아보며, (2) 그 임분(林分)의 토양(土壤)에서 여러 깊이에 따른 무기태(無機態) 질소(窒素)의 계절별(季節別) 변화양상(變化樣相)을 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素)와 질산태(窒酸態) 질소(窒素)로 나누어 분석연구(分析硏究) 하고, 또한 잣나무림(林)에 있어서 질소질양료(窒素質養料)에 대(對)한 자기시비기구(自己施肥機構)를 연구(硏究)하여 적절(適切)한 시비시기(施肥時期)와 방법(方法)에 대한 정보(情報)를 얻으려고 시도(試圖)하였는데 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻을 수 있었다. 1) 뿌리를 제외(除外)한 현존량(現存量)에 포함(包含)된 전질소중(全窒素中) 61.5%는 침엽중(針葉中)에, 20%는 가지에, 5.5%는 수피(樹皮)에, 13%는 수간(樹幹)의 목질부(木質部)에 분포(分布)한다. 따라서 수간(樹幹)의 목질부(木質部)만 수확(收穫)하는 것이 생태계(生態系)의 자기시비계(自己施肥系)에 충격(衝擊)을 가장 적게 준다고 볼 수 있다. 2) 토양중(土壤中)의 무기태질소(無機態窒素)의 함량(含量)은 토양(土壤)이 깊게 들어 갈수록 변화(變化)가 약해졌으며 그 함량(含量)을 계절별(季節別)로 보면 봄, 가을, 한여름, 초여름 순(順)으로 감소(減少)하였다. 이러한 양상(樣相)은 질산태질소(窒酸態窒素)의 손실(損失)이 환경인자(環境因子)에 크게 좌우(左右)되기 때문에 일어나며, 이러한 결과(結果)에 따라 속효성(速效性) 질소비료(窒素肥料)를 봄에 시비(施肥)하는 것이 가장 적합(適合)하다고 결론(結論)을 내릴 수 있었다. This study was conducted (1) to measure the nitrogen content of various parts of trees in a 24-year-old Pinus koraiensis plantation, providing a harvest method with the least impact on the self-serving mechanisms in the nitrogen status of the ecosystem and (2) to examine the seasonal changes in inorganic nitrogen (ammonium salt and nitrate, separately) at various soil depths and to study the self-serving mechanisms for nitrogen at the ecosystem, providing an appropriate method and season for the application of nitrogen fertilizers. The results obtained in this study were as follows; 1) Of the total nitrogen content of the total tree biomass (except for roots), nearly 61.5% was distributed in the needles, 20% in the branches, 5.5% in the stem bark, and 13% in the stem wood. Therefore, the harvest method of removing only wood parts for pulpwood production has little impact on the self-serving mechanisms of the site's nitrogen status. 2) Inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased with increasing soil depths. The seasonal average concentration of inorganic nitrogen was highest in early spring and decreased in the following descending order; autumn, tollowed by mid-summer, and early summer. This pattern resulted from the fact that the loss of nitrate was greatly influenced by environmental factors. Thus, it was suggested that an application of active nitrogen fertilizer would be appropriate in spring.

경기도 광주지방의 잣나무임분에 (林分) 있어서 전질소의 분포와 무기태 질소의 계절적 변화

신준환,이돈구 ( Joon Hwan Shin,Don Koo Lee ) 한국산림과학회 1985 한국산림과학회지 Vol.69 No.1

This study was conducted (1) to measure the nitrogen content of various parts of trees in a 24-year-old Finus koraiensis plantation, providing a harvest method with the least impact on the self-serving mechanisms in the nitrogen status of the ecosystem and (2) to examine the seasonal changes in inorganic nitrogen (ammonium salt and nitrate, separately) at various soil depths and to study the self-serving mechanisms for nitrogen at tile ecosystem, providing an appropriate method and season for the application of nitrogen fertilizers. The results obtained in this study were as follows; 1) Of the total nitrogen content of the total tree biomass (except for roots), nearly 61.5% was distributed in the needles, 20% in the branches, 5.5% in the stem bark, and 13%: in the stem wood. Therefore, the harvest method of removing only wood parts for pulpwood production has little :impact on the self-serving mechanisms of the site`s nitrogen status. 2) Inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased with increasing soil depths. The seasonal average concentration of inorganic nitrogen was highest in early spring and decreased in the following descending order; autumn, tollowed by mid-summer, and early summer. This pattern resulted from the fact that the loss of nitrate was greatly influenced by environmental factors. Thus, it was suggested that an application of active nitrogen fertilizer would be appropriate in spring.

잣나무림에서 임목 (林木) 생장 모듈들의 계절적 생육반응

신준환(Joon Hwan Shin),이돈구(Don Koo Lee) 한국산림과학회 1990 한국산림과학회지 Vol.79 No.4

The growth pattern of bud-shoot-needle of isolated 15-year-old trees, and seansonal changes in litter-falls and fine root dry weights in the unthinned 28-year-old plantation were investigated to understand the growth phenology of Pinus koraiensis. Shoot growth was continued by 7th June when buds appeared, while current needle growth was by 19th July when the bud growth started. Most of the litter-falls occurred in October but many o1 them were fallen in July and August due to storms, Fine roots were produced mostly in autumn (1,004 ㎏/㏊), and were dead during winter (583 ㎏/㏊) and spring (1,331 ㎏/㏊).

Resilience Thinking in Traditional Knowledge about Urban and Rural Landscape of Korea

SHIN, Joon-Hwan(신준환) 문학과환경학회 2015 문학과 환경 Vol.14 No.1

The Korean people regarded the land they lived on as a variable and living system, and this is deeply related to resilience thinking. This study explored the development history of traditional knowledge about urban and rural landscape of the Korean peninsula by examining historical records, old maps, and visiting sites; identified how such traditional knowledge was manifested as a system in the Korean people’s resilience thinking; and searched for our responses in this era of environmental crisis. Until the Silla Period (BC 57~AD 935) which was the ancient kingdom of the Korean people, there was no unique model of their own about how to perceive the urban landscape. However, the sufferers of a frequent deluge had a traditional religious belief about protecting forests and early Buddhist monks widely disseminated the idea that Silla was originally the land of Buddha. Temples began to be constructed in a way that it is enclosed by mountains to express the Buddha’s grandeur in mountains rather than in architectures; architectures were created so that they existed in harmony with the mountain rather than being magnificent in and of themselves. There was an prophecy that they would produce a king if they planted trees. The prophecy seems to have been based on the experience of seeing the royal palace of Silla always at risk of water disasters, which could be prevented by planting trees. This experience probably resulted in a tradition that the King placed heavy emphasis on forest preservation in the later days. They also believed that mountains were Buddha and thus locate their capital near a harmonious mountain landscape and planted trees on bare mountains, believing that such service to Buddha would help perpetuate the dynasty. With this mindset, instead of building a big and overwhelming royal palace on a flatland, they preferred to locate the palace near mountains and build it in a size that would look harmonious with the mountains. A high mountain stood firm on the north with ridges embracing the city on both sides and a lower mountain lying gently on the south. The landscape configuration blocked the cold and dry northwesterly wind in the wintertime while letting in sunlight, providing a sense of psychological security as well as helping save energy. If the ridges are too low or mountain on the south is too distant, they planted trees to complement the landscape, and this tradition then spread to provincial areas. It would be vital to build forests in order to resolve today’s urban environmental problems, but this must be accompanied by the creation of waterways.

산림생태계 생물다양성 보전전략

신준환 ( Joon Hwan Shin ) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.3

Forest ecosystems are major reservoirs because forest lands are up to 65% of the national land of Korea. Biodiversity is the basis of forest conservation as well as development of forest ecosystem productivity. When we are going to establish biodiversity conservation strategies, however, we need to have a good eye in order that we are not limited only to species but we can also understand whole ecosystems. Therefore, to develop the biodiversity conservation strategies, global environmental problems, the development process of biodiversity on the earth, the fundamental logic of biodiversity conservation, the conservation system and steps of the conservation procedures are discussed. In conclusion, research subjects needed urgently are recommended.

백두대간 관리범위 및 관리방안

신준환 ( Joon Hwan Shin ) 한국환경생태학회 2004 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.18 No.2

컴퓨터 프로그램을 이용한 임업묘포의 (林業苗圃) 효율적 관리

이돈구,신준환,이경학 ( Don Koo Lee,Joon Hwan Shin,Kyeong Hack Lee ) 한국산림과학회 1983 한국산림과학회지 Vol.62 No.1

The use of computers for storing or analyzing the data collected is expected to increase in next decade. A simple program written m Fortran IV was used at the Seoul National University nursery for inventorying the trees growing and for recording the past cultural treatments and present status. The data in the program included blocks, uses, tree species, damage conditions and cultural treatments, and each of the items were branched into specific classes. Thus the record printed in the output helped identify quickly the damage conditions of each block which, in turn, contributed to manage efficiently forest nursery.

한라산 구상나무 건전개체와 쇠약개체의 온도변화에 따른 광합성능력과 수분이용효율

임종환 ( Jong Hwan Lim ),우수영 ( Su Young Woo ),권미정 ( Mi Jeong Kwon ),천정화 ( Jung Hwa Chun ),신준환 ( Joon Hwan Shin ) 한국산림과학회 2006 한국산림과학회지 Vol.95 No.6

잣나무림조림지에서 간벌이 절지동물 풍부도와 군집구조에 미치는 영향

권태성,양희문,신준환,김석권,이훈복,Kwon, Tae-Sung,Yang, Hee-Moon,Shin, Joon-Hwan,Kim, Suk-Kuwon,Yi, Hoon-Bok 한국응용곤충학회 2010 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.49 No.3

Thinning treatment has a huge effect on understory and litter structures in forest ecosystem, and the resulting changes may impact some arthropod groups such as plant-feeders and detritivores. This study was carried out to find a change in arthropod abundance and their structures in relation to the thinning activity in a Pinus koraiensis plantation in Chuncheon, Korea, where thinning was conducted twice: in 1998-2000 (old-thinning) and 2007 (new-thinning). Arthropods were collected using pitfall traps in 2006 and 2008. Effects of old-thinning on change of abundance and community structure of arthropod were significant, but the effects of new-thinning were not significant. The most significant thinning effect was found in detritivores, followed by plant feeders, but the effect was hardly significant in predators. Among detritivores the changes in abundance was diverse. The abundance of orthopteran plant-feeder increased, but Curculionidae declined after thinning. There was not different in abundance of total arthropods between thinned and unthinned areas because the difference may have cancelled each other out by increased or decreased abundance of taxa. Community structures of arthropods were most greatly affected by years, followed by the old-thinning, but the new-thinning did not affect community structures. 간벌 후 하층식생과 낙엽층에 큰 변화가 일어나기 때문에 이로 인한 식식성 절지동물이나 부식성 절지동물의 변화가 예상된다. 1998~2000년(과거 간벌)과 2007년(최근 간벌)에 간벌이 실시된 춘천의 30~50년생 잣나무 조림지를 대상으로 함정트랩법으로 2006년과 2008년에 조사를 실시하였다. 절지동물의 밀도와 군집구조의 변화를 분석한 결과 과거 간벌의 영향은 나타났으나 최근 간벌의 영향은 발견되지 않았다. 간벌로 인한 영향이 부식성 절지동물에서 가장 높은 빈도로 나타났고 그 다음으로는 식식성 절지동물이 높았으며, 포식성 절지동물에서 가장 낮았다. 부식성 절지동물의 다양한 변화는 확인이 되었으나, 식식성 절지동물의 증가는 일부 분류군(식식성 메뚜기목)에서만 발견되었고, 감소한 식식성 절지동물(바구미과)도 있었다. 간벌로 인해 밀도가 증가하는 분류군과 감소하는 분류군의 상쇄효과로 인해 절지동물의 전체 밀도는 변화가 없었다. 군집구조의 경우 연도에 의해 가장 큰 영향을 받았고, 과거 간벌의 영향이 다음으로 강했으나 최근 간벌의 영향은 나타나지 않았다.

광릉 활엽수천연림의 산림식생구조, 입지환경 및 탄소저장량

임종환 ( Lim Jong Hwan ),신준환 ( Shin Joon Hwan ),김광택 ( Kim Gwang Taeg ),천정화 ( Chun Jung Hwa ),오정수 ( Oh Jeong Soo ) 한국농림기상학회 2003 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.5 No.2

연구대상지인 광릉시험림은 한반도의 중서부에 위치하고 있으며 온대활엽수림대에 속한다. 광릉시험림 내소리봉(533.1m) 주변에 1 ha(100m × 100m) 면적의 영구조사지아 플럭스 타워를 설치하였으며 KLTER(한국장기생태연구 네트워크) 연구대상지인 동시에 KoFlux DX-site 연구대상지로 지정되어 있다. 영구조사지에 대해 개체목 위치도를 구축하고 임분의 구조와 토양의 물리적, 화학적 특성을 비롯한 임분구성요소(바이오매스, 토양, 낙엽 등)의 탄소수지를 분석하였다. 이 지역에서의 우점수종은 졸참나무, 서어나무이었으며 갈참나무, 까치박달 등이 함께 자라고 있다. 임분조사 결과 흉고직경 2cm 이상인 임목의 밀도는 1,473본/ha 이었고, 바이오매스량은 261.2톤/ha, 흉고단면적은 28.0㎡이었다. 모암은 화강편마암으로 이루어져 있으며 토양형은 갈색산림토양에 속하고, 토심은 38~66cm, 토성은 양토와 사양토, 산도는 표토?에서 pH4.2~5.0, 심토층에서 pH 4.8~5.2로 나타났다. 지료로부터 1.2m 높이에서 촬영한 반구사진(hemispherical photography)을 이용하여 엽면적지수(LAI)의 계절적인 변화를 측정한 결과 최대 LAI가 3.65이었다. 또한 토양수분함량 및 LAI의 공간적인 분포도를 작성하였다. 이 지역에서의 탄소저장량은 지하부를 포함한 임목에 총 136톤/ha, 낙엽층에 약 5.6톤/ha, 토양층 30cm 깊이까지에 약 92.0톤/ha가 저장되어 있는 것으로 분석되어 총 탄소저장량은 236톤/ha인 것으로 나타났다. 이상에서의 현지조사 및 관측 자료는 산림생태계의 구조와 기능 변화를 예측하기 위한 산림동태 모형을 비롯한 생물지화학적 동역학 모델의 적용에 필요한 모수와 자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다. The study area, Kwangneung Experiment Forest (KEF) is located on the west-central portion of Korean peninsula and belongs to a cool-temperate broadleaved forest zone. At the old-growth deciduous forest near Soribong-peak (533.1 m) in KEF, we have established a 1 ha permanent plot (100 mx100 m) and a flux towel; and the site was registered as a KLTER(Korean long-term ecological research network) and DK site of KoFlux. In this site, we made a stemmap of trees and analyzed forest stand structure and physical and chemical soil characteristics, and estimated carbon budgets by forest components (tree biomass, soils, litter and so on). Dominant tree species were Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora, and accompanied by Q. aliena, Carpinus cordata, and so on. As a result of a field survey of the plot, density of the trees larger than 2 cm in DBH was 1,473 trees per ha, total biomass 261.2 tons/ha, and basal area 28.0 ㎡/ha. Parent rock type is granite gneiss. Soil type is brown forest soil (alfisols in USDA system), and the depth is from 38 to 66 cm. Soil texture is loam or sandy loam, and its pH was from 4.2 to 5.0 in the surface layer, and from 4.8 to 5.2 in the subsurface layer: Seasonal changes in LAI were measured by hemispherical photography at the 1.2 m height, and the maximum was 3.65. And the spatial distributions of volumetric soil moisture contents and LAIs of the plot were measured. The carbon pool in living tree biomass including below ground biomass was 136 tons C/ha, and 5.6 tons C/ha is stored in the litter layer, and about 92.0 tons C/ha in the soil to the 30 cm in depth. Totally more than about 233.6 tons C/ha was stored in DK site. These ground survey and monitoring data will give some important parameters and validation data for the forest dynamics models or biogeochemical dynamics models to predict or interpolate spatially the changes in forest ecosystem structure and function.