공민왕의 신돈 등용의 배경

신은제(Shin, Eun-Jae) 부산경남사학회 2014 역사와 경계 Vol.91 No.-

Shin-don(辛旽)s appointment as prime minister was exceptional affair in King Gong-Min politics. This paper was written in a intention of understanding that affair. It was King Gong-Min who appointed Shin-don as prime minister in Groye(高麗) court. Two situations made King Gong-Min give Shin-don the prime minister. From his enthronement, King Gong-Min had conducted state affairs on the retainers, who attended King Gong-Min in the capital of Yuan Dynasty. But the administration was ended in the killing of Jeong She-Yun(鄭世雲) who was the retainer, the hero to save Groye from the invaders, named Hongkonjeck(紅巾賊). Some of retainers would like to kill King Gong-Min in the Heungwang-temple(興王寺), After the rebellion of Heungwang-temple, King Gong-Min didnt give retainers the trust. He should get a new supporter. After the elimination of Gi-Cheol who was the brother of the Empress in Yuan, the relation between the Yuan Dynasty and King Gong-Min made bad. As soon as repressed the Hongkonjeck, Yuan dethroned King Gong-Min, gave Deckheunggun(德興君) the throne of Groye Dynasty. Yuans sent the army to Groye because Groye Dynasty rejected the Yuans decision. Though Groye successfully defect the Yuans army, a anxiety of King Gong-Min wasnt removed. A lot of military officals was developed through the wars, they threatened the kings power. In 1364, Yuan was swiftly collapsing, King Gong-Min attacked them under the situation, appointed Shin-don. Shin-don ceased the power under the kings support, he removed the officials from Groye court. There were three type of removed officials. One was the military officials, who were developed in the war against Yuan. Another was the officials, who were on the friendly terms with Yuan court, expecially the Qi empress. The other was some retainers, who lost the Kings trust.

신돈 집권기 전민추정도감의 설치와 그 성격

신은제(Shin, Eun-Jae) 부산경남사학회 2015 역사와 경계 Vol.95 No.-

The constitution of Jeonminchujeongdogam(田民推整都監) was regard as his inclination to reform by some students, for long time. They have understood that the policy of Jeonminchujeon was the attempt to protect the peasant from the powerful who snatched a land from the peasant and made them into own servant. Of course, there are the counter argument of the understanding. Though debate, I think that there were not the full research of Jeonminchujeongdogam. Without the research, its meaning was argued and debated. This paper start from the critical mind. I will study the constitution and object of Jeonminchujeongdogam. Jeonminchujeongdogam was founded in the May 1366, when King Gong-Min reorganized the Hyenginchujeongdogam(刑人推整都監) to Jeonminchujeongdogam. Hyenginchujeongdogam was founded, a year ago, in order to solve the drought and unfair trial, then was reorganized to Jeonminchujeongdogam. But that purpose was nominal. The real purpose was the control of the officials who had served to the Koryo Dynasty. Especially, the reorganizaton to Jeonminchujeongdogam aimed to the use of the peoples sentiment that always desired the land and servants. By Jeonminchujeongdogam, Shin-don was to get the peoples support, then to contorl the officials. Because of the lack of material, I couldnt reaserch the organization of Jeonminchujeongdogam, but some partial material introduced the precious knowledge to me. Shin-don was the prime minister of Jeonminchujeongdogam, Lim-bak became the person in charge of the organization. Lee, In-im and Lee, Chun-bu who served to the other office, sometimes, attent to Jeonminchujeongdogam, conduct their own task. Jeonminchujeongdogam has a distinguished feature from previous Jeonminbyenjeongdogam. The former had the forced power, while the latter did not. The officials of Jeonminchujeongdogam had power to carry out the punishment. Jeonminchujeongdogam which was founded in 1366, deconstructed in 1370, in the reason of the bad climate. But it was nominal, the essential reason was that Shin-don was be ousted from power.

『국역 고려사』의 도전, 그리고 한계

신은제 ( Eun Jae Shin ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2012 석당논총 Vol.0 No.54

『GukYeok Goryeosa(國譯 高麗史)』 was publshed by some students who belong to Dnog-A University, in 2011. It is consist of the thirty books, and comparison with the previous books, 『YeokJu Goryeosa(譯註 高麗史)』 translated into Korean by Dnog-A University in 1973 and 『Goryeosa(高麗史)』 translated into Korean by North Korea, this book have some attainments. It corrects the mistakes of ``the Goryeosas`` previously translated into Korean from the acient Chinese(漢字). There were a lot of mistakes in ``the Goryeosas``, for example mistranslations, the wrong annotation, the incomprehensible translations, and so on. In addition to this, 『GukYeok Goryeosa(國譯 高麗史)』 makes the new forward in the translation and annotation. In translation, it trys to translate the acient spoken chinese into the modern Korean. In annotation, basing on previous annotations in 『YeokJu Goryeosa(譯註 高麗史)』, it supplements the new annotations of the historical accidents, temples, figures in Goryeo Dynasty. A lot of sources were used in supplement the annotations. Though the attainments, there are a lot of faults in 『GukYeok Goryeosa(譯註 高麗史)』. Even though there were fewer faults than the previous books in 『GukYeok Goryeosa(譯註 高麗史)』, it still has the mistranslations and the wrong annotation. Besides it was compiled in ununified form. Finally, the task whick is given to 『GukYeok Goryeosa(譯註 高麗史)』 is the web service of it. Many students ask that it should be offered on web site, Dnog-A University have the plan to offer it on web site.

고려 문종대 경정전시과(更定田柴科) 시행 배경과 그 의미

신은제 ( Shin Eun-jae ) 한국중세사학회 2024 한국중세사연구 Vol.- No.78

After 30 years of reign, King Munjong re-enacted Jeonsigwa(田柴科). The establishment of this system was based on the implementation of Yangjeon(量田) throughout the reign of King Munjong. For Yangjeon, Mun Jong also reorganized the systems related to Yangjeon. One of the characteristics of Jeonsigwa System in the 30th year of King Munjong’s reign was the establishment of Munsangye Jeonsigwa. In Goryeo, Musangye was given to Hyangri(鄕吏), Jurchen chiefs, Tamra(耽羅) Wongja, and Akgonh(樂工). The reign of King Munjong was the period when the Jurchen‘s surrender and incorporation began in earnest. In particular, after the 27th year of King Munjong’s reign, the Jurchen people scrambled to surrender and request to be incorporated into Goryeo. It was necessary to provide land to the newly incorporated Jurchen chiefs, and this was one of the main reasons for establishing the Munsangye Jeonsigwa. One of the most important features of King Munjong’s re-enacted Jeonsigwa is that the land is provided only to the unemployed. In this case, retirees and those who first entered public service and received a Dongjungjik(同正職) excluded from land payments and face economic difficulties. A noteworthy measure in this regard is the establishment of the Yangban Gongeum Jeonsi in the 3rd year of King Munjong’s reign. There are various discussions about the features of Yangban Gongeum Jeonsi, but it is understood to be a system in which the subjects of Muneum(門蔭) and Gongeum(功蔭) were classified into five classes and land was provided to them. In this case, land would have been provided to those who held Dongjungjik before receiving the first official post. Meanwhile, those who had not yet received their first job by passing the civil service examination in the civil service examination, were able to continue their livelihood by receiving the newly established system of Deunggwajeon(登科田). After the 30th year of King Munjong’s reign, Goryeo officials received two types of land from the government. One was the so-called the ‘jeonche land(傳遞土地)’ like Gongeumjeon and Deunggwajeon, which were inherited by descendant who maintained the position, and the other was the ‘nabgong land(納公土地)’ that had to be returned to the state depending on whether one was unemployed or not.

고려시대 전장의 규모와 공간구조

신은제(Shin Eun-Jae) 부산경남사학회 2007 역사와 경계 Vol.65 No.-

The ‘Farm(田莊)’ was the grand private land made in Unified Silla, was developed through society change in NaMalYeoCho(羅末麗初). Generally the grand private land of Koryo Dynasty has been named NongJang(農莊). It has been known that NongJang(農莊) of Koryo Dynasty was formed and was developed in the course of society change of the late Koryo Dynasty. It is very important how to define the grand private land and NongJang(農莊). I regard the grand private land in Koryo Dynasty as the ‘Form' which was already made in Unified Silla, because if I use a conception of NongJang(農莊) it will threw some persons into a confusion. The Farm of the Koryo Dynasty was used together with JeonYeo(田廬), JeonSA(田舍), JeonWon(田園), ByeolEop(別業), NongJang(農莊), ByeolYa(別墅), was made up of JangSa(莊舍), cultivated land, vagetable field etc. The Farm was managed by slave labor, they were servants and ruined people. A few servants didn't have family, they jointed compulsive service in JangSa(莊舍) of the master of the Farm. But most farming servants had family, they had cultivated land. Hence the Farm was based on a small farmer's management. About 15 farm families were under the rule of the Farm of the Koryo Dynasty, area of cultivated land was about 700Durak(斗落-a Korean measure of farmland) The Farm was made up of JangSa which has a tile-roofed house or a grass-roofed house, cultivated land, and vegetable field etc. There were owners, managers, residential areas, corrals and storehouses. Cultivated land was divided into dry field?paddy field and vegetable field. Vegetable field was place in which firewood was collected, sometimes which was used as grazing. Like a lord of manor in the West, landlords of the Koryo Dynasty had possessed ‘Farms'. They set up some offices named JangSa(莊舍) and had some managers who had tasks to collect ground rents and carry them to landlords, to supervise peasants.

고려후기 公 · 私개념의 역사적 변환

신은제(Shin, Eun-Jae) 부산경남사학회 2020 역사와 경계 Vol.114 No.-

This paper was written to understand the conception of the Gongjeon(公田) and the Sajeon(私田) while reforming the the Sajeon(私田) in the late Goryeo Dynasty. For this work, I analyzed the changes in the concept of the Gong and the Sa from the 12th to 14th century. The concept of the Gong and the Sa would be confirmed through the usage examples of them in the writings, Seohajib(西河集), Donggukisanggukjib(東國李相國集), Ikjesnango(益齋亂藁), Mokeunmungo (牧隱文藁), and Sambongjip(三峯集) which represented the each time. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the word, Gong and Sa, was used 3 to 4.5 characters per 10,000 ones. In the first half of 14th century, it decreasd. This pattern is reversed by the end of the 14th century. In Sambongjip, tthe word, Gong and Sa, was used 6 to 7.5 characters per 10,000 ones. This aspect is same to the case of Goryeosajeolyo(高麗史節要). The change was not limited to frequency. From the 12th century to the first half of 14th century, the Gong was mainly used in the sense of state or official(官), public, fair, opened, and official. By late 14th century, it had the meaning of Tenri(天理), Gongri(公理), and Gongyi(公義) of the reason of order of the world. Sa also had a change of concept. It was often used to mean self, private, unofficial, secret, and favoritism from the 12th to the first half of 14th century, but in the late 14th century, it mainly meaned selfishness of ‘greed’. In particular, self-interest was confronted with the reason of the world, and thus became a subject of moral criticism. The moral criticism of the Sa was confirmed by the appeal of the reform of land system in the late Goryeo Dynasty. The officals who filed the appeal, regarded the Sajeon as private land, at the same time understood it as a land in which self-interest has passed, that is, a land in which rich people have been greedy and combined. For this reason, it meaned the moral collapse or invasion toward the moral order. They regarded it as an object of reform and declared the establishment of a fair system of land, through the reform. The Sajeon which should be abolish, not was the land as private one, but hidden, selfish, freely exchanged land. In fact, under the land system of Gwajeonbeob(과전법), private land was preserved by the Joseon Dynasty. The emergence of Sajeon as selfish land was affected by new thought, Neo-Confucianism.

14세기 동기(銅器)의 유행과 그 의미: 고려시대 분묘 유적을 중심으로

신은제 ( Eun Jae Shin ),허선영 ( Sun Young Hur ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2011 석당논총 Vol.0 No.51

In 14th century, as a lot of students know, Koryo celadon got some distinguished characters, the advent of celadon with the manufactured date(干支銘靑瓷), the poor patterns. Students have regarded reasons of the characters as the changes of system of production and the expanded consumption. However, according to results of recent researches of the Koryo graves, in the 14th century, the use of celadon was reduced. This deference have me to study celadon`s changes in 14th century. In this article, I`d like to study the excavated celadon from the Koryo graves. For study, I have nine remains of Koryo tumb, in regards of time and space. There are a lot of grave goods in nine remains of Koryo tumb, celadon, bronzeware, bronze spoons, and so on. From the examination of excavation reports of them, I get some conclusions. First, even same period, there is deference between grave goods as to the province in which graves were located. Some provinces of them have more celadon than bronzeware, but the other is not. Second, though the deference between provinces, I could find a important point. As a whole, there are more celadon than bronzeware in graves which were constituted during 12~13th century. Third, in the second half of 13th century, the circumstance was changed. The rate of bronzeware in grave goods got higher. In fact, there are a lot of reference to the fashion of bronzeware in ≪ Koryosa(高麗史)≫. Why bronzeware was in fashion in the 14th century? It is passible to answer the question in two ways, economy and culture. The fashion of bronzeware should base on the increase of supply of bronze. According to the study of bronze product, the bronze product in Koryo was reduced during 14th century. Though the reduce of bronze product, at that time the fashion of bronzeware was due to the importation of bronze from Yuan(元) Dynasty. Until collapse of Dynasty, Song(宋) government continued to prohibit the exportation of bronze, in order to get the raw material of the coin bronze. After the foundation of Yuan(元) Dynasty, the circumstance was changed. Yuan(元) Dynasty used the currency of Bo-chao(寶초) which was guaranteed in silver. Then Yuan(元) Dynasty didn`t need to use the much bronze than Song(宋). The surplus bronze in Yuan(元) Dynasty was exported to Koryo and Japan, and the supply of bronze got grown in Koryo. On the other hand, the cultural preference effected the fashion of bronzeware. The Mongolians as nomadic tribes prefered the matalware to celadon or ceramics. The upper class in Koryo Dynasty was heavily affected by Yuan(元) Dynasty, politically and culturally. They prefered the matalware, especially bronzeware to celadon. The fashion of bronzeware brought about the fall of celadon`s product, it might result the relative decline of the celadon`s quality.

고려시대 전장(田莊)의 용례와 범주

신은제 ( Shin Eun Jae ) 부경역사연구소 2004 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.15

In Korea Dynasty, the farms have been regarded as a simple large estate and a land to charge taxes. It was important that there were two kinds of the forms of the farms. The first was the farm of the accumulated estate and the second was the farm of the accumulated land on which the taxes were charged. However, this definition on the category of the farms had some shortcomings. Firstly, if the farm was a simply large estate, the category may be obscure. Secondly, because of something that had different quality which was not defined in the same category, the category of the farm of the accumulated estate or the accumulated land to charge taxes may make mistakes. So the definition made the category of the farms was inaccurate. In order to draw near to the quality of the farms, I will define the category on the basis of the examples of the farms. As we know, the farms were distinguished into many kinds, such as the Jeonyo(田廬), the Jeonsa(田舍), the Jeonwon(田園), the Byeolyob(別業), the Nongjang(農莊) and the Byeolseo(別墅) in Korea Dynasty. Some terms had the same name because these terms were related to the same quality. Besides of the same quality, some things had individual or unique quality themselves. As a result, I think if we ascertain the individual or unique quality, we can understand that the farms had universal quality. By the analysis, I found that the Byeolseo was a manor or a land belonging to the lord of the manor and the Jeonwon was the fields where the vegetables or fruits growing up or they were farmed. Through this difference between the Byeolseo and the Jenwon, I think that the terms with the different meanings were regarded as the same things by the persons who lived in Koryo society. If the different terms including the separated meanings were defined as the same meaning not correctly, the quality was shared. Namely, if the farms including the manors, the fields where the vegetables or fruits growing up, and the land belonging to the lord of the manor, I think that we can make two conclusions. On the one hand, their terms could be defined as the universal meaning of the farms. On the other hand, their terms had different quality.

고려시대 전장의 형성과 그 위상

신은제 ( Eun Jae Shin ) 한국중세사학회 2005 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.18

The Farms are the form of the feudal estate. Therefore, there is very important significance to investigate the formation and expansion of the farms through the study on the land owned by its owner. According to the studies of today, the farms were formed and expanded largely in the 12th or 13th century. Particularly, some historians thought that the farms were formed by two ways. The one way is to dispossess the lands which was used to charge the taxes and the other one is to take the peasants`s lands. However, the farms had appeared in the 7th century. After the foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty, the farms became more and more larger. Some researches and sources, though incomplete, demonstrated that temples, the Royal Household and the gentry possessed farms and that posses of farms was very important. For example, there were two persons who came from China and were naturalized in Goryeo with the name Chai In Bum(tk), Dae Ilc(l) accepted farms in Goryeo and this fact proved that the farms were necessary to the aristocratic life of them. If we examine the examples of dispossessed lands, we can find that the most dispossessed lands were the estates of the temples, the Royal Household and the gentries differing from the results of the most researches. It means that the farms were not formed just in the 12th century and that the farms had existed widely since the foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty. So according to my analysis, I think that the farms were the form of the estate of Goryeo Dynasty from the early Goryeo Dynasty to the late Goryeo Dynasty.

14세기 전반 원의 정국동향과 고려의 정치도감

신은제 ( Eun Jae Shin ) 한국중세사학회 2009 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.26