일본적 노사관계의 형성: 미쓰비스 중공업 나가사키 조선소의 사례(1995-1965)

신원철 ( Won Chul Shin ) 한국사회사학회 2007 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.76

이 논문은 1955년부터 1965년까지 미쓰비시나가사키 조선소(三菱長崎造船所) 에서 이른바 ‘일본적 노사관계’가 형성되는 과정을 살펴보고 있다. 특히, 기업별 노동조합체제와 협조적 노사관계가 형성되기까지 전개된 노자간의 갈등과 대립, 그리고 노동조합 내부에서 전개된 노선다툼에 주목하고 있다. 1950년대 미쓰비시 나가사키 조선소에 존재한 전투적인 좌파 노동조합운동은 산업별 노동조합조직을 지향하고, 산업별 임금정책을 추구하였으며, 생산성향상운동에 대해서 반대하고 직장에서 강력한 규제력을 발휘하였다. 1964년 미쓰비시중공업의 합병 합병을 계기로 노사관계의 재편이 이루어졌는데, 나가사키조선소의 좌파 노동조합이 1964년 임금인상 투쟁에서 패배한 이후, 우파가 주도하는 기업별노동조합으로 통합되는 것을 거부하자, 제2조합이 결성되었고, 곧 다수파가 되었다. 일본 조선산업의 고능률 대량 생산체제는 바로 기존의 대립적 노사관계를 협력적 노사관계로 재편하는 과정과 더불어 성립되었고, 이는 노사협조주의를 내세운 운동노선이 주도권을 확립해가는 과정이었다. This article deals with the evolution of ‘Japanese industrial relations’ in the Mitsubishi Nagasaki shipyard from 1955 to 1965. The ‘Japanese industrial relation’s can be characterized as the enterprise-level union organization and as the cooperation between labor and management. But this article notes that the ‘Japanese industrial relations’ could only be established through the conflicts and the struggles between labor and management, and through the competition among workers themselves. The left-wing labor union of the Mitsubishi Nagasaki shipyard had made efforts to organize the industrial union and to establish industry-wide wage system. And the union had strong influences on the shopfloor issues and opposed to the movement for the promotion of the productivity driven by the management of the shipyard. Barely had the three firm been merged into the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the industrial relations of the Nagasaki shipyard began to be reorganized. When the left-wing labor union did not accept the proposal of the merger with the enterprise union of the MHI, the second labor union of the Nagasaki shipyard appeared and soon became the majority. The high-performance mass production system of the Japanese shipbuilding industry could be established only after the arms-length relations between labor and management was transformed into the cooperative ones, and the capital-labor conciliation policy was adopted by the labor movement in the Nagasaki shipyard.

사내직업훈련제도의 전개 : 대한조선공사 사례를 중심으로

신원철(Won-Chul Shin) 한국사회사학회 2010 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.85

한국의 국가는 직업훈련제도를 형성하고 운영하는 데 주도적인 역할을 해온 반면에, 경영자는 사내훈련에 소극적이며, 노동조합은 별다른 역할을 하지 못했다. 이러한 한국의 직업훈련제도의 특성과 당사자들의 행위 유형이 어떻게 형성되었는가를 대한조선공사 사례를 통해서 살펴보았다. 식민지 시기에 전시하 숙련노동력 부족에 대처하기 위하여 조선총독부 주도로 사내직업훈련이 실시되었다. 대한조선공사의 사내훈련 기관은 1939년에 기술원양성소에서 출발하여 1950년대의 조선고등기술학교, 1960년대의 기술원양성소, 1970년대의 사내직업훈련소로 발전해왔다. 그런데 이러한 사내훈련은 저숙련균형의 함정에서 벗어날 수 없었다. 경영자는 양성공의 숙련향상에 많은 투자를 하지 않았고, 이들을 주로 저임금 노동력으로 활용하려 하였다. 이에 따라 노동조합운동이 고양되는 시점에서는 훈련소 출신 노동자들의 처우개선 요구가 표출되었고, 이들의 요구를 대변할 기구가 없는 상황에서는 이들은 이직을 선택하였다. 결국, 한국 조선산업의 직업훈련제도는 통용가능한 숙련이 존재하는 상황에서 저숙련균형에서 벗어날 수 있는 독일과 같은 집단주의적 해결책이나 일본과 같은 개별 기업수준의 해결책을 모두 실현하지 못하고 있는 것으로 보인다. The Korean Government has played a leading role in creating and administrating the plant-based job training institutions, while the Korean managers have been so passive in skill formation institutions. And the Korean trade union movements have exerted no influence on those institutions. This paper deals with the evolution of the plant-based job training system focusing on the KSEC, with a view to find out the way in which the contemporary Korean job training institutions have been established. The colonial Japanese government had instituted the plant-based training system to cope with the skill shortages during the Pacific War. The first plant-based job training center of the KSEC was opened in 1939. Thereafter were there various institutions such as the shipbuilding technical high school in 1950s and the training center for skilled workers in 1960s and the plant-based job training center in 1970s. Despite a number of in-plant training facilities, a type of low skill equilibrium was reproduced continuously as the skills of the shipbuilding workers were transferable. Managers of the KSEC did not invest so much on the trainees and saw them only as sources of cheap labor. Thus workers, employed after completing the plant-based job training program, made demands for improvement of their labor conditions whenever the labor movement was strengthened as in the late 1960s and as in 1987. And they moved on to other shipyards when it was not possible for them to express their demands through organizations. It seems that Korean shipbuilding firms have not succeeded in establishing either the collectivist solution of the German skill formation system or the segmentalist one of the Japanese system to provide for transferable skills enough.

예언과 문명비판의 시 : 「시빌의 잎사귀」와 「재림」

신원철(Won-Chul Shin) 신영어영문학회 2010 신영어영문학 Vol.46 No.-

What effect does mysticism play on literature? The mysterious effect increases the poetic ambiguity, and the effect makes the artistic beauty deeper. We can clearly find mysticism in two poems of G. M. Hopkins and W. B. Yeats. Hopkins was a priest who praised and honored God his whole life and Yeats also had much interest in religious mysticism such as Druism. In Hopkins’s rarely read poem “Spelt from Cibyl’s Leave,” we can see mysticism clearly expressed, and a good critique of civilization too. The increasing darkness in this poem seem to represent the spiritual depravity of this wold. Yeats also wrote “The Second Coming” to critique 20th century civilization. The beginning of the 20th century was an uneasy time with the emergence of evil political powers. By analyzing these two poems, we can taste the poetic beauty and symbolism which was used to express mystically the decay and corruption of civilization.

실비아 플라스의 죽음연습

신원철 ( Shin¸ Won-chul ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2013 영어권문화연구 Vol.6 No.2

In Sylvia Plath's short life the pressure of death followed her endlessly. When she was only 9 years old, her father died because of his glycosuria which had forced him cut his leg. Sylvia Plath's mother had to bring up her children by herself and devote her whole life for them. Plath's early life can be said much chained to her mother's unreasonable love and we can read a kind of Electra Complex in her poems. Marrying Ted Hughes could not solve her problem but resulted in his betrayal and their separation. This unhappy family history seemed to make her write those dark poems in which her father, mother and husband were written as twisted characters. Her poems “Colossus,” “Daddy” and “Lady Lazarus” seem to be succeeded or related closely each other, the third is the climax of this succession. Plath wanted her freedom from all stress. At last she chose to kill herself in the cruelest and definite way.

고통의 미학: 홉킨즈의 내성(內省)의 시

신원철(Shin Won-Chul) 신영어영문학회 1999 신영어영문학 Vol.13 No.-

측두엽 간질에서 발작기 소뇌와 기저핵의 뇌혈류 변화 : SPECT 감영영상

신원철(Won Chul Shin),홍승봉(Seung Bong Hong),태우석(Woo Suk Tae),서대원(Dae Won Seo),김상은(Sang Eun Kim) 대한핵의학회 2001 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.35 No.1

N/A Purpose: The ictal perfusion patterns of cerebellum and basal ganglia have not been systematically investigated in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Their ictal perfusion patterns were analyzed in relation with temporal lobe and frontal lobe hyperperfusion during TLE seizures using SPECT subtraction. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three TLE patients had interictal and ictal SPECT, video-EEG monitoring, SPGR MRI, and SPECT subtraction with MRI co-registration. Results: The vermian cerebellar hyperperfusion (CH) was observed in 26 patients (78.8%) and hemispheric CH in 25 (75.8%). Compared to the side of epileptogenic temporal lobe, there were seven ipsilateral hemispheric CH (28.0%), fifteen contralateral hemispheric CH (60.0%) and three bilateral hemispheric CH (12.0%). CH was more frequently observed in patients with additional frontal hyperperfusion (14/15, 93.3%) than in patients without frontal hyperperfusion (11/18, 61.1%). The basal ganglia hyperperfusion (BGH) was seen in 11 of the 15 patients with frontotemporal hyperperfusion (73.3%) and 11 of the 18 with temporal hyperperfusion only (61.1%). In 17 patients with unilateral BGH, contralateral CH to the BGH was observed in 14 (82.5%) and ipsilateral CH to BGH in 2 (11.8%) and bilateral CH in 1 (5.9%). Conclusion: The cerebellar hyperperfusion and basal ganglia hyperperfusion during seizures of TLE can be contralateral, ipsilateral or bilateral to the seizure focus. The presence of additional frontal or basal ganglia hyperperfusion was more frequently associated with contralateral hemispheric CH to their sides. However, temporal lobe hyperperfusion appears to be related with both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheric CH. (Korean J Nucl Med 2001;35:12-22)

기업별 노동조합과 고용 관계 -1960년대 대한조선공사의 사례

신원철 ( Won Chul Shin ) 한국사회사학회 2001 사회와 역사 Vol.60 No.-

This study investigates the formation of enterprise-level union system and the internalization of labor market on 1960s, focusing on Korea Shipbuilding and Engineering Corporation (KSEC, Taehan choson kongsa). Contrary to the history of trade union movements in Western societies, there is no meaningful tradition of craft union in Korea. Enterprise-level union in KSEC was established in 1953 when a labor law was established and trade unions were legalized by the government. According to the established law, collective bargaining was allowed only at enterprise-level. Moreover working conditions of shipbuilding workers employed by KSEC were better than other workers who were employed irregularly and moved around among small and medium size shipbuilding yards. The 1960s saw the growth of the shipbuilding industry, and especially of KSEC. The labor market conditions of 1960s made it possible for KSEC Union to regulate employment relations effectively. In the 1960s competition from outside workers was restricted and competition between inside workers was minimized by KSEC Union. Promotion of ``hobong`` was determined following a seniority rule, and an equal rise in wage rate was made for all members of the trade union. KDEC Union has always supported the practices of FOLM. Workers` desire for secure employment and decent earnings could be expressed only through an enterprise-level union. Workers did not have any other choice. Whether their desire could be realized or not was determined by power relations between labor and management. While the power relations were influenced by many factors, such as government labor policy and external labor market situations, workers` choice for FILM was inevitable.

조선산업 작업장 혁신 활동의 변화

신원철(SHIN Won-Chul) 지역사회학회 2009 지역사회학 Vol.11 No.1

이 논문은 대우조선해양의 ‘반생산회의’를 중심으로 작업장 혁신활동의 변화를 검토하였다. 대우조선 해양의 ‘반생산회의’는 1990년대 한국형 소집단 활동의 모델로 평가되기도 하였지만, 2000년 이후 활력을 잃고 쇠퇴하였다. 사내하청 노동자의 비중 증가와 정규직 노동자의 고령화 등이 그 배경에 있다. 특히, 사내하청고용이 늘어남에 따라 정규직 노동자들만이 참여하는 ‘반생산회의’의 실효성이 감소하였다. 사내협력업체의 현장 감독자 층을 주 대상으로 한 직무/혁신 교육이 새로이 실시되었다. 이는 생산관리가 보다 치밀해지면서 현장 감독자에게 더 많은 역할과 역량이 요구되기 때문이고, 또 사내하청 노동자들의 이직율이 높은 상황에서 이들을 대상으로 한 직무혁신 교육은 그 실효성을 확보하기 곤란하기 때문이다. 결국, 대우조선해양의 작업장 혁신활동은 ‘고몰입형’ 인적자원관리와 협력적 노사관계라는 전제조건을 충족시킬 수 없었고, 이로 인해서 전통적인 테일러주의적 작업원리가 다시 강화되고 있는 것으로 해석된다. 이중적 차별적 고용전략에 기초한 새로운 작업조직 방식이 한국의 조선대기업이 추구하는 고부가가 치화를 통한 경쟁력 확보 모델과 부합할 것인가는 불확실하다. This paper deals with the change of workplace innovation activities of the Daewoo Shipbuilding Marine & Engineering Co. during 1990-2008. A unique Korean style TQC activity called ‘unit production meeting’ was established in 1990s, but has lost a great deal of its vigor after 2000. This change can be explained in relation to the increase of the in-house subcontract workers and the aging of the regular workers directly employed by the DSME. The increase of the in-house subcontract workers is the result of the management strategy pursuing the numerical flexibility of the workforce. The ‘unit production meeting’ attended by regular workers only has become ineffective according to the increase of the in-house subcontract workers. The education programs for the performance and innovation was provided mainly for supervisors working for the subcontract companies by the DSME. The more detailed production management required the supervisors to play more significant roles and to be more competent. The turnover rate of junior subcontract workers was so high that the efficacy of education programs for them, if any, was doubtful. In conclusion, ‘the high commitment strategy in human resource management’ and ‘the cooperation in industrial relations’, which were the prerequisites for the success of the workplace innovations, could not be found in DSME. So the principles of the traditional Taylorism were reintroduced. But it is not sure that such work organizations based on the dual and discriminative employment strategy could meet the high value-added business model in 21st century.

노사협의회 제도의 형성과 전개(1945-1997)

신원철 ( Won Chul Shin ) 한국사회사학회 2013 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.98

대한민국 헌법 제정 과정에서 노동자의 경영참가권이 배제된 것이 한국 노사협의제의 전개에서 첫 번째 중요한 분기점이었다. 이후 1950년대에 노조가 결성된 사업체에는 단체교섭의 보조기구로서 기업별로 노자위원회 혹은 노사위원회가 설치되었고, 1960년대의 노사협의회 관행과 법규는 이들 배경이로 만들어졌다. 이시기에 한국생산성본부와 한국노총은 노동기본권들 전제로 산업민주주의를 지향하는 노사협의제를 적극 옹호했지만 정부와 경영자는 이에 소극적이었고, 이 구상은 결국 실현될 수 없었다. 1970년대 개발독재체제 하에서 노사협회는 급속히 확대 되지만, 위로부터의 동원기구로 규정되면서 본래의 협의기능이 형해화되었다. 1987년 노동자 대투쟁 이후 노사협의회 제도에 대한 국가의 개입이 대폭 축소된 상황에서 한국노총과 민주노총은 노사협의회 제도에 대해서 비판적인 태도를 취하면서 단체교섭을 중심으로 한 경영참가를 추진했고, 경영지는 경영권 논리를 내세우며 강력히 반대했다. 한국의 경영지는 노사협의회 제도에 실질적인 관심을 보이지 않았고, 이에 따라 한국에서 노사협의회 제도는 양적으로는 꾸준히 팽창했지만, 내실있는 제도로 기능하지 못하고 있다. It was the first important turning point in the evolution of Korean Joint Consultation Committees(hereafter, JCCs) when worker’s rights to participate in company management were exclude from the first Constitution of the Republic of Korea. In the 1950s, labor-capital committees or labor-management committees were established in the companies with unionized workers, and functioning as supplementaries to collective bargaining processes. The practices and legal articles on the JCCs in the 1960s were made out of the existing practices of the above committees. Both the Korean Productivity Center and the Federation of Korean Trade Unions made much efforts to introduce the JCCs premised on the basic labor rights and industrial democracy in the 1960s, but they failed because the Korean government and managers had no interests in those joint committees. In the 1970s the JCCs expanded rapidly under the developmental dictatorship which imposed those committees from above for mobilizing workers and at the same time began to deteriorate. Since the great workers’ struggles in 1987, the government’s intervention in the JCCs has reduced distinctively. As criticizing the JCCs for labor-control devices, both the FKTU and the new democratic unionism tried to participate in managing companies through collective bargaining procedures. Korean managers, however, fiercely oppose it, supporting the prerogatives of the management. As even managers have not paid much attention to the JCCs, those committees could have only expanded by the law, but do not function so well.

고령의 대퇴골 경부 골절에 시행한 무시멘트형 Fiber Metal Taper<SUP>®</SUP> 대퇴 스템을 이용한 인공 고관절 전치환술의 초기 추시 결과

신원철(Won Chul Shin),이상민(Sang Min Lee),우승훈(Seung Hun Woo),서근택(Kuen Tak Suh) 대한정형외과학회 2014 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.49 No.6

목적: 고령의 대퇴골 경부 골절에서 시행한 무시멘트형 인공 고관절 전치환술의 초기 결과를 임상적 및 방사선적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2008년 1월부터 2012년 1월까지 65세 이상의 대퇴골 경부 골절에 대해 무시멘트형 대퇴 스템을 이용한 인공 고관절 전치환술을 시행받은 수술 전 인지능력이 정상인 환자 중 최소 2년 이상 추시가 가능하였던 44예를 대상으로 임상적 및 방사선적 평가를 시행하였다. 평균 연령은 72세(65-81세), 여자 34예, 남자 10예이고 평균 추시 기간은 30.7개월이었다. 결과: 임상적 결과로 최종 추시상 Harris 고관절 점수는 평균 96.5점이었고 35예(79.5%)에서 수상 전 보행능력을 회복하였으며 29예(66%)에서 수상 전 일상 생활 활동력이 가능하였다. 방사선적 결과로 비구컵의 전이, 해리 및 골 용해는 발생하지 않았다. 추시 관찰중 스템 주위 골절이 발생한 1예를 제외한 43예에서 골성 안정 삽입이 관찰되었다. 수술 후 탈구는 2예(4.5%)에서 관찰되었으나 도수정복 후 재탈구는 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: 수술 전 인지능력이 정상인 65세 이상 고령 환자의 대퇴골 경부 골절에서 무시멘트형 인공 고관절 전치환술의 초기 추시 결과 만족할만한 임상적 결과 및 방사선적 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early results of clinicoradiological outcomes after cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) for displaced femoral neck fracture in elderly patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 44 cementless THA procedures performed between January 2008 and January 2012 for displaced femoral neck fracture in patients older than 65 years of age were enrolled in this study and all patients presented normal cognitive ability preoperatively and were followed for more than two years after surgery. We evaluate the clinical and radiological results. The mean age was 72 years (range 65?81 years), 34 patients were female, and 10 patients were male. The mean follow-up period was 30.7 months. Results: Clinically, at the last follow-up, the mean Harris hip score was 96.5 points. Walking ability was recovered postoperatively in 79.5% of cases (35 cases), and activities of daily living were achieved in 66% of cases (29 cases). Radiographically, none of the acetabular cups showed evidence of migration, loosening, or osteolysis. All cases showed excellent or good fixation postoperatively and stable bony fixation of the femoral stem, with the exception of one case, who presented with a periprosthetic fracture during follow-up. There were no cases of osteolysis, significant alignment change or progressive subsidence. Postoperative dislocation occurred in two cases (4.5%), but no re-dislocations were observed after closed reduction. Conclusion: Short-term outcomes proved to be satisfactory in elderly patients older than 65 years of age, who presented with normal cognitive ability preoperatively, undergoing cementless THA for displaced femoral neck fractures.