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송이,황성기,김숙종,리신호 한국농촌계획학회 2015 농촌계획 Vol.21 No.3
In this study, seasonal customs are analyze the appropriate festival for each 24 seasonal divisions of the year. Recover the intrinsic value of the festival and selected the target villages and each village should investigate elements of the festival. The village were sought activation of a rural village by setting the festive season. ① 24 seasonal divisions of the year festival is a small town festival, the festival's program is based on the experience-oriented. Based on period seasonal customs and season plays are set up 24 seasonal divisions of the year festival's program. ② Survey area is the rural tourism village carried seven villages at Cheongju-si in Chungcheongbuk-do. ③ 24 seasonal divisions of the year festival establish as possible to the festival program is based on 24 seasonal divisions of the yearfestival seasonal customs, seven villages were set on the festival. on the season sesipung through the festive season as possible to the festival program was set up, seven villages were set on the festival. The first standard, festivals and events that are currently made. Second,now ongoing in the village is experience program and a 24 seasonal divisions of the year seasonal customs resource. ④ As a result, each period of the festival was set in the village. ⑤ By festival setting recover intrinsic value of the festival by taking advantage of 24 seasonal divisions of the year. The common interests of the rural town of experience, the rising interest in each town and village festivals activation of the network can be achieved.
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宋二朗 東亞大學校 1981 東亞論叢 Vol.18 No.1
The formation of modern Korean political thoughts may be said to have been established with, mainly, a view to self-defending and self-reformation against the impacts of the western material and technical civilization that had come into the nation since the nineteenth century. Therefore, the success of the formation of the modern poltical thoughts was possible only when the nation maintained both national identity and modernization that do not usually accord with each other characteristically. From this point of view, we may say that roles of academic journals published between 1905 to 1910 were very important because, Firstly, they served to create modern nationalism. The advocation of recovering sovereignty, such as they had done, served as the unifying point of the people that has homogeneous ideology rather than simply returning to the absolute monarchy we had in the past. Secondly, they contributed to forming modern democratic thoughts. These journals asserted that losing sovereignty meant not only collapse of the monarchy itself, but also the self-forfeit spirit of the people. Therefore, the journals emphasized education and industry as the only possible way to awaken people to reality. At the same time, these journals advocated adopting democratic political system into the nation by guaranteeing freedom and equality of the people. Thirdly, they contributed to popularizing modern political thoughts among people. They attempted forming political thoughts of the national identity and selfdetermination by gradual practices of modernizing people's way of thinking through education. Fourthly, they contributed to unifying national identity and modern progressivism. The movement of nationalism in Korea, like western one, influenced people with unifyed concerted idea of the people which gave an impetus to executing democracy. For these reasons, the roles and activities of these journals during the enlightenment period strongly influenced in forming modern political thoughts in the nation by arousing consensus among all the levels of people through overcoming limitation set on the traditional functions of the mass media and greatly influenced in forming the idea of 3·1 Independent Movement in 1919 finally.
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산업안전보건과 사전주의 원칙 - 유럽연합과 영국의 시사점 -
송이수(宋?修) 서울대학교 노동법연구회 2021 노동법연구 Vol.- No.51
인간의 건강에 대하여 규율하는 법규범은 대개 일반공중의 건강에 관한 것과 근로자의 건강에 관한 것으로 나뉜다. 산업활동에 관련된 위험으로부터 과학지식에 기반하여 인간을 보호하기 어려운 경우, 사전주의 원칙에 입각하여 대처하여야 한다. 이때 근로자에 대한 법제에 이를 반영하여 운용할 필요성은 일반공중에 관한 법제에 관한 것 못지않으며, 어쩌면 더욱 시급할 수도 있다. 사전주의 원칙을 정의하는 방식에는 여러 가지가 있지만, 그 공통적이고 대표적인 개념 징표는 “과학적 불확실성”이다. 유럽연합기능조약 제191조 제2항은 유럽연합의 환경정책과 관련하여 사전주의 원칙을 명시하고 있다. 그리고 유럽연합 집행위원회는 2000년 ‘사전주의 원칙에 대한 전언’을 통해 사전주의 원칙의 적용을 위한 지침을 제시하였다. 현재 유럽연합은 조약에서 명시한 환경 분야에 국한하지 아니하고 과학적 불확실성으로 인해 인간의 건강에 위험을 초래할 수 있는 영역에 대해 사전주의 원칙을 적용하고 있다. 직업건강안전과 관련하여 유럽연합은 일찍부터 과학지식의 한계와 불확실성, 선제적 예방의 중요성에 대하여 인식하고, 환경요인이 인간의 건강에 미치는 영향에 대하여도 직업건강안전의 측면에서 주목하였다. 1986년 단일유럽의정서에 의해 개정된 로마조약 제118조의a에 근거하여 1989년 마련된 기본지침은 광범위하고 포괄적인 위험과 예방의 개념에 기초하여 직업안전건강의 일반원칙을 제시하였고, 유럽연합의 입법기관은 새로 대두하는 위험에 대해 개별지침과 기존 규범에 대한 구체적이고 적극적인 해석을 통해 대응하고 있다. 영국은 1974년 직업건강안전법에서 사업주의 일반의무를 정하고 있다. Robens 위원회는 당대 영국의 직업안전건강 문제가 신종위험의 대두로 인하여 새로운 국면을 맞이하고 있다는 현실 진단을 바탕으로 광범위한 위험에 대처할 수 있는 제도를 구상하였다. 사업주는 자신의 사업 수행으로 인하여 다른 사람이 건강안전위험에 노출되지 않도록 할 의무를 부담한다. 이러한 사업주의 의무는 그 대상이 눈에 보이는 것, 확실한 것에 한정되지 않으며, 산업 현실의 변화에 따라 사전주의 원칙에 입각한 위험 대처를 포괄하고 있다. 산업 현장의 위험 요인에는 그 결과를 분명하게 예측하기 어려운 것이 많고, 현시점의 가용과학정보에 기반하여 즉각 답을 도출할 수 없는 요소에 대한 고려도 필요하다. 우리나라의 경우 환경법제 등에 사전주의 원칙이 도입되어 있으나 그 규범적 기반이 견고하다고 보기는 어려울 뿐만 아니라, 유럽연합의 기본지침이나 영국의 직업건강안전법과는 달리 산업안전보건법령상 사업주의 의무가 직업건강안전 위험을 포괄하는 방식이 아니기 때문에, 해석에 의하여 사전주의 원칙을 적용하는 데에는 한계가 존재한다. 따라서 『산업안전보건법』에 사전주의 원칙을 명시할 필요가 있다. Legal norms aiming to protect human health are usually distinguished between those in regard to general public health and those with respect to occupational health. When it is not possible to protect humans based on known scientific knowledge from risks arising out of industrial activities, the precautionary principle should be applied. There are several ways to define the precautionary principle, but a common and key conceptual characteristic is “scientific uncertainty”. Article 191(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union stipulates the precautionary principle with regard to European Union policy on the environment. European Union has applied the precautionary principle to the areas where risks might to be posed to human health in the light of scientific uncertainty, not limiting to the environmental field specified in the Treaty. European Union has already recognized the limits of scientific knowledge, scientific uncertainty and the importance of proactive prevention, paying attention to the effects of environmental factors on human health, in terms of occupational health and safety. Framework Directive presents general principles of occupational safety and health based on comprehensive concepts of risk and prevention. European Union legislative bodies have responded to emerging risks through individual Directives and active interpretations of existing norms. In the United Kingdom, general duties of employers were established under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The Robens Committee suggested a system to deal with a wide range of risks based on the analysis that the United Kingdom had entered a new phrase associated with emerging occupational safety and health risks. Employer is obliged to ensure that others are not exposed to risks to health and safety in connection with his/her undertakings. The duties of employers are not limited to what are visible or certain, and include coping with risks based on the precautionary principle in accordance with changes in industrial circumstances. There exists various risk factors in the workplace and it is difficult for us to predict with certainty the consequences to which the risks might lead. Therefore, it is necessary to consider factors that cannot be identified or established precisely under the contemporary scientific knowledge available. In South Korea, the normative foundation of the precautionary principle is far from solid. Furthermore, duties of employers under Occupational Safety and Health Act do not cover all occupational risks. Therefore, there are limitations in applying the precautionary principle by interpretation. Consequently, it should be provided in Occupational Safety and Health Act.
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