Fucosterol inhibits adipogenesis through the activation of AMPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways

송영우,오가희,김미보,황재관 한국식품과학회 2017 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.26 No.2

Fucosterol is a sterol constituent primarily derived from brown algae. Recently, the antiadipogenic effect of fucosterol has been reported; however, its molecular mechanism remains to be studied. Fucosterol effectively upregulated the phosphorylations of both adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and downregulated the expression levels of lipogenesis-related factors. Moreover, fucosterol activated the major components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including β-catenin, disheveled 2 (DVL2), and cyclin D1 (CCND1), whereas it inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β) by stimulating its phosphorylation. In the presence or absence of fucosterol, the adipogenic transcriptional factors [peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c)] were upregulated by the inhibition of AMPK by compound C or the knockdown of β-catenin by siRNA. Overall, these data demonstrate that fucosterol prevents adipogenesis by mediating both AMPK- and Wnt/β-catenin-signaling pathways.

國際政治體制와 强大國의 外交政策

宋永祐 건국대학교 1984 學術誌 Vol.28 No.1

The balance of power system in the nineteenth century dated from the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which was the Peace Treaty of the Thirty Years' War. Since then, some nations in Europe had thought that balance of power among nations in European continent could prevent wars between and among nations and ensure stability and security in the continent. There had been several wars initiated by a powerful nation for expansionism from 1648 to 1814. Whenever the wars broke out, many nations interested in the war concluded alliances in order to impede the expansionism and maintain the status quo. Therefore, any wars to subvert the status quo had never been succeeded in Europe. The importan tmembers were composed of five nations-Austria, Britain, France, Russia and Prussia. These nations had continued to have checked expansionist policy of other nations and cooperated with each others for status quo and security. The spirit of them was concretely established after the downfall of Napoleon. Five powers settled important problems including territorial problem which the defeated France relinquished after the Napoleon War on a basic principle of balance of power in Congress of Vienna. The result of the conference completely confirmed the balance of power system as international political system on Europe. Because the system had been cherished by major powers and the preservation of the balance of power had been a purpose and a principle of major powers 'foreign policies, the status quo and stability of Europe had been maintained until late nineteenth century. But destruction of balance among major powers made discontented power on the existing situation seek to extreme foreign policy for subversion of status quo. The extreme foreign policy by Germany inevitably led to world war, the result of which created new international system. The new system after World War I was an unbalance of power system quite different from the nineteenth century. The system was completely formed by western European powers to triumph over the enemy. It had measures which the defeated nations, especially Germany, could not challenge to the triumphant nations and which they could not recover their national power. The world situation irritated Germany to subvert the power structure and to revenge the contented powers on status quo. After Hitler was in power, he renounced all the restrictions on Germany and strengthened military power for expansionism. This situation necessarily led to another world war which destructed the unreasonable international system. During the World War II, president Roosevelt had a design for world peace and stability through collaboration together with the Soviet Union. After the death of Roosevelt and the end of the World War II, some government officials in Truman administration argued a resolute and vigilant policy toward the Soviet Union while the western nations disagreed upon some problems on Eastern Europe and Middle East in a series of foreign ministers' conference with the Soviet Union. Truman decided to substitute a firm policy toward the Soviet Union for design of Roosevelt. Provoked in part by domestic turmoil in Turkey and civil war within Greece, Truman enunciated his famous "Doctrine" ; I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outsider pressures." Truman's declaration marked a major turning point in American diplomatic history. It was based on a view of international politics as a contest for world domination, with the Soviet Union as an imperial power bent on world conquest. The crusade the Truman Doctrine initiated for the United States was, of course, the Cold War with the Soviet Union. The strategy of the Truman Doctrine focused upon containment of the Soviet Union and Communism. As a response to the policy of containment, the Soviet Union established Cominform and Eastern European nations made her satellites. By grouping the nations of the world into two blocs, confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union created bipolar system which the global distribution of power came to be concentrated in the hands of two powers. The dual concentration of grower led to the creation of alliance systems, which reflected the tendency of less powerful nations to look to one or the other of the superpowers for a protection in a hostile international environment. Every problem in international politics was made and solved by two superpower and the environment deprived of diplomatic freedom in less powerful nations, because two superpowers monopolized global powers. Ameliorative change in this bipolar distribution of power began to occur from late 1960s. First of all, the deterioration of alliance groupings was accelerated by the narrowing of the difference between Soviet and American military capabilities. As the balance of power became a balance of terror, European nations began to question commitment of the United States. As new centers of power began to emerge entangled web of relations among nations and new posture in foreign policies associated with them came into being. Some noteworthy indicators of these changes included the acceptance of nuclear parity between two superpowers, their pledges to avert nuclear was between them, the resultant efforts of several countries to shift from reliance to self-defense and the growing feeling that the old alliance structures were becoming obsolete as fears of aggression and territorial expansion abated. The growing economic strength of western Europe and Japan relative to the United States and the resultant lessening of their dependency upon the United States has facilitated the ability of each to steer a course independent of the United States. The changed external environment provided the United States with opportunities that stimulated new foreign policy. Polycentrism with the Soviet bloc is not new. Periodic assertions of Eastern European independence, despite the shadow o Red Army, marked the behavior of the East Germans, Poles, the Hungariar and Czechoslovakian, The Sino-Soviet split has been combined with economic growth, resurgent nationalism, and a declining sense of outside threat to produce more visible and perhaps more permanent fissures. And the assertions of independence from Moscow's line manifested by Eastern European nations are less striking, but perhaps more durable, of which Rumanias polycentric deviation is notable. Such environment in Eastern Europe also gave the Soviet Union an opportunity to have peaceful foreign policy. The changed environment of world made two superpowers feel that the continuation of confrontation with each other was not of benefit to anyone. As a result of the common feeling, two superpowers took drastic foreign policies. For example, the United States had normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China, and the Soviet Union signed a friendship treaty with West Germany. The new foreign policies of major powers changed scope and special rules of game of international politics and they created new international politics-multipolar system. The short history of international system shows that the extreme and drastic changes of major powers foreign policies destruct the existing system and create a new international system.

콜드ㆍ파우어(Cold Power)

宋永祐 건국대학교 1969 樂圓誌 Vol.4 No.1

'레이건독트린'과 國際政治

宋永祐 건국대학교 1986 政法論叢 Vol.21 No.1

미국이 선언한 최초의 외교정책노선(foreign policy orientation)은 1823년 12월 몬로(James Monroe)대통령이 선언한 독립주의노선, 일명 '몬로주의'(Monroe's doctrine)이다. 이의 주요 골자는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자유롭고 독립적인 미주대륙은 장차 어떠한 경우에도 유럽국가의 식민지 대상으로 고려될 수 없다. 둘째, 유럽 국가들의 정치제도와 미국의 제도는 본질적으로 다르다. …… 유럽의 제도를 미주대륙에 이식하는 것은 우리의 평화와 안전을 해칠 수 있다. 미국은 유럽 국가들과 현존하는 평화로운 관계가 지속되기를 희망한다. …… 어떠한 형태이든 유럽국가에 의한 미주대륙에 대한 간섭을 용납할 수 없다. 그리고 세 째, 유럽에 대한 미국의 정책은 유럽의 어떠한 국가의 국내문제에 간섭하지 않는 것이다. 미국이 '몬로 주의'를 선언한 가장 주용한 목표는 북미와 그의 부속 도서인 쿠바를 병합하고, 멕시코의 일부를 흡수하고, 그리고 알젠틴과 칠레에까지 미국의 영향력을 확대시키려는 패권주의였다.

地中埋設軟性管 施工에서의 低强度材料 使用에 關한 硏究

송영우,권호진 광주대학교 산업기술연구소 1995 産業技術硏究 Vol.5 No.-

연성관의 매설시 되메우기 재료로서 저강도재료를 사용하였을 때와 재래의 방법으로 되메우기 하였을 때의 관의 변형량을 비교하기 위해 시험한 결과, 저강도재료를 사용하면 관의 단기 변형량을 30-50% 감소시킬 수 있었다. 아울러 저강도재료의 한 구성성분인 비회의 적정 배합비는 약 10%로 추정되었다. When controlled low strength material was used for backfilling, the deflection of buried flexible pipe was measured for the comparison between conventional backfill and low strength material backfill. It was found that low strength material backfill could result in 30-50% reduction in vertictal deflection. Also estimated optimum content of fly ash which is one component of the material was found to be about 10%.

國際道德論

宋永祐 건국대학교 1971 法經論叢 Vol.1971 No.6

입도분포계수를 이용한 사질토의 최대건조단위 중량 예측

송영우,진명섭,홍기남 한국도로학회 2004 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.6 No.3

Maximum dry unit weight, γd m a x, is the most important engineering properties for subgrade soil. Existing models to predict γd m a xcontaining many parameters, seem to be rather complex. This paper presents new simple models to predict γd m a x. for sandy soils, Anumber of sieve analysis and compaction tests for 36 types of sands were conducted to develop the regression-based models.Parameters used to estimate γd m a x are both the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation of the soils, or the particle-sizedistribution curve parameters. Maximum dry unit weights predicted by the models are in good agreement with the laboratorymeasurements for the soil samples obtained at 16 locations within the Korea. 최대건조단위중량은 노상토 재료 특성으로서 매우 중요한 인자이다. 최대건조단위중량을 예측하는 기존의 모델들은 많은 변수를 포함하고 있어 다소 복잡해 보인다. 본 논문에서는 사질토의 최대건조단위중량을 예측할 수 있는 간편 한 식을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 3 6개 시료를 체분석하여 입도분포를 구하고, 다짐시험 한 후 그 결과를 회귀분석하였다. 제안식은 변수로 노상토의 기하평균과 기하표준편차 또는 입도분포계수를 포함한다. 제안식의 검증을 위해 전국 1 6개 지역의 채취 시료에 대한 최대건조단위중량의 실측치와 예측치를 비교한 결과 잘 맞는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

한국의 비동맹외교

송영우 건국대학교 1997 政治論叢 Vol.32 No.-

중국의 강대국 외교 - 미국과 러시아를 중심으로 -

송영우 건국대학교 KU중국연구원 1998 중국연구 Vol.17 No.-

N/A

중국의 소극적 외교

송영우 건국대학교 1998 政正 Vol.11 No.1