유아음악교육에 대한 어린이집 교사의 인식 및 어려움

송선화 순천향대학교 대학원 2012 국내석사

국문요약 유아음악교육에 대한 어린이집 교사의 인식 및 어려움 송 선 화 순천향대학교 교육대학원 유아교육전공 (지도교수 유 영 의) 본 연구의 목적은 충남 서산시 어린이집에 근무하고 있는 교사를 대상으로 현재 실시되고 있는 유아음악교육에 대한 교사의 인식 및 어려움을 살펴봄으로써 유아음악교육 관련 교사교육 프로그램 개발 및 교육현장에서의 구체적인 활용방안을 모색하고 어린이집의 질적인 유아음악교육 실시를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 이와 같은 연구 목적에 따라 설정된 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 1: 유아음악교육에 대한 어린이집 교사의 인식은 어떠한가? 2: 유아음악교육에 대해 어린이집 교사가 느끼는 어려움은 어떠한가? 본 연구는 충청남도 서산시 어린이집에 근무하고 있는 교사 중 무선으로 표집 된 400명을 대상으로 배부한 질문지 400부 중 회수된 질문지는 334부였으며, 그 중 질문에 대한 답변이 누락된 25부를 제외한 총 309부를 최종적으로 분석에 사용하였다. 연구에 사용된 도구 중 유아음악교육에 대한 어린이집 교사의 인식에 관련해서는 유순이(2009) 와 김나연(2007)의 연구에 사용된 도구, 유아음악교육 실시에 있어서 교사가 느끼는 어려움에 관련해서는 이경희(2009) 와 남소연(2006)의 연구에 사용된 도구를 중심으로 유아교육전공 지도교수, 유아교육 전문가 2인과 협의를 통해 내용을 수정․보완하여 타당도를 검증받아 사용하였다. 수집한 자료에 대하여 SPSS 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 연구문제에 따라 다음과 같은 방법으로 분석하였다. 연구대상의 일반적인 배경변인에 대한 빈도와 백분율을 알아보기 위하여 빈도분석을 실시하였고, 어린이집 교사들의 유아음악교육에 대한 전반적인 인식과 각 하위영역에 대하여 근무처, 학력, 경력, 연령에 따른 차이를 알아보기 위하여 교차분석(x2) 및 일원변량분석을 실시하였다. 먼저 본 연구에서 나타난 유아음악교육에 대한 어린이집 교사의 인식은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 어린이집 교사들은 어린이집에서 이루어지는 유아음악교육에 매우 높은 관심을 가지고 있었으며, 자신감과 만족감 또한 보통 이상으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 유아음악교육의 중요성과 음악교육의 필요성에 대해 어린이집 교사는 중요성과 필요성 모두 높게 인식하고 있었으며, 유아음악교육이 필요한 이유는 정서발달 도모, 전인발달을 도모, 창의력 향상, 음악적 재능 육성 순으로 나타났다. 또한, 어린이집 교사들이 효과적인 유아음악수업을 위해 필요하다고 생각하는 것으로는 ‘교사를 위한 지속적인 음악 연수’가 가장 많았고 그 다음으로는 ‘다양한 교구와 교재’, ‘전문음악 담당교사’ 순으로 나타났다. 이는 어린이집 교사들은 음악 교육 시 수업에 관한 자료가 부족하고 다양한 음악연수 프로그램의 필요성을 요구하는 것과 동일한 맥락이다. 셋째, 어린이집 교사들이 유아 음악교육의 목적이나 목표에 대해 잘 알고 있다고 생각하는지, 가장 중요하다고 생각하는 것은 무엇인지에 대하여 살펴본 결과, 목적이나 목표에 대해 보통정도로 잘 알고 있다고 생각하였다. 또한, 음악교육의 목적이나 목표로 가장 중요하다고 생각하는 것은 ‘유아들의 인지, 사회, 정서, 신체, 언어 등의 모든 영역에서의 발달을 촉진 한다’는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 유아음악교육에서 다루어야할 내용 중 가장 중요하게 생각하는 것은 ‘창의적 표현활동’이었고 다음으로는 ‘소리탐색하기’, ‘신체표현하기’, ‘노래 부르기’, ‘음악 감상’, ‘악기 다루기’ 순으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 유아음악교육 방법에 있어서 음악 교육활동을 어떻게 도입해야 하는지, 상호작용은 어떻게 해야 하는지, 통합적 접근방식(예술영역간의 통합)에 의한 음악활동을 다양한 매체로 전달하는 방법에 대해 근무처, 학력, 경력, 연령별로 비교, 분석한 결과 어린이집 교사 모두 보통이상으로 잘 알고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 유아음악교육에 대한 교사의 적극적인 관심과 노력이 유아의 음악발달에 미치는 영향에 대해 어린이집 교사는 ‘교사들의 음악에 대한 관심이 유아에게 많은 영향을 미친다고 인식하고 있었으며, 그 이유로는 ‘유아가 자발적, 능동적으로 다양한 음악 경험들을 즐기며 참여할 수 있도록 하기 때문’이 가장 많았고 그 다음으로 ‘유아가 적극적으로 표현활동을 할 수 있는 허용적이고 자유로운 분위기를 조성해준다’, ‘유아에게 종합적이고도 구체적인 학습 환경을 조성해주는 것이 교사이기 때문’ 순으로 나타났다. 일곱째, 음악적 환경이 유아의 음악적 소질을 키우는데 중요하다고 어린이집 교사들은 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 유아의 음악적 소질을 키우는데 가장 중요한 환경으로는 ‘어린이집의 인적환경(교사의 능력)’이라고 인식한 경우가 가장 많았고 그 다음으로는 ‘어린이집의 물리적 환경’, ‘사회적 환경’, ‘가정환경’ 순으로 나타났다. 어린이집 음악영역에서 음악교육을 위한 물리적, 인적, 사회적 음악환경에 관한 질문을 통해서 알 수 있었던 것은 시설과 악기 및 기자재에 관하여 어린이집교사 과반 수 이상이 부족하다고 답하였으며 부족한 이유는 어린이집의 예산 부족으로 나타났다. 한편 유아음악교육에 대해 어린이집 교사가 느끼는 어려움에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 어린이집 교사들이 유아음악교육을 수행하는데 있어서 어려움을 느끼는 이유로는 ‘교육이나 연수받을 기회가 부족해서’가 가장 많았고 그 다음으로는 ‘교사의 음악 및 음악교수에 대한 자신감 부족’으로 나타났다. 또한 현장 근무 후 유아음악교육 관련 연수에 참여한 적이 있는지에 대해서는 대부분 근무 후에는 유아음악교육 관련 연수에 참여한 적이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 어린이집 교사들이 유아음악교육을 수행하는데 가장 어렵다고 생각하는 내용이 무엇인지에 대한 분석결과, ‘창의적 표현활동’이 가장 많았고 그 다음은 ‘악기다루기’, ‘음악 감상’, ‘노래 부르기’, ‘신체표현 하기’, ‘소리탐색’ 순이었다. 음악교육 영역의 중요도 인식과 실시정도에서 교사들은 ‘창의적 표현활동’ 영역의 활동에 대해 중요하게 생각하고 있으며 실시정도도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 어린이집 교사들이 유아들에게 음악교육을 지도할 때 가장 어렵고 힘들게 느끼는 영역은 ‘활동 유형에 따른 교수방법(노래지도, 악기연주, 음악 감상, 음악창작)’이었고 ‘음악수업 운영(계획, 하루일과 속의 통합, 영역구성, 가정과의 연계하기)’, ‘음악적 개념지도(음색, 리듬, 멜로디, 박자, 속도)’, ‘음악의 요소(강약, 속도, 리듬, 멜로디, 장단 등)’도 비교적 어렵고 힘든 영역으로 인식하고 있는 것으로 나나타났다. 넷째, 어린이집 교사들이 유아들에게 음악적 개념(음색, 리듬, 멜로디, 박자, 속도)을 지도하는데 있어서 어렵다고 느끼는 이유로는 ‘교사의 음악 및 음악교수에 대한 자신감 부족’이 가장 많았고, 그 다음으로는 ‘교육이나 연수받을 기회가 부족해서’, ‘교사의 음악적 기초 지식 부족’, ‘어린이집의 부족한 유아음악교육환경’의 순으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 유아들에게 음악의 요소(강약, 속도, 리듬, 멜로디, 장단 등)를 지도하는데 있어서 어린이집 교사들이 어렵다고 느끼는 이유에 대해서는 ‘교육이나 연수받을 기회가 부족해서’가 가장 많았고 그 다음으로 ‘교사의 음악적 기초 지식 부족’, ‘교사의 음악 및 음악교수에 대한 자신감 부족’, ‘어린이집의 부족한 유아음악환경 때문’ 순으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 어린이집 교사들이 음악수업 운영(계획, 하루일과 속의 통합, 영역구성, 가정과 연계하기)에 어려움을 갖는 이유가 무엇인지 분석한 결과 ‘교육이나 연수받을 기회가 부족해서’가 가장 많았고 ‘어린이집의 부족한 환경 때문’이 그 다음 순이었으며, 그 다음으로는 ‘교사의 음악 및 음악교수에 대한 자신감 부족’, ‘교사의 음악적 기초지식 부족’ 순으로 나타났다. 일곱째, 어린이집 교사들이 어린이집에서 보유하고 있는 물리적 환경(교재, 교구, 악기)을 활용하는데 어려운 점이 무엇인지에 대해 분석한 결과 ‘어린이집의 예산 부족으로 악기를 구입하지 못해서’가 가장 많았고, 그 다음으로는 ‘교재, 교구, 기기, 악기가 손쉽게 이용할 수 있는 위치나 장소에 있지 않아서’, ‘활용하는 방법을 잘 몰라서’, ‘활용이 번거롭고 귀찮아서’ 순으로 나타났다. ABSTRACT Cognition and Difficulty of Early Childhood Teachers on Young Children Music Education Song, seonhwa Major in Early Childhood Education Graduate School Of Education SoonChunHyang University ChungChongNam-do, KOREA (Supervised by Professor Yu, Youngeui, Ph.D) The objective of this study is to consider the cognition and difficulty of teachers on young children music education. The teachers are worked at a kindergarten located in Seosan, Chungnam. Then, it presents a more specific activity method for developing teacher training programs on young children music education and provides basic materials for carrying out quality young children music education in early childhood education centers. The issues determined according to the objective are as follows. 1. How the cognition of teachers on young children music education? 2. What are the difficulty in teachers on young children music education? This study is based on a survey for 400 teachers who worked at kindergartens in Seosan, Chungnam, and a total of 309 questionnaires from the returned 334 questionnaires of 400 distributed questionnaires in which 25 questionnaires are excluded due to omitting some questions are finally analyzed. Regarding the tool used in this study, the tool is based on the tool used in the study on the cognition of teachers on young children music education performed by Yoo Soon-Yi (2009) and Kim Na-Yeon (2007) and the tool used in the study of investigating difficulties in the teachers who perform young children music education achieved by Lee Kyung-Hee (2009) and Nam So-Yeon (2006) through the verification of an advising professor in majoring young children education and two experts on young children education. The collected data is analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 program according to determined study issues. A frequency analysis is implemented to investigate the frequency and percentage of general background variables. Also, a cross tabulation (x2) and ANOVA are carried out for considering differences in the general cognition and its sub-section of teachers on young children music education according to duty places, carriers, and ages. First, the cognition of teachers on young children music education can be summarized as follows. First, the teachers in kindergartens represent very high interests on young children music education performed in the kindergartens and high confidence and satisfaction more than expected. Second, the teachers highly cognize the importance and necessity of young children music education and the reasons of these importance and necessity are to develop emotion, to pursuit all-round education, to improve creativeness, and to grow musical talent. In addition, regarding the necessity of effective young children music education, the largest opinions on it are 'sustainable music training programs for teachers', various tools and textbooks, and experts on music classes. It reveals the same idea as that they require materials for such young children music education classes and various music training programs. Third, in the investigation of the cognition of teachers on the objective and target of young children music education and of the important issue on young children music education, the teachers understand the objective and target of young children music education as an average level. Also, teachers are considered that the most important things in the objective and target of young children music education are the facilitation of developing 'young children' various cognitions in social, emotional, physical, and linguistic areas'. Fourth, the most important issue dealt in young children music education are 'creative expression activities', and the next important issues are 'sound questing', 'body expression', 'singing', 'music listening', and 'playing instruments'. Fifth, in the results of the analysis on the way of teaching according to teachers duty places, educational backgrounds, carriers, and ages, the teachers well understand how music educational activities are to be introduced in young children music education methods, how mutual interactions are to be implemented, and how the music educational activities are to be transferred to various music activities based on an integrated way (integration of various art fields) more than an average level. Sixth, in the investigation of the effects of teachers' active interests and efforts on developing young children musical senses, the teachers cognize that the 'interests on music affect the young children significantly. The most important reason is that it allows 'participation and enjoying various musical experiences voluntarily and actively', and the next reasons are that it presents 'free and allowable atmospheres to actively perform expression activities' and 'general and specific educational environments to young children by teachers'. Seventh, the teachers are cognized that musical environments are important to develop the musical talent of young children. Also, the most important environment to develop such musical talent is 'humanitarian environments in kindergarten (teachers' capabilities)', and the next things are 'physical environments in kindergarten', 'social environments', and 'family environments'. Regarding the facts recognized by some questions on the physical, humanitarian, and social musical environments for carrying out music education in kindergartens, a majority of teachers in kindergartens answer that there are lacks in facilities, tools, and instruments and that is due to lack of budget. While, the results of investigating the anxiety of teachers on young children music education are as follows. First, the reasons that the teachers represent difficulties in performing young children music education are 'lack of chances in education or training' and 'insufficient of teaching music and music classes'. Also, regarding the participation of the young children music education related training after the practical duty, most teachers have no experiences in attending such training. Second, in the results of the analysis on the most difficult things in performing young children music education, the highest issue is 'creative expression activities', and the next issues are 'playing instruments', 'music listening', 'singing', 'body expression', and 'sound questing'. In the cognition and implementation of the importance of young children music education, the teachers consider the 'creative expression activities' as an important area and that area shows a high implementation level. Third, the most difficult section to teach music to young children is 'teaching methods (singing, playing instruments, music listening, and music creation) according to activity types'. Also, 'managing music classes (planning, integration of classes into a daily plan, determining teaching categories, and connecting it to home)', 'teaching musical concepts (tones, rhythms, melodies, timing, and tempos)', and 'teaching musical elements (stresses, tempos, rhythms, melodies, and timing) are considered as important areas. Fourth, the most difficulty of teaching musical concepts (tones, rhythms, melodies, timing, and tempos) to young children is 'lack of self-confidence for performing music and music classes', and the other difficulties are 'lack of chances in education and training', 'insufficient musical backgrounds in teachers', and 'insufficient environments in kindergartens for the young children music education'. Fifth, the most difficulty of teaching musical elements (stresses, tempos, rhythms, melodies, and timing) to young children is 'lack of chances in education and training', and the other difficulties are 'insufficient musical backgrounds in teachers', 'lack of self-confidence for performing music and music classes', and 'insufficient environments in kindergartens for the young children music education'. Sixth, the most significant difficulty of managing music classes (planning, integration of classes into a daily plan, determining teaching categories, and connecting it to home) is 'lack of chances in education and training', and the other difficulties are 'insufficient environments in kindergartens for the young children music education', 'lack of self-confidence for performing music and music classes', and 'insufficient musical backgrounds in teachers'. Seventh, in the results of the analysis on difficulties in using physical environments (textbooks, tools, and instruments) prepared in kindergartens, the most typical answer is 'lack of preparing instruments due to lack of budget in kindergartens', and the other answers are 'improper locations of using textbooks, tools, and instruments', 'difficulties in using it', and 'troublesome and bothering of using it'.

하늘유치원 만 4세 유아들의 나눔에 관한 질적 연구 : 양상, 위계, 의미를 중심으로

송선화 조선대학교 2011 국내박사

ABSTRACT A Qualitative Study on the Sharing of 4-year-old Children at Haneul Kindergarten : Focusing on its patterns, developmental stage and meaning Song, Sun Hwa Advisor : Prof. Seo, Hyun, Ed. D. Department of Education, Graduate school of Chosun University This study aimed to understand the phenomena of sharing observed in young children based on previous studies reporting that sharing experiences in childhood may have a positive effect on donations and volunteer activities in adulthood or promote prosocial behaviors. That is, it aimed to examine the patterns and hierarchical characteristics of sharing that young children experience in kindergarten and what their experiences in sharing mean to them. For these purposes, we set research questions as follows. 1. What patterns of sharing are observed in 4-year-old children at the Rainbow Class of Haneul Kindergarten? 2. What are the hierarchical characteristics of sharing among 4-year- old children at the Rainbow Class of Haneul Kindergarten according to their developmental stage? 3. What meanings does sharing among 4-year-old children at the Rainbow Class of Haneul Kindergarten have? This study assumed that sharing phenomena observed among young children in the social environment of kindergarten would be manifested as their unique experiences distinguished from those among adults. In addition, we tried in?]depth analysis of the meanings of these unique experiences. As ethnographic research, which attaches importance to contextual characteristics, was believed to suitable for this purpose, we observed situations as they were in natural settings. The participants of this study were 20 four year old children and one class teacher at the Rainbow Class of Haneul Kindergarten in Gwangju Metropolitan City. The research period was from September 1, 2010 to February 18, 2011, and data were collected through 48 sessions of participant observation, 8 in depth interviews, videotaping, recording, photographing, document collection, etc. The contents of participant observations and interviews were obtained from notes recorded on the spot, and collected data were categorized for analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, various patterns of sharing were observed in the kindergarten life of the young children at the Rainbow Class in connection to things, spaces, opportunities, abilities, information, thoughts, emotion, friendship, etc. The children tried sharing of a very rudimentary form that gave priority to their own interests rather than considering others' position and, as a result, they often showed a confronting pattern. They also showed sharing as a channel that opened a relation for communication. In the course, young children, though having a self centered tendency, had somewhat unselfish sharing in relations with others based on intimacy or authority, and various forms of sharing were observed from sharing by reciprocity to sharing by sympathy. Young children showed sharing of materials or resources and, at the same time, sharing in the psychological aspect. Sharing happened smoothly when they used something personally or together with others or when there was an agreement on a certain standard among peers. If they could not control the desire to own, however, they did not accept the position of other children who needed sharing and, as a result, sharing was interrupted. On the other hand, the children shared abilities, information, thoughts, emotion and friendship. The young children at the Rainbow Class requested the sharing of abilities of the teacher or peers when they were not able to solve a problem by themselves, or shared their abilities when they were asked. That is, the children were observed to attempt the sharing of abilities for any task that they could not handle by themselves, and to share naturally information, thoughts or emotion that they knew or felt. It is believed that these patterns of sharing can be supported and encouraged by the teacher. If the teacher is sensitive to young children, he/she should be able to provide appropriate sharing to young children in need of help so that the children may feel that they are respected. Particularly because the sharing of emotion enables children to sympathize with others' position, it may provide a base for the practice of sharing. Second, we analyzed the hierarchy of sharing among young children at the Rainbow Class according to their developmental characteristics. These characteristics were divided into several categories, which were 'confronting sharing', 'selective sharing', 'sharing according to rules', 'transactional sharing', 'sharing of invitation and acceptance' and 'sharing of adjustment and understanding.' In 'confronting sharing', young children revealed their self centered characteristic most frequently. Specifically, it was expressed by 'asserting ownership', 'claiming priority' and 'exercising power'. This situation of sharing is considered a very rudimentary stage at which children give priority to their own interests rather than considering others' position. 'Selective sharing' also revealed young children's self centeredness among various characteristics of sharing. That is, they did sharing with their favorite partners, on conditions advantageous to themselves, and in a way that they chose. Moreover, 'sharing according to rules' sometimes appeared as the concept of fair division by an absolute standard. With regard to absolute rules to be observed, the children experienced that many things distributed in the kindergarten must be divided fairly among all of them, and sometimes sharing was forced unilaterally. These rules determined the base for young children's voluntary and active sharing in terms of contents and methods. On the other hand, 'transactional sharing' is a stage at which appropriate coordination is necessary in the sharing situation, and the coordination and self control process is believed to provide young children with experiences that improve their social skills for peer relations. Moreover, 'sharing of invitation and acceptance' is the experience of sharing that spreads to all. At this stage, sharing that young children accepted resulted in another invitation, and after all, the whole class communicated. In addition, 'sharing of adjustment and understanding' was manifested as cooperation for the whole of the Rainbow Class. At this stage, the children shared for the general good of the Rainbow Class, and this is believed to promote the socialization of sharing in that adjustment and understanding of the self and others are essential. Third, we derived the meanings of sharing observed in the young children at the Rainbow Class. The sharing of the children at the Rainbow Class had meanings of 'division', 'exposition' and 'filling'. That is, to the young children at the Rainbow Class, sharing was division of limited resources. They wanted to be recognized first, and showed sharing by filling when they needed one another so that the whole class could get along well. These general meanings may be divided into more specific meanings such as 'anxiety about being taken away', 'one for you one for me', 'delimiting with my yardstick', 'satisfying from myself', 'being acknowledged', being together than alone', 'giving and receiving sharing, 'sharing ownership', 'confirming relationship' and 'doing the best for all'. To the young children, sharing was the strong expression of their ownership over an object and meant their anxiety about being taken away by peers. Moreover, they often shared and took it back according to their own standard, or explained the situation that they could not share using seemingly valid reasons. Moreover, they showed sharing as an expression of satisfaction or in order to reveal their presence by displaying abilities. This is a trial to get recognized and confirm relationship by sharing as a showoff or as a means of expressing a voluntary and friendly mind, suggesting that sharing can be a foundation for the formation of a positive social self. What is more, they did sharing to express their efforts for all by filling one another?fs shortages. This may be understood that young children evaluate their competence positively and develop their consideration of others. The results of this study presented above suggest the necessity of active efforts by early childhood education institutions for settling and activating sharing effectively. Moreover, they may be useful as empirical basic materials when executing sharing education for young children.

조류 망막 발생 중 희소돌기아교세포에서 αB-crystallin의 특이적 발현

송선화 충북대학교 대학원 2006 국내석사

Purpose: It is well known that expression of αB-crystallin is increased in neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the pathologic condition. However, αB-crystallin expression during normal development of the central nervous system has not been reported. This study aims to clarify that αB-crystallin is expressed in mature myelinating oligodendrocytes in the neural retina, and to verify that expression of αB-crystallin plays a part of protective roles in myelinating oligodendrocytes against oxidative stress derived from free radical during myelin formation. Method: During retinal development, alterations of iron concentration and expression of heat shock proteins including αB-crystallin were examined using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. To identify specific expression of αB-crystallin in mature myelinating oligodendrocytes, αB-crystallin was coupled with neuronal nuclei (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ricinus communis agglutinin 1 (RCA1) and transferrin binding protein (TfBP), or myelin basic protein (MBP). Result: Iron concentration of the retina was increased from E14 to E20. Expression of αB-crystallin was first observed in the E16 retina. Thereafter, it was increased until E20. Alpha B-crystallin positive (+) cells first appeared in the optic nerve at E14, in the central retina at E16, and in the peripheral retina at E18. In comparison with E18, the number of αB-crystallin+ cells at E20 was increased in the central and the peripheral retina. Alpha B-crystallin-immunoreactivity (-IR) was spatiotemporally similar to MBP-IR. But, the difference was found in which MBP-IR was observed in the myelins rather than the cell bodies of oligodendrocytes after E14. Differential immunostain demonstrated that αB-crystallin was exclusively expressed in the mature myelinating oligodendrocyte. Besides, αB-crystallin was temporally expressed in the peripapillary glial cell. Conclusion: Alpha B-crystallin was expressed in mature myelinating oligodendrocytes of the chick retina. With progress of myelination, concentration of iron which facilitates to produce free radicals was increased, suggesting that myelination may induce oxidative stress. Together with the reports that oligodendrocytes have low level of antioxidase and αB-crystallin plays a role as a molecular chaperone. Results of this study suggest that αB-crystallin may play a part of protective roles against oxidative stress in myelinating oligodendrocytes. Key words: αB-crystallin, oligodendrocyte, oxidative stress, retina, iron, heat shock protein

남·북한 사회과 교육 내용 비교 분석

송선화 조선대학교 교육대학원 2006 국내석사

One of the most important functions of education is socialization to maintain social system. Therefore, it is suggested that Social Study is a representative subject in doing such a job. This study compares and analysis curriculums and textbooks of the subject in North Korea and South Korea centering on Social Study in high schools. This study consists of comparative research on curriculums and textbooks of Social Study in high schools to understand and find out entire structure and characteristics of social study, its homogeneity and heterogeneity between North Korea and South Korea. The result follows : the object of social of South Korean is to cultivate democratic citizens and that of North Korea is to bring up socialistic citizens. In South and North Korea the curriculums of social studies are exploited as ways to maintain ruling structures of nation, and especially in North Korea, are availed as an instrument of Kim Il-sung & Kim Jung-il's monolithic thought system. It is a common inclination in these two sides that nation take the lead in developing social studies textbooks. In these both sides the contents of textbooks about value system are different each other. The textbooks of South Korean contain political, economic and sociocultural sphere evenly, on the basis of knowledge in social science. To cultivate democratic citizen, they have contents to promote the originality and spirit of inquiry. On the contrary North Korea concentrates her effort on political education to cultivate their people as socialistic citizen. To achieve this goal, North Korean textbooks contains mainly monolithic thought system lying stress on two Kim's achievement. So, the result of the comparative analysis in the social studies object, curriculums and textbooks of South and North Korea indicate that the differences are more common then likeness in education object, notion and the contents of social studies textbook of these two Koreas. In the future of reunification of South and North Korea, the plan for integrating the social studies will be much more difficult then that of any other studies. When South and North Korea achieve reunification, the contents of social studies should be reformed to match with the structure of a new nation. As a preparation of reunification, it is necessary for South and North Korea to research actively on social studies to prevent heterogeneity.

순환골재 종류에 따른 실규모 철근콘크리트 보의 휨거동 특성

송선화 忠南大學校 大學院 2010 국내석사

These days the amount of demolished concrete waste has been increasing due to reconstruction and redevelopment of aged buildings. Large volumes of aggregates are required to rebuild and demolition wastes are generated. Recycling of waste concrete by converting not only saves landfill space but also reduces the demand for extraction of natural raw material for new construction activity. So the use of recycled aggregates is recommended to solve environmental problems. Various investigations have been carried out to study the mechanical properties of concrete and the structure behavior (under flexure condition, shear, bond, torsion, etc.) with recycled aggregates. Some investigations have been carried out to study the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with recycled aggregates. But these have some limitation due to the use of low quality recycled aggregates and small-scale specimens in the laboratory. The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the flexural behavior of simply supported RC beams subjected to four-point monotonic loading and made with recycled aggregates. Eight full-scale RC beams were manufactured with different replacement level of recycled coarse aggregates and recycled fine aggregates. The main parameter of the study is type of recycled aggregates. The results showed that the beams with recycled aggregates present the similar crack patterns and failure modes as the beams with natural aggregates. Additionally, the flexural strength of RC beams with different type of recycled coarse aggregates and recycled fine aggregates was compared with the provision of KCI code. The KCI equations were conservative and can be used for the flexural design of recycled aggregate concrete beam.

수학능력시험 외국어영역에 나타난 Make, Get, Take의 코퍼스 기반 연어 분석

송선화 충남대학교 교육대학원 2012 국내석사

慶州의 觀光地理的 考察

송선화 이화여자대학교 교육대학원 1984 국내석사

음용수 중 환경호르몬 및 중금속에 관한 연구

송선화 暻園大學校 大學院 2007 국내석사

물이 풍부한 우리나라는 무분별한 개발과 자연 파괴의 결과, 음용수의 상수원인 하천수가 오염되고 있는 실정이다. 특히 내분비계장애추정물질인 환경호르몬과 체내 축적에 의한 중독 증상으로 문제가 되는 중금속에 의한 오염의 우려가 있다. 중금속은 인체에 필요한 필수원소와 비필수원소인 유해중금속으로 구분되어 지는데, 유해중금속은 말할 것도 없이, 필수원소도 과다 섭취했을 경우 피로 및 우울증과 같은 신경장애의 우려가 있다. 그러나 현재까지 우리나라는 음용수의 오염에 대한 특별한 조사가 제대로 일어나고 있지 않다. 그래서 전국 각지에서 음용수로 이용되는 지하수 및 약수 등 상수원을 채취해 환경호르몬의 대표적인 Bisphenol A 및 Alkylphenols에 대해 HPLC로 분석한 결과, 그 양이 검출되지 않았다. 그러나 대표적인 9가지의 중금속을 여러 가지 분석기기(중금속측정기, ICP-MS, ICP-AES 등)를 이용하여 분석한 결과, 일부 Sample에서 미량의 구리와 망간 및 기준치 이상의 아연이 검출되었다. 또한 일부 Sample에서는 기준치 이하이지만 유해 중금속에 속하는 비소와 니켈도 검출되었다. 특히, ICP-AES에 의한 철 분석 결과, Sample E에서 기준치 4배가량의 철이 검출되었다. Rivers, the sources of the drinking water supply, have recently been polluted as a result of thoughtless development and environmental destruction. Especially, there's a concern about the pollution by Endocrine disruptors, the presumed lesion substances of the endocrine system, and heavy metals which cause toxic symptoms according to accumulation in the body. However, there haven't been particular and adequate investigations into the pollution of drinking water in our country. Therefore, Samples of underground waters & mineral waters were taken in order to assay the typical Endocrine disruptors such as Bisphenol A and Alkylphenols by using HPLC. However, these compounds were not found at all. Also other heavy metals were found within safety standard range. Copper, Manganese, and Zinc were found slightly above the safety standard range. Particularly, ICP-AES analysis indicates that Sample E contains iron four times than the safety standard level.

밀 품종들의 내한성에 대한 과산화수소 처리의 효과

송선화 경상대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

Due to global warming and unstable climatic condition, environmental damage like freezing, drought and flooding to crops is increasing. Wheat, a major staple crop in the world, is often subjected to low temperature and drought stress during overwintering which results in the reduction of growth and yield in early- and late-spring. Because needs and consumption for Korean domestic wheat is steadily increasing, drought tolerance is one of important traits for improving wheat production. Due to low level of irrigation system in most wheat fields of Korea, improved drought tolerance is necessary for stable wheat production. In this study, hydrogen peroxide was applied to wheat leaves for improving drought tolerance and the multi-faced effects of hydrogen peroxide on wheat seedlings were traced in physiological and proteomic changes. Eight Korean wheat cultivars (cv. Geumgang, Baekjung, Sugang, Yeonbaek, Uri, Jeokjung, jogkeong and Hanbaek) showing different drought susceptibility were used for the experiment. Based on the survival rate under drought condition, cv. Sugang, Uri and Hanbaek were extremely susceptible to drought, especially Uri was the most susceptible. On the other hands, cultivar Yeonbaek was the most tolerant among cultivars tested in the experiment. Responses to drought were examined with 3-leaf old seedlings (grown for two weeks) by limiting the watering. The tolerant cultivar Yeonbaek showed little reduction in dry weight (65% of the control) as compared to untreated control (0.425g). The most sensitive cultivar Uri showed great reduction in dry weight (34% of the control) as compare to the control (0.600g). Seeds of eight wheat cultivars were subjected to low water potential from 0 to -2.0 bar with or without hydrogen peroxide (20mM). Cultivar Jogyeong, Uri, Sugang, and Geumgang were classified as drought susceptible cultivars and cv. Jeokjung, Hanbaek, Baekjung, and Yeonbaek were as tolerant cultivars based on germination percentage at -2.0 bar. Hydrogen peroxide ameliorated the drought injury to seed germination with different degree according to cultivar showing greater effect on susceptible cultivars. Germination percentage of susceptible cultivars, Geumgang and Uri, were highly improved from 15 and 33.3% at -2.0 bar to 38.3 and 55% by 20mM H2O2 treatment, respectively. On the other hands, tolerant Baekjung and Yeonbaek showed slight increase of germination percentage from 91 and 85% to 98 and 98% by H2O2 treatment, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide treatment promoted plumule elongation in susceptible cultivars. Plumule extrusion that were not observed at -2.0 bar occurred by H2O2 treatment in Jogyeong and Uri. Antioxidant activity (by DPPH test) in cv. Yeonbaek and Uri were higher hydrogen peroxide treatment than control. But the concentration of hydrogen peroxide did not show difference. In the wheat seedlings, hydrogen peroxide treatment(foliar spray) delayed foliar wilting during early drought stress. H2O2-sprayed seedling showed greater plant height and lead width than DW-sprayed seedlings. Proteomic analysis showed more increased expressions of proteins related photosynthesis, carbon fixation and energy metabolisms under drought condition in tolerant cultivar Yeonbaek than susceptible Uri. Therefore, the higher expression level of the above identified proteins of tolerant cultivar reflected the less reduction in primary metabolisms that result in less reduction in growth of tolerant cultivar under drought condition. Higher expression of heat-shock proteins and antioxidant protein (2-cys peroxiredoxin BAS1) in hydrogen peroxide treated tolerant plants was observed. This result means that the increased antioxidative activity is a key event in wheat plant under drought condition and foliar applied hydrogen peroxide mitigates the oxidative stress caused by drought.

미용 왁싱에 대한 동기요인과 정보탐색유형이 왁싱 관리의도에 미치는 영향

송선화 용인대학교 경영대학원 2020 국내석사

본 연구는 미용 왁싱 시장의 성장에 따라 미용 왁싱에 대한 동기요인(관심도, 중요성, 시선)과 정보탐색유형(탐색도, 관찰도)이 왁싱 관리의도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 실증적으로 규명하고 이를 통하여 미용 왁싱의 시장에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이와 같은 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 서울, 경기 지역에 거주하고 있는 남녀를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문지에는 조사대상자의 미용 왁싱 관리에 대한 관심도와 중요성 인식, 타인의 시선, 탐색도, 관찰도, 왁싱 관리의도, 그리고 인구통계학적 특성에 대한 항목을 포함하였다. 2019년 4월부터 9월까지 설문지를 배포하여 자기기입식으로 응답한 160부를 회수하여 모두 분석에 활용하였다. 본 연구의 자료 분석은 SPSS 18.0을 이용하였고, 신뢰도와 타당성 분석 후 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미용 왁싱의 관심도는 왁싱 관리의도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 미용 왁싱에 대한 중요성은 왁싱 관리의도에 유의한 긍정적(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 타인의 시선은 왁싱 관리의도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 미용 왁싱에 대한 탐색도는 왁싱 관리의도에 유의한 긍정적(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 미용 왁싱에 대한 관찰도는 왁싱 관리의도에 유의한 긍정적(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 종합해보면, 본 연구에서 설정한 동기요인의 하부요인 세 가지 중에서 관심도와 시선은 왁싱 관리의도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않고, 중요성만이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 정보탐색유형의 하부 요인인 탐색도와 관찰도는 모두 왁싱 관리의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 동기요인 중 관심도와 타인의 시선보다는 본인이 생각하기에 왁싱 관리가 필요하고 중요하다는 인식 자체가 가장 크게 작용하는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 연구는 요즘 미용 시장에서 점차 각광받고 있는 왁싱 관리의 선행요인을 기존 문헌연구를 토대로 도출하여 실증분석을 하였다는데 학술적 의미가 있다. 이와 더불어 실무적으로도 미용 왁싱의 수요자들에 대한 이해를 증진시키는 기회가 됨으로써 미용 왁싱 시장의 활성화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. In this study, as the beauty waxing market growing, it was intended to empirically identify the motivations for beauty waxing and the effects of Information Exploration Patterns on waxing management intention, and provide basic data on the beauty waxing market through this. To achieve this purpose, the survey was conducted for women and men living in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The questionnaire included categories of the subjects' interest and significance recognition in beauty waxing management, other's gaze, exploration, observation, waxing management intention, and demographic characteristics. A questionnaire was distributed from April to September 2019 and 160 self-administered responses were collected and used for analysis. In this study, the data was analyzed by SPSS 18.0, and the regression analysis was conducted after analyzing the feasibility and reliability. The results are as follows. First, the interest in the beauty waxing did not have a statistically significant effect on the waxing management intention. Second, the importance of the beauty waxing has been shown to have a statistically significant effect on the waxing management intention. Third, other's gaze did not have a statistically significant effect on the waxing management intention. Fourth, the exploration of the beauty waxing has been shown to have a statistically significant effect on the waxing management intention. Fifth, the observation of the beauty waxing has been shown to have a statistically significant effect on the waxing management intention. Overall, among the three motivational factors set in this study, the interest and the gaze did not significantly affect the intention of waxing management, but only the importance showed to have a significant effect on it, and both the exploration and the observation, which are two of information exploration patterns, showed to have a significant effect on the waxing management intention. It found that the user’s recognition that the waxing management is necessary and important was the biggest factor rather than the interest and others’ gaze among motivations. This study has an academic significance in that it derived the leading factors of waxing management, which are increasingly popular in the beauty market, based on existing literature research and analyzed it empirically. In addition, it is thought that it will contribute to the revitalization of the beauty waxing market by providing an opportunity to enhance understanding of the consumers of beauty waxing at working level.