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계면 화학반응과 무전해 니켈 금속층에서 나타나는 취성파괴와의 연관성에 관한 연구
손윤철,유진,Sohn Yoon-Chul,Yu Jin 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2005 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.12 No.1
A systematic investigation of shear testing was conducted to find a relationship between Ni-Sn intermetallic spatting and the brittle fracture observed in electroless Ni(P)/solder interconnection. Brittle fracture was found in the solder joints made of Sn-3.5Ag, while only ductile fracture was observed in a Cu-containing solder (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu). For Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu joints, $(Ni,Cu)_3Sn_4$ and/or $(Cu,Ni)_6Sn_5$ compound were formed at the interface without spatting from the Ni(P) film. For Sn-3.5Ag, $Ni_3Sn_4$ compound was formed and brittle fracture occurred in solder pads where $Ni_3Sn_4$ had spalled. From the analysis of fractured surfaces, it was found that the brittle fracture occurs through the $Ni_3SnP$ layer formed between $Ni_3Sn_4$ intermetallic layer and the Ni(P) film. Since the $Ni_3SnP$ layer is getting thicker during/ after $Ni_3Sn_4$ spatting, suppression of $Ni_3Sn_4$ spatting is crucial to ensure the reliability of Ni(P)/solder system.
무전해 Ni(P)과 무연솔더와의 반응 중 금속간화합물의 spalling 현상에 관한 연구
손윤철,유진한,강성권,이택영,Sohn Yoon-Chul,Yu Jin,Kang S. K.,Shih D. Y,,Lee Taek-Yeong 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2004 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.11 No.3
Electroless Ni(P) has been widely used for under bump metallization (UBM) of flip chip and surface finish layer in microelectronic packaging because of its excellent solderability, corrosion resistance, uniformity, selective deposition without photo-lithography, and also good diffusion barrier. However, the brittle fracture at solder joints and the spatting of intermetallic compound (IMC) associated with electroless Ni(P) are critical issues for its successful applications. In the present study, the mechanism of IMC spatting and microstructure change of the Ni(P) film were investigated with varying P content in the Ni(P) film (4.6,9, and $13 wt.\%$P). A reaction between Sn penetrated through the channels among $Ni_3Sn_4$ IMCs and the P-rich layer ($Ni_3P$) of the Ni(P) film formed a $Ni_3SnP$ layer. Thickening of the $Ni_3SnP$ layer led to $Ni_3Sn_4$ spatting. After $Ni_3Sn_4$ spatting, the Ni(P) film directly contacted the molten solder and the $Ni_3P$ phase further transformed into a $Ni_2P$ phase. During the crystallization process, some cracks formed in the Ni(P) film to release tensile stress accumulated from volume shrinkage of the film.
고혜리,손윤철 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2025 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.32 No.3
본 연구에서는 초음파 분산법을 이용하여 갈륨(Ga) 입자를 제조하고, 진공, 냉동, 액체질소 분위기에서 후처리를 수행하여 형상, 크기 및 상변화를 비교·분석하였다. 초음파 처리를 통해 갈륨은 회색 현탁액으로 분산되었으며, 후처리 조건에 따라 상이한 거동을 나타냈다. 진공 및냉동 후처리에서는 입자 간 응집이 발생하여 덩어리 형태가 관찰된 반면, 액체질소 후처리에서는 파우더 형태의 미세 입자가 안정적으로 유지되었다. 주사전자현미경(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 분석 결과, 모든 조건에서 분산된 갈륨입자는 구형 구조를 보였으며 평균 입자 크기는 후처리 조건에 따라 2.9–15.0 μm 범위로 변화하였다. 시차주사열량계(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) 분석을 통해 진공 및액체질소 후처리 시편 모두 순수 갈륨과 유사한 용융 특성을 보였으나, 응고 과정에서는 액체질소 후처리 시편이 단일 발열피크를, 진공 후처리 시편은 다단계 발열피크를 나타내어 상변화 거동의 차이가 확인되었다. 본 연구는 초음파 분산된 갈륨입자의 상변화 거동이 후처리 조건및 입자 크기에 크게 의존함을 규명하였으며, 갈륨 기반 분산입자의 안정적 제조 및 응용을 위한 기초자료를 제공한다. In this study, gallium (Ga) particles were fabricated using ultrasonic dispersion and subsequently subjected to post-treatment under vacuum, freezing, and liquid nitrogen environments to investigate their morphology, size, and phase transition behavior. Ultrasonic treatment dispersed gallium into a gray suspension, and the post-treatment conditions led to distinct outcomes. While vacuum and freezing post-treatments resulted in particle agglomeration into bulk-like structures, liquid nitrogen post-treatment maintained the particles in a stable powder form. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that all dispersed gallium particles exhibited spherical morphologies, with average sizes ranging from 2.9 to 15.0 μm depending on the post-treatment condition. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that both vacuum- and liquid nitrogen-treated samples exhibited melting behavior similar to bulk gallium; however, their solidification pathways differed. The liquid nitrogentreated samples displayed a single exothermic peak during solidification, whereas the vacuum-treated samples exhibited multiple exothermic peaks, indicating multi-step solidification. These results demonstrate that the phase transition behavior of ultrasonically dispersed gallium particles is strongly dependent on post-treatment conditions and particle size, and they provide fundamental insights for potential applications of gallium-based dispersed particles.
배준혁,손윤철 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2022 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.29 No.2
In this study, a reaction study between Ga, which has recently been spotlighted as a low-temperature bonding material, and Cu, a representative electrode material, was conducted to investigate information necessary for lowtemperature soldering applications. Interfacial reaction and intermetallic compound (IMC) growth were observed and analyzed by reacting Ga and Cu/Au substrates in the temperature range of 80-200oC. The main IMC growing at the reaction interface was CuGa2 phase, and AuGa2 IMC with small particle sizes was formed on the upper part and Cu9Ga4 IMC with a thin band shape on the lower part of the CuGa2 layer. CuGa2 particles showed a scallop shape, and the particle size increased without significant shape change as the reaction time increased, similar to the case of Cu6Sn5 growth. As a result of analyzing the CuGa2 growth mechanism, the time exponent was calculated to be ~3.0 in the temperature range of 120-200oC, and the activation energy was measured to be 17.7 kJ/mol. 본 연구에서는 최근 저온접합 소재로 각광받고 있는 Ga과 대표적인 전극 물질인 Cu와의 반응연구를 실시하여 저온 솔더링 적용시 필요한 정보들을 확인하고자 하였다. 80-200oC 온도범위에서 Ga과 Cu/Au 기판을 반응시켜 계면반응 및 금속간화합물(IMC) 성장을 관찰하고 분석하였다. 반응계면에서 성장하는 주요한 IMC는 CuGa2 상이었으며 그상부에는 작은 입자크기를 가지는 AuGa2 IMC 그리고 하부에는 얇은 띠 형상의 Cu9Ga4 IMC가 형성되었다. CuGa2 입자들은 scallop 형상을 보이며 Cu6Sn5 성장의 경우와 비슷하게 반응시간이 증가함에 따라서 큰 형상변화없이 입자 크기가 증가하였다. CuGa2 성장기구를 분석한 결과 120-200oC 온도범위에서 시간지수는 약 3.0으로 산출되었고, 활성화에너지는 17.7 kJ/mol로 측정되었다.
홍태영,손윤철,심호률 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2022 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.29 No.2
Recently, as flexible electronic device-related technologies have received worldwide attention, the development of wiring and bonding technologies using liquid metals is required in order to improve problems such as formability in the manufacturing process of flexible devices and performance and durability in the bending state. In response to these needs, various studies are being conducted to use gallium and gallium-based alloys (eutectic Ga-In and eutectic Ga-In-Sn, etc.) liquid metals, with low viscosity and excellent electrical conductivity without toxicity, as lowtemperature bonding materials. In this paper, the latest research trends of low-temperature bonding technology using gallium and gallium-based alloys are summarized and introduced. These technologies are expected to become important base technologies for practical use in the fields of manufacturing flexible electronic devices and low-temperature bonding in microelectronic packages in the future. 최근 세계적으로 유연 전자소자 관련 기술들이 주목을 받으면서 유연소자 제작 과정에서의 성형성 및 굽힘 상태에서의 성능과 내구성 등의 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 액체 금속을 사용한 배선·접합 기술들의 개발이 요구되고 있다. 이러한 요구에 부응하여 독성이 없으면서 낮은 점도와 우수한 전기전도도를 가지는 갈륨 및 갈륨계 합금 (공정 갈륨-인듐 및 공정 갈륨-인듐-주석 등)의 액체금속을 저온 접합소재로 이용하려는 다양한 연구들이 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 갈륨 및 갈륨계 합금을 이용한 저온접합 기술의 최신 연구동향을 정리하여 소개하고자 한다. 이러한 기술들은 향후 유연 전자소자의 제조 및 전자패키지에서의 저온접합 등의 분야에서 실용화를 위한 중요한 기반기술이 될 것으로 예상된다.
김성범,유진,손윤철,Kim S. B.,Yu Jin,Sohn Y. C. 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2005 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.12 No.1
Worldwide movement for prohibition of Pb usage drives imminent implementation of Pb-free solders in microelectronic packaging industry. Reliability information of Pb-free solders has not been completely constructed yet. One of the potential reliability concerns of Pb-free solders is allotropic transformation of Sn known as tin pest. Volume increase during the formation of tin pest could deteriorate the reliability of solder joints. It was also reported that the addition of soluble elements (i.e. Pb, Bi, and Sb) into Sn can effectively suppress the tin pest. However, the mechanical properties of the tin pest resistant alloys have not been studied in detail. In this study, lap shear creep test was conducted with Sn and Sn-0.7Cu based solder alloys doped with minor amount of Bi or Sb. Shear strain rates of the alloy were generally higher than those of Sn-3.5Ag based alloys. Rupture strains and corresponding Monkman- Grant products were largest for Sn-0.5Bi alloy and smallest for Sn-0.7Cu-0.5Sb alloy. Rupture surface Sn-0.5Bi alloy showed highly elongated $\beta$-Sn globules necked to rupture by shear stresses, while elongation of $\beta$-Sn globules of Sn-0.7Cu-0.5Sb alloy was relatively smaller.
Ti 기반 MXene과 Sn-58Bi의 나노 금속 복합체 제조 및 전자 패키징용 솔더링 특성에 관한 연구
이재정,슈에한,고혜리,손윤철,우윤성 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2025 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.32 No.1
반도체 칩이 점차 소형화되고 고기능화됨에 따라 칩을 보호하고 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 보다 견고한 패키징 소재 개발에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있으며, 특히 우수한 열적 및 기계적 안전성을 갖춘 저온 솔더 재료의 개발이 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 볼 밀링의 고상 혼합법을 이용하여 Ti3C2Tx로 강화된 비납계 Sn-58Bi 저온 솔더 재료를 개발하였으며, Ti3C2Tx 첨가가 Ti3C2Tx/Sn-58Bi 나노 금속 복합체의 미세구조와 기계적 강도에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 실험 결과, Ti3C2Tx의 함량 증가에 따라 Sn-58Bi 합금 조직이 점차 미세화되고 비커스 경도가 증가하였으며, 0.13 wt.%의 Ti3C2Tx가 첨가된 나노 금속 복합체는 약 31%의 경도 증가를 보여주었다. 한편, Ti3C2Tx/Sn-58Bi 나노 금속 복합체 분말로 제작된 솔더와 기판의 계면에서 생성된 금속간 화합물의 두께는 Ti3C2Tx의 함량 증가에 따라 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과로부터 본 연구에서 개발한 Ti3C2Tx와 Sn-58Bi의 나노 금속 복합체는 우수한 열적 및 기계적 신뢰성을 갖춘 전자 패키징 소재로 적용될 수 있음을 제안한다.
Ru Nanoparticle이 첨가된 Sn-58Bi 솔더의 기계적 신뢰성 및 계면반응에 관한 연구
김병우,최혁기,전혜원,이도영,손윤철,Kim, Byungwoo,Choi, Hyeokgi,Jeon, Hyewon,Lee, Doyeong,Sohn, Yoonchul 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2021 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.28 No.2
Sn-58Bi-xRu composite solders were prepared by adding Ru nanoparticles to Sn-58Bi, a typical low-temperature solder, and the interfacial reaction and solder joint reliability were analyzed by reacting with Cu/OSP and ENIG surface treated PCB boards. The Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub> IMC formed by the reaction with Cu/OSP had little change in thickness depending on the Ru content, and ductile fracture occurred inside the solder during the high-speed shear test without any significant change even after 100 hr aging. In reaction with ENIG, the Ni<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>4</sub> IMC thickness tended to decrease as the Ru content increased, and ENIG-specific brittle fracture was found in some specimens. Since Ru element is not found near the interface, it is judged not to be significantly involved in the interfacial reaction, and it is analyzed that it mainly exists together with the Bi phase.