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손영웅,정인영,안미영,전용덕,안혜원,안진영,구남수,한상훈,최준용,송영구,김준명 대한감염학회 2017 Infection and Chemotherapy Vol.49 No.4
Acinetobacter baumannii is an aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes nosocomial pneumonia in patients on mechanical ventilation or previously treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Nevertheless, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by A. baumannii, especially multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains, is rare. We experienced the first case of CAP caused by MDR A. baumannii in Korea in a 78-year-old man. This case shows that MDR A. baumannii can cause CAP in Korea.
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김영웅,손지훈,손유리,박성현,김기범 한국치안행정학회 2019 한국치안행정논집 Vol.16 No.1
In 2013, Apple introduced a new fingerprint-certified touchID in addition to the passcode method built into the iPhone. As manufacturers introduce various encryption methods to protect customer privacy, obtaining evidence from smartphones is becoming increasingly difficult, posing a new threat to investigative agencies. As a result, the investigation agency began to study how to unlock fingerprint authentication instead of passcode that are difficult to decode, one of which is to use fake fingerprints. Various methods were presented domestically and internationally, and the technical possibilities were confirmed through a simple experiment by the researchers. Furthermore, in order for fake fingerprints to be utilized at the investigation phase, five of the 10 fingerprints of the user must be chosen to be certified first, since fingerprint authentication must be successful within five consecutive times and up to 48 hours after the initial unlocking. To this end, a survey of 647 smartphone users nationwide was conducted and TOP5 was presented stochistically. However, it does not mean that we can use the related technology unconditionally, just because it is technically possible. The use of fingerprint information held by the state for the production of fake fingerprints by investigative agencies could excessively infringe upon the right to personal information self-determination. The damage can be serious because fingerprint information can be used as master key in cyberspace and it is a biometric information which cannot be changed even when it is leaked. Therefore, the Fingerprint Information Act should provide explicit regulations for the use of fingerprint information for criminal investigation purposes, and should require not only the need for criminal investigation but also the supplementality. The use of fingerprint information should be restricted to serious crimes, not all crimes, and fingerprint information and fake fingerprints that have met the purpose of criminal investigation should be discarded immediately. Finally, to prevent fingerprint information used in illegal ways, the establishment of a new clause on penalties should also be considered. Through this process, it is urged legislation be enacted as soon as possible to resolve ambiguous legal status of the use of fingerprint information to enable investigation agency to use it as a crime investigation purpose, and at the same time, to control the misuse. 애플은 2013년에 아이폰에 내장된 패스코드(Passcode) 방식에 더하여 지문인증 방식의 TouchID를 추가로 도입하였다. 제조사들이 고객의 프라이버시를 보호하기 위하여 다양한 암호화 방식을 도입함으로써 스마트폰에서 증거를 획득하는 것이 점차 어려워지고 있고, 이는 수사기관에 새로운 위협이 되고 있다. 이에 따라 수사기관은 복호화가 어려운 패스코드 대신에 지문인증의 잠금을 해제하는 방법을 연구하기 시작하였는데 그 중 하나가 모조지문을 이용하는 것이다. 현재 국내·외에서 다양한 기술적 방법이 제시되었고, 본 연구진의 간단한 실험으로도 가능성이 확인되었다. 모조지문이 수사현장에서 활용되기 위해서는 연속하여 5회 이내에, 최초 잠금장치가 해제된 이후 최대 48시간 이내에 지문인증에 성공해야 하기 때문에 이용자의 10개 손가락 지문 중 먼저 인증해야할 5개를 선정해야 한다. 이를 위해 전국의 스마트폰 이용자 647명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 Top 5를 확률적으로 제시하였다. 하지만 기술적으로 가능하다고 무조건 사용할 수 없다. 국가가 보유하는 지문정보를 수사기관이 모조지문 제작에 이용하는 것은 정보자기결정권을 과도하게 침해할 우려가 있다. 헌법재판소에서 주민등록법의 이용목적에 범죄수사가 포함된다고 결정하여 모조지문 제작에 아무런 통제장치 없이 지문정보를 이용할 수 있어 그 위험성이 더욱 크다. 지문정보는 신원확인을 넘어 증거를 확보할 수 있는 마스터키로 활용될 수 있고, 생체정보로 유출될 경우 변경이 불가능해서 피해가 크기 때문에 보다 엄격한 규제가 필요하다. 따라서 범죄수사 목적으로 모조지문을 제작하기 위해 지문정보를 사용하는 행위에 대해 법률적 근거가 마련되어야 한다. 구체적으로 살펴보면 먼저 지문정보의 이용 목적을 명확히 하고, 범죄수사에 대한 필요성뿐만 아니라 보충성까지 요건으로 제시할 필요가 있다. 대상범죄도 중대범죄로 제한하고, 범죄수사 목적을 달성한 경우에는 지체 없이 폐기해야 한다. 그리고 위법한 방법으로 이용하는 경우에 벌칙조항을 두는 것도 필요하다. 이를 통해서 지문정보 이용에 대한 모호한 법적상태를 해소하여 범죄수사에 활용함과 동시에 오·남용을 통제하는 방안이 조속히 마련되기를 촉구한다.
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Stellate ganglion block for the treatment of intractable hiccups - A case report -
손희원,조영우,김영웅,신용준 대한마취통증의학회 2018 Anesthesia and pain medicine Vol.13 No.2
Hiccups are an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute. In general, hiccups are very common, transient, and self-limited. However, if the condition persists longer than days or months, it impacts a patient’s quality of life. Pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods are used for the treatment of persistent or intractable hiccups. Nerve block and stimulation have been shown to be effective through neural pathway interruption or stimulation of the hiccup reflex arc. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is an injection of local anesthetic adjacent to a group of nerves in the neck known as the stellate ganglion. The authors report a case of SGB as an effective treatment for a patient with intractable hiccups resulting from right lateral medullary syndrome.
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Reference Driver를 사용한 10비트 10MS/s 축차근사형 아날로그-디지털 변환기
손지수,이한열,김영웅,장영찬,Son, Jisu,Lee, Han-Yeol,Kim, Yeong-Woong,Jang, Young-Chan 한국정보통신학회 2016 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.20 No.12
본 논문은 reference driver를 이용한 10비트 10MS/s 축차근사형(SAR: Successive Approximation Register) 아날로그-디지털 변환기(ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter)를 제안한다. 제안하는 SAR ADC는 커패시터형 디지털-아날로그 변환기(CDAC: Capacitive Digital-to-Analog Converter), 비교기, SAR 로직, 그리고 공급 전압 노이즈에 대한 내성을 향상시키는 reference driver로 구성된다. ${\pm}0.9V$의 아날로그 입력전압을 가지는 SAR ADC를 위해 reference driver는 0.45V, 1.35V의 기준 전압을 생성한다. 설계된 SAR ADC는 $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정을 이용하여 제작되었으며 1.8V의 공급전압을 사용하였다. 제안된 SAR ADC는 reference driver를 이용하여 +/- 200mV의 공급 전압 변화에서도 ${\pm}0.9V$의 입력 범위를 유지한다. 10MS/s의 샘플링 주파수에서 5.32mW의 전력을 소모한다. 측정된 ENOB는 9.11 비트 이며, DNL과 INL은 각각 +0.60/-0.74 LSB와 +0.69/-0.65 LSB이다. This paper presents a 10 bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a reference driver. The proposed SAR ADC consists of a capacitive digital-to-analog converter (CDAC), a comparator, a SAR logic, and a reference driver which improves the immunity to the power supply noise. The reference driver generates the reference voltages of 0.45 V and 1.35 V for the SAR ADC with an input voltage range of ${\pm}0.9V$. The SAR ADC is implemented using a $0.18-{\mu}m$ CMOS technology with a 1.8-V supply. The proposed SAR ADC including the reference driver almost maintains an input voltage range to be ${\pm}0.9V$ although the variation of supply voltage is +/- 200 mV. It consumes 5.32 mW at a sampling rate of 10 MS/s. The measured ENOB, DNL, and INL of the ADC are 9.11 bit, +0.60/-0.74 LSB, and +0.69/-0.65 LSB, respectively.
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Cycle-CVD법으로 증착된 TiN 박막의 ALD 증착기구와 특성에 관한 연구
민재식,손영웅,강원구,강상원,Min, Jae-Sik,Son, Young-Woong,Kang, Won-Gu,Kang, Sang-Won 한국재료학회 1998 한국재료학회지 Vol.8 No.5
Ti[N ($C_{2}$$H_{5}$ $CH_{3}$)$_{2}$]$_{4}$ [tetrakis(ethylmethylammino)titanium.TEMAT]와 $NH_{3}$를 반응가스로 하여 각각 펄스(pulse) 형태로 시분할 주입되는 새로운 박막 증착방법(이하 Cycle-CVD라 함)을 이용하여 TiN박막이 $SiO_2$.기판위에 증착되었다.Cycle-CVD에서 반을로 내로 주입되는 반응가스와 Ar가스는 TEAM 펄스, Ar 펄스,$NH_{3}$펄스, Ar 펄스의 순서로 시분할주입되었고, 이렇게 차례대로 주입되는 4개의 펄스를 하나의 cycle로 규정하고, Cycle-CVD는 이러한 cycle이 연속하여 반복적으로 주입되도록 설계되었다. 기판온도가 $170^{\circ}C$-$210^{\circ}C$에서는 atomic layer deposition(ALD)특성을 보였고, $200^{\circ}C$에서 충분한 반응가스의 펄스시간 후에 cycle당 증착된 박막의 두께가 0.6nm/cycle로 포화되는 양상을 보여주었는데, 이는 cycle당 증착된 TiN 박막의 두께가 1.6 monolayer(ML)/cycle에 해당된다. 이와 같이 반등가스의 흡착을 이용ㅇ하여 TiN이 제한된 표면반응만에 의하여 ALD 기구에 의해 증착이 이루어지므로 TiN 박막의 두께는 단지 cycle 횟수만으로 정확하게 제어할 수 있었고, 우수한 step coverage 특성을 얻었다. 또한 반응가스간의 기상반응을 방지함으로써 입자의 발생을 억제할 수 있었고, 상대적으로 낮은 온도임에도 불구하고 4at% 이하의 낮은 탄소함량을 갖는 양호한 특성을 보여주었다. Atomic layer deposition(ALD) of amorphous TiN films on $SiO_2$ between 17$0^{\circ}C$ and 21O$^{\circ}C$ has been investigated by alternate supply of reactant sources, Ti[N($C_2,H_5,CH_3)_2]_4$ [tetrakis(ethylmethylamminoltitanium: TEMAT] and $NH_3$. Reactant sources were injected into the reactor in the order of TEMAT vapor pulse, Ar gas pulse, $NH_3$. gas pulse and Ar gas pulse. Film thickness per cycle was saturated at around 1.6 monolayer(MU per cycle with sufficient pulse times of reactant sources at 20$0^{\circ}C$. The results suggest that film thickness per cycle could be beyond 1 MLicycie in ALD, which were explained by rechemisorption mechanisms of reactant sources. The ideal linear relationship be￢tween number of cycles and film thickness is confirmed. As a results of surface limited reactions of ALD, step cover￢age was excellent. Particles caused by the gas phase reactions between TEMAT and NH3 were almost free because TEMAT was seperated from $NH_3$ by the Ar pulse. In spite of relatively low substrate temperature, carbon impurity was incorporated below 4 at%.
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Clinical Significance of Component Allergens in Fagales Pollen- Sensitized Peanut Allergy in Korea
박경희,손영웅,이상철,정경욱,심다운,박혜정,이수영,이재현,박중원 대한천식알레르기학회 2016 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.8 No.6
Purpose: Clinical features of peanut allergy can range from localized to systemic reactions. Because peanut and birch pollen have cross-reactivity, peanut can lead to localized allergic reaction in Fagales pollen-sensitized oral allergy syndrome (OAS) patients without peanut sensitization per se. The purpose of this study was to discriminate true peanut food allergy from cross-reactive hypersensitivity in birch-sensitized peanut allergy. Methods: Birch-sensitized (n=81) and peanut anaphylaxis patients (n=12) were enrolled. Peanut-related allergic reactions and sensitization profiles were examined. Specific IgE to Fagales tree pollens (birch, oak), peanut, and their component allergens (Bet v 1, Bet v 2, Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 8, and Ara h 9) were evaluated. Based on these specific IgEs and clinical features, the patients were classified into 4 groups: group 1 (Fagales pollen allergy without OAS), group 2 (Fagales pollen allergy with OAS), group 3 (OAS with peanut anaphylaxis), and group 4 (peanut anaphylaxis). Results: After peanut consumption, one-third of OAS patients experienced oral symptoms not associated with peanut sensitization. Ara h 1 or Ara h 2 was positive in peanut anaphylaxis patients, whereas Ara h 8 was positive in OAS patients. There were 4 patients with both peanut anaphylaxis and OAS (group 3). Both Ara h 2 and Ara h 8 were positive in these patients. Foods associated with OAS in Korea showed unique patterns compared to Westernized countries. Conclusions: Ara h 2 and Ara h 8 may be important component allergens for discriminating peanut allergy.
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박경희,박중원,이종선,이상철,손영웅,심다운,이재현 연세대학교의과대학 2017 Yonsei medical journal Vol.58 No.4
Purpose: The AdvanSureTM AlloScreen assay is an advanced multiplex test that allows for simultaneous detection of specific IgE (sIgE) against multiple allergens. For precise identification of causative allergens in allergic patients, we compared this new multiplexsIgE assay with the ImmunoCAP assay, which is currently the gold-standard method for sIgE detection. Materials and Methods: Serum samples from 218 Korean allergic disease patients were used to compare the ImmunoCAP and AlloScreen assays with respect to the following 13 allergens: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, cat and dog dander, Alternaria, birch, oak, ragweed, mugwort, rye grass, and food allergens (egg white, cow’s milk, peanuts). Results: A total of 957 paired tests using the 13 allergens were compared. The total agreement ratio ranged from 0.74 (oak) to 0.97 (Alternaria). With respect to class association analyses, the gamma index ranged from 0.819 (rye grass) to 0.990 (Alternaria). The intra-class correlation coefficients for house dust mites, cat and dog dander, Alternaria, birch, ragweed, egg white, cow’s milk, and peanut sIgE titers were >0.8. Conclusion: The AlloScreen and ImmunoCAP assays exhibited similar diagnostic performance. However, due to methodological differences between the two systems, careful interpretation of their results is needed in clinical applications.
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