아일랜드 문학전통에 있어서 예이츠의 정체성 문제

손길연 한국중앙영어영문학회 2003 영어영문학연구 Vol.45 No.1

It seems to me that the most important reason Yeats was not recognized as a great Irish writer by modern Irish people and critics, was that he was an Anglo-Irish writer. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to revaluate him as an Irish writer from the viewpoint of post-colonialism by examining the question of Yeats’ status in Irish literary tradition and to research how the question of Irish identity has had an effect on him. To achieve this purpose, this paper investigates the difference between Ireland and Britain in the definition of Anglo-Irish literary tradition, the question of Irish literary scope, the relationship between Yeats and Irish literary tradition, and the discussion of relating the Irish Literary Renaissance to the question of Anglo-Irish identity. It has also suggested that Yeats’ definition of Irishness is very different from that of the Gaelic and Celtic revivalists and that his argument that ‘nationhood’ is determined, not by his native place․religion․language․culture, but by the force of his own will of the nation where he wants to live in. Conclusively, this thesis has suggested that we should regard Yeats not as an English writer, but as an Irish writer who made a significant contribution to Irish literary tradition and national literature, if we accept the fact that Irish literature was any literature written by a person of Irish birth or a person born elsewhere who chooses to live in Ireland, identify himself with Ireland, and write in an Irish context.

예이츠 시에 있어서 아일랜드의 현실과 정치의 문제

손길연 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 人文科學論集 Vol.22 No.-

The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how Yeats's opinion of the Irish middle class and revolutionists was expressed in his poems. We can realize Yeats's participation in Irish reality and politics, and his limitation as an Anglo-Irish writer by studying the relationship between Yeats's political beliefs and his poetry. Yeats's interest in fascism, his insistence upon the superiority of Anglo-Irish tradition, mode of expression and ambiguity in his literature works, and his exclusive vision of Irish society which denied Catholic Ireland and middle-class, have laid him open to many attacks from the nationalists and the middle class, whose commercialism rejected the noble spirit of national heroes and values of good art. Even today, there are a number of critics and Irish people who have estimated Yeats as a writer who looked away Irish reality and politics. But it seems to me that what we see him as a writer who didn't contribute to the Irish nationalism movement and as a nonpolitical poet is wrong. Though he did not reflect Irish reality and politics in all his works, he incessantly tried to express them and to write Irishness in his work with the subject matter from Ireland under John O'Leary's influence. The course of his artistic life was intertwined with the history of his country. It seems to me that his concern of nation with his political passion continued all his life. He advises Irish Young writers to develop Celtic culture and to have a concern of Irish subject matter in "Under Ben Bulben" regarding as his dying wish's poem. Yeats criticized the commercialism of the middle class and he yearned for Aristocracies who have made beautiful manners in "At Galway Races" and "These Are the Clouds". He expressed his ambivalent opinion of revolutionists in "September 1913". After the Easter Rising caused to change Yeats's thought for the Irish nationalism movement, he simultaneously showed us his criticism and sympathy for Irish revolutionists in "Easter 1916". Also he described his active support for them in "The Rose Tree". Yeats tried to de-Anglicize Ireland by rejecting commercialism and writing about Irish themes in English. But his cultural nationalism largely freed from the real world. And it is true that there are a lot of limitations in that his cultural nationalism was supported from the native Irish in Irish reality and that Yeats was rightly estimated as a great nationalist by his backgrounds-race·religion·culture, support for Ascendancy, attack on the middle class's philistinism, and the ideology of nationalism and Irishness in those days. Neverthless, I think we should revaluate Yeats as an Irish nationalistic writer, because he made a brilliant contribution to having the Irish people take an interest in their present questions and pursue the de-Anglicization detached from commercialism, based on national consciousness.

문화민족주의를 통한 예이츠의 통합 아일랜드 추구과정

손길연 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 人文科學論集 Vol.21 No.-

The main purpose of this thesis is to examine his limitation and attempts to unite disrupt Ireland through cultural nationalism in the later works of W. B. Yeats. This identifies how Yeats attempts to unite disrupt nationality and why his efforts to provide Irish people a vision of an Irish future ultimately failed. It discusses that Yeats attempted to solve the conflict between the real world and the ideal world through the power of art. He, more clearly than any one, realized that there is no nationality without fine literature. He realized there could be no aim for a poet except the expression of a 'Unity of Being,' and the final work of the poet is to achieve it. He thought `Byzantium' stood for the unity of all aspects of life. We can find Yeats's willingness to search for the art world in "Sailing to Byzantium". Yeats emphasizes 'Unity of Being' through the harmonious world that art, religion, and real world can create in "Byzantium". He compares the harmonious world to the image of a chestnut-tree and the dance in "Among School Children." It seems to me that he saw 'Unity of Being' as the condition where the real world and ideal world were harmonized, and realized it could be possible not by the outside power, but by his own inner world, the creative mind. In those days, revolutionists criticized Yeats as a writer who did not contribute to national independence. He did not reject nationality, but he refused to submit to the dictates of ignorance and chauvinistic prejudice. Unity that Yeats hoped for was the harmony of literature, philosophy and politics. He thought that the unification should be achieved not by prejudice, but by vision of variety. Yeats's opinion for unification is reflected in A Vision well. In some respects, it is true that Yeats's political concern reflected in his works has a number of complexities and inconsistencies. Though Yeats tried to de-Anglicize Ireland by rejecting commercialism and writing about Irish themes in English, his cultural nationalism had a lot of limitations in his attempts to free the Irish people from the influence of English culture and to unite a disrupted Ireland. His vision of a future that provides for the unity of disrupt nationality failed due to the political situation of Ireland and his cultural nationalism being freed from the real world. His cultural nationalism was not supported by Irish people, because of his ambiguous poetic style and language, his background-raceㆍreligionㆍculture, occulticism, support for Ascendancy, attack on the middle class's philistinism, and the ideology of nationalism and Irishness in those days. He did not reflect the present politics and economy of Ireland in his writings, being too absorbed in the art world and idealism. Yeats argued that Irish writers should write about Ireland with Irish styleㆍsubject matter, and that he tried to deal with Irish themes based on Irish literature tradition and subject matter in an Irish context. Therefore, it seems to me that Yeats should be valuated as a great writer who incessantly tried to unite the disrupt nationality and to provide Irish people with vision for Ireland through his works because he made a brilliant contribution to a work that makes Irish people have an interest in the pressing problems of Ireland.

Yeats 詩에 나타난 再生의 의미 연구

손길연 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 1998 人文科學論集 Vol.18 No.-

Many scholars and critics have studied W. B. Yeats's works in various fields of activity. Yeats was absorbed in several kinds of occultism and eastern thoughts through his life. These included Theosophy, Spiritualism, Neo-Platonism and the philosophy of Hindu. Yeats in his early liked fantastic ideas primarily due to his own temperament, his association with George Russell and Charles Gohnston and his Celtic background. Yeats formed occultism with the result that he combined the philosophy of the Orient with the spiritualism of the Occident. Only a few scholars are interested in his occultism, eastern thoughts and the philosophy of Hindu which constitutes a background of his thoughts. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to research Yeats's soul course realizing the belief of rebirth in his poetry. Yeats was a man of occultism who could see beyond the visible and look up to the vision of the eternal world. Yeats's vague desire toward an ideal world against a real world in his early poems is described more concretely by means of the subject matter of Irish myths and legends. Yeats tried to enable Irish to inspire the glory and faith of ancient which were based on old Celtic myths and legends. He abandoned the secular desire and longed for 「Tir na n-Og」, the soul world of Irish myths and legends in his poems. After reading A. P. Sinnett's The Occult World and Esoteric Buddhism, Yeats participated in Dublin Hermetic Society, Theosophical Society and 「Golden Dawn」. Though the philosophy of ancient Hinduism, Yeats reaffirmed his belief on reincarnation(the recurrent cyclic movement of life and death). Yeats also became aware of the possibility of mutual communication between mortals and a supernatural Being. Yeats's Hindu friendship added assurance to his symbolic system in A Vision by teaching some Indian symbolic diagram of cosmogony. Madame Blavatsky also led him to realize the fact that Mind and Spirit are .a-more important role in all existence than physical body. Yeats was able to reach the unconsciousness and to convince the being of soul, as a result of the experience of Cabala. Yeats may believe that the human being can attain an innocence by his intellect's crowning achievement as long as the human being himself has freedom to choose rebirth. Ultimately we can think that Yeats had the belief that he himself can become God in "Under Ben Bullen".

Euge˘ne lonesco's The Lesson에 나타난 언어의 기법

손길연 청주대학교 대학원 1997 우암논총 Vol.18 No.-

Eugene Loneco’s The Lesson is set entirely on the PROFESSOR ’s apartment office In the Lesson, we are able to have creativity of the characters and the vitality of a literated language When the PUPIL is able to add one and one correctly, the PROFESSOR concludes that within only three weeks she "should easily achieve the total doctorate " Thereafter, the PUPIL gives answers that are sensible to her often do not make sense according to the PROFESSOR mathematics As she prepares to move on to the subject of philology, or the meanings of language, he is interrupted again by the MAID , now called Marie, who pulls on his sleeve and warns him that philology leads to calamity He warns her that he is not a child and orders her out In the Lesson his voice changes, starting off thin but growing stronger and stronger, as he becomes ever more authoritarian, until at the end it is extremely powerful PROFESSOR ’s domination reduces the PUPIL to passivity until she becomes almost a mute. The PROFESSOR ’s proceeds to give the PUPIL vacuous questions full of absurdity and circular question He reproaches the PUPIL for parading her knowledge, then lectures her on articulation in a flight of clumsy metaphors and cliche The PUPIL begins to complain of a toothache without answering the PROFESSOR ’s continuing questions She continues to appeal her toothache for the rest of The Lesson While the PROFESSOR lectures, he ignores her increasing pain, and tries to force her into obedience He threatens to extract her teeth Then he tries to silence her by threatening to bash in her skull Finally, the PROFESSOR is exasperated by the PUPIL ’s refusing to answer his questions He brandishes the knife happily, say that it will serve for all the languages, and orders the PUPIL to look it while repeating after him the word "knife". Trouble appears between the PROFESSOR and the PUPIL from the starling point of toothache He develops words until she can speak knife When she finally yields and repeats after him, he stabs her with a knife Ioneco communications nothingness of life and sense of futility to modern by a linguistic style In the Lesson language is the hero and character It is the PROFESSOR ’s ally, his shield, his weapon, and his alibi Truly in the Lesson Language has metaphysical power The knife that rapes and kills, like the philology lecture itself, is a verbal knife The power is in the language To know how to speak is to have power, and also a man who has power leads to conversation among characters the Lesson is typical of Ioneco in its parodies, irony, nonsense, and themes of contradiction, proliferation, reptition, circularity, interchangeability, and futility The language in the Lesson is Frequently violent, meaningless, absurd and illogical, its rhythm is a movement to climax The murder is spiritual The PUPIL is killed by the word, an instrument of ideology that deprives her of independent life I find out how loneco expresses problems of modern, the impossibility of true communication, nothingness of life, anxiety, fear and depression Ioneco descrives them with rhythmical language used by repeating the same words, the split of a language, pause and aphasia of a language without haying a definite plot and using action

The Awakening에 나타난 Edna Pontellier의 자아 추구

손길연 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 1997 人文科學論集 Vol.17 No.-

The 1890s in America when The Awakening was published, was a decade of social change and tension. Urbanization and industrialization continued to challenge traditional ways of life. By 1890's "the woman question" had been a matter of public discussion in America for over fifty years. Upper-class women attended college and formed innumerable women's organizations: social, intellectual, political, and philanthropic. But most married women in Louisiana, where The Awakening is set, were the legal property of their husbands. Therefore, women's independence and the quest for selfㆍhood became a central theme in Kate Chopin's The Awakening. What Chopin shows so realistically are the pressures working against a woman's true awakening to her condition. She had shown earlier how the husband uses the children and the mother's presumed duties toward them as a means of controling and subjugating the woman. Awakened by the realization of her sensuous self, Edna Pontellier grows in self-awareness and autonomy. But it is a lonely and isolated autonomy that exacts a terrible price. As the subtitle of The Awakening, "A solitary soul" suggests, Edna awakens to much deeper needs of her lonely soul. She begins to realize self-awareness and to find identity as a recognition of her being. First, she pursues arts and moves to her own pigeon-house in search of identity, and then realizes her sexual awakening. In short, Edna begins to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relation as an individual, to the worlds, within and about her. But there is no one thing in the world that she desires. There is no human being whom she wants near her except Robert. He awakens an adolescent dream in her, but he is too innocent and reluctant to satisfy her desire. Edna commits suicide when she finds that there is no more hope in her life. She won't give herself to anyone because of her quest selfㆍhood. Edna's suicide is a conscious choice reached through her achievement of awareness. Her act of stripping off her clothes is a gesture of self-liberation. She feels like some new-born creature. Her final memories before death represent a return to childhood. Also, Edna hears her father's and her sister Margaret's voices at, the moment of her death. In The Awakening, Chopin suggests that Edna's solitary life will be perpetuated in the lives of her children, just as her father's life was perpetuated in her own.

W. Wordsworth's "Michael"에 나타난 자연을 통한 고통의 치유

손길연 청주대학교 대학원 1996 우암논총 Vol.15 No.-

William Wordsworth, who lived in unfortunate circumstances, wandered about the mountains and ·the fields, Communing with nature, he could get much pleasure and· consolation from the calm and beautiful nature. He got his great inspiration from nature too, the source of his imagination which led him to personal salvation. He looked at nature itself objectively, and at the same time, he saw that nature had soul, and that the soul of nature stimulated the human soul, and there was harmony between man and nature, Therefore, he thought man was a part of nature. He tried to teach man moral instructions derived from nature. He saw the reality of joy and the happiness of human life in nature. But he could not accept death, so he regarded it as a state of sleep. There is a principle that a man born in nature must finally return to nature. "Michael" is described by Wordsworth as a pastoral. This seems intended to remind us that the humble life of Michael is not to be taken as the kind of realism that we find. On the contrary, the poem deals with condition of human life, of which Michael is a representative, chosen. Wordsworth have attempted to give a picture of a man, of affections of the human heart in "Micheal" ; the parental affection, and the love of property, landed property, including the feelings of inhetitance, home and personal and family independence. He gives much more time to the psychological conflict of an old man, who must decide between giving up half his land and sending his son away to earn money. The parting of father and son takes place by the 'heap stones' which Michael had gathered by the edge of the stream in preparation for the building of a stone-walled sheepfold. Luke is to go away but is to remain faithful to the purpose for which he has been destined, He is to lay the corner-stone as a symbol of the 'natural piety' to which his father wishes to bind him. Luke lays the corner-stone, the father weeps over him, and he departs for the city. Just as the old man is unable to complete the building of the sheepfold, but must leave the unfinished wall to collapse into a 'shapeless heap of stones', so the ordered life of man seems destined, under the pressure of change, to be broken up into disconnectedness and chaos. It is not the tragedy of Michael only that is here portrayed, but the tragedy of man, This article aims to investigate that "Michael" expresses with wonderful completeness and lucidity the interconnection of man and his world of action, of man with man, and of human hopes and values with the situations in which they are exercised. The son's defection leads to the end of the family, the sequestration of the land, and the darkening of the Evening Star;the interwoven threads of the human pattern have been broken, and the fabric falls apart. This paper is centered on provideing that Wordsworth takes the sufferings that man feels from losing the aim of life as a course of human life, and how he tries to get the consolations of life and recover the human strength through the feelings which he feels in nature.

Wuthering Heights와 Jane Eyre에 나타난 자아추구

손길연 청주대학교 대학원 1997 우암논총 Vol.17 No.-

The literary world of Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre is quite differed form other novels in the Victorian Age. No other novelists in those days seem to have expressed the love between man and woman with such passion as Charlotte Bront and Emily Bronte depicted. Emily Brent had to face the reality of other existences and grapple with the mechanism of external things. Charlotte Bront had a deep concern for women and dealt with independent women in her works. Especially, she opened her eyes to female realites within her and around her : confinement, orphanhood, starvation, and rage even to madness. She attempted to depict a complete female identity or her own self·hood quest The purpose of this study is to examine how Heathcliff’s and Jane Eyre’s thought of self· hood quest were represented in Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre. In chapter Ⅱ, I have dealt with the pains that Heathcliff and Catherine suffered from separation between the two of them and the reasons that the loss of Heathcliff’s self-consciousness caused himself to hate and avenge the persons who interrupted marriage between Heathcliff and Catherine. I also investigate how they try to recover from rupture of identity between the two of them, after they have realized that it is impossible to achieve their self·hood quest in real life We may find that they tried to achieve it through physical deaths and immortal love. Chapter Ⅲ is aimed to examine how Jane Eyre, the heroine, struggles from the imprisonment of her childhood toward the goal of mature self-consciousness, Lowood offers Jane a chance to control her anger while learning to become a governess in the company of a few women she admires. All the problems encountered by Jane are symptomatic of difficulties every women in the Victorian Age must meet and overcome : oppression(at Gateshead), starvation(at Lowood), madness (at Thornfield) and coldness(at Marsh End). In Jane Eyre, marriage is not patriarchal in the sense of a marriage that stunts and diminishes the woman, but a continuation of this woman’s creation of herself. We may see that both Heathcliff and Jane Eyre fry to achieve their quest for self·hood through love between men and women, after they had pains because of distrust, oppression, feelings of inferiority that accompany youth. Finally we can see that their quest for self· hood is similar, but their means of achieving it differs.

예이츠의 연극활동과 시극에 나타난 민족적 정체성에 관한 연구

손길연 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 人文科學論集 Vol.20 No.-

The Irish people had a lot of difficulties in the political, economic, and cultural aspects in the end of the nineteenth century under the colonial rule of England. They should fight against England in order to recover their right and gam their nation's independence. After The Great Famine and the fall of Parnell, most of the Irish people turned from their interests of politics to culture because they were disappointed with the Irish party. Particularly Yeats, among literary artists, tries to free Irish people from the influence of English culture and to inspire them nationalism appeared in the Irish Literary Renaissance Movement. Its aim is to recover the Irish language. literature and tradition by using English He was especially interested in the Irish dramatic movement, and national literature and Irish theatre. When considering Yeats's Political career and the characteristic of his works, we can research the relationship between him and his national identity without having lots of problems. Therefore. the main purpose of this paper is to research the cultural nationalism in Yeats's theatrical activities and plays. In chapter Ⅱ. we try to find his achievements that made a contribution to national consciousness and identity as a literary artist, dramatist and nationalist and to study how Yeats tried to revive Celtic myths and legends, and Irish themes under John O'Leary influence. The leading achievements that he achieved in the Irish Dramatic Movement, and his try to spread Irish people drama to realize their reality are discussed in this chapter. Chapter Ⅲ analyzes Yeats's achievements that he inspired national consciousness into Irish people in The Countess Cathleen, Cathleen Ni Houlihan and The Green Helmet which were based an old Celtic myths and legends. We try to find how The Countess Cathleen shows us the difficult situation that Ireland had in those days and Cathleen Ni Houlihan is to heighten Irish people nationalism by the message which a nation's independent movement is more important than individual happiness, and Yeats shows them the spiritual pride of Celtic nation through Cuchulain in The Green Helmet. Through he made lots of contribution to national consciousness and the development of Irish theatre, he was not justly estimated as a Irish nationalist. Therefore, this paper insists that we should revaluate him as a writer who made a contribution to the Irish Literary Renaissance and Dramatic Movement, and inspired Irish people national consciousness.

형식주의적 관점에서 본『주홍글씨』

손길연 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 1999 人文科學論集 Vol.19 No.-

It is impossible for us to understand literary works through only one criticism. But this thesis tries to study that, in appreciating The Scarlet Letter, the formalistic approach is better than any other literary criticism. So I try to make clear that there are a lot of limits to understand The Scarlet Letter through the traditional approaches that are a great contrast to the formalistic approach in chapter II. The Scarlet Letter is the backgrounds of the rigid Puritan society. Dr. Caleb H. Snow's History Of Boston is the book which Hawthorne used the most creditable history of Boston avaliable to him at that time. It is the fact that there are lots of author's historical and biographical components in The Scarlet Letter. But we have a lot of difficulties in understanding The Scarlet Letter by traditional approaches. That's why Hawthorne often uses symbol, allegory and image to communicate multivalence and ambiguity. Hawthorne describes duality of puritan society and the consciousness of sin. The duality of experience in The Scarlet Letter-embodied in language, character, and theme takes frequently the forms of paradox and irony. In The Scarlet Letter there is a great deal of symbolism. Hester symbolizes original sin, Dimmesdale concealed sin, Chillingworth unpardonable sin. Also the embroidered bandage that Hester is condemned to wear, appeares to various meanings through reader's imagination. We can be quite hard to understand The Scarlet Letter without studying symbol and image used in it. In chapter Ⅲ, I study background of formalistic theory which the New Critics insisted on the presence with the work of everything for its analysis. This thesis investigates The Scarlet Letter by the formalistic approach, with the images and symbols which Hawthorne frequently described in his works. First, the scarlet latter 'A' that Hester is obliged to wear on her bosom represents her adultery at that time. But after she had borne so long and dreary a penance and had done many good deeds, many people had begun to look upon the scarlet letter 'A' as 'Able', 'Amiable' and 'Angel'. Hester was so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted. So many people regard Hester's 'A' as the effect of the cross on a nun's bosom, what is more. The images of colors which Hawthorne described in The Scarlet Letter are associated with natural good, moral and spiritual good, natural evil and moral evil. Many critics generally divide the colors used in The Scarlet Letter into good and evil. I think the red symbolizes natural good and moral evil, black natural evil and moral evil, white natural good and moral good in The Scarlet Letter. The symbolism which Hawthorne uses in The Scarlet Letter is not mere substitution of an object for another, but the use of concrete imagery to express abstract thoughts and ambiguous emotions. The special quality of Hawthorne's achievement in The: Scarlet Letter inheres in the essential duality or ambivalence of his fictional world. Scaffold which symbolizes the Puritan society forms The Scarlet Leter's structure. The first scaffold scene takes place at mid day. It symbolizes troubles and psychological phenomena that the sin of adultery influences each of characters. The second scaffold, which Dimmesdale staged at mid night rather than at mid day, is the afflicted judgement place. Because he went to the scaffold to console his troubles, but he feels, all the more, troubles owing to pseudo-confession. Final scaffold is the merciful judgement place and concording place that Dimmesdale, Hester, Chillingworth and Pearl meet again. Therefore, I insist that formalistic approach of critical approaches to the analysis of The Scarlet Letter is the most proper. That's why Hawthorne used a lot of symbol, image and allegory in The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter I suggest we should look for the telling word or phrase, the recurring or patterned imagery(color, scaffold), the symbolic object(the scarlet letter 'A') or character, the clue to meaning greater than that of plot alone.