리기다소나무림의 줄기밀도와 바이오매스 확장계수에 대한 불확실성 평가

서연옥 ( Yeon Ok Seo ),이영진 ( Young Jin Lee ),표정기 ( Jung Kee Pyo ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ),이경학 ( Kyeong Hak Lee ) 한국임학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.2

본 연구는 리기다소나무림의 줄기밀도와 바이오매스 확장계수에 대한 불확실성을 평가하고자 하였다. 총 57본의 표본목을 벌채하였으며, 리기다소나무 20년생 이하의 유령임분과 21년생 이상의 성숙임분을 구분하여 t-검정을 실시한 결과, 줄기밀도는 영급별 차이가 나타나지 않는 반면(p=0.8070), 바이오매스 확장계수는 영급별 차이가 나타났다(p=0.0001). IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)에서 제시한 불확실성 평가 방법을 이용하여 줄기밀도에 대한 불확실성을 평가한 결과, 20년생 이하에서 30.92%, 21년생 이상에서 25.12%으로 나타났으며, 바이오매스 확장계수에 대한 불확실성은 20년생 이하에서 60.32%, 21년생 이상에서 22.42%으로 나타났다. 줄기밀도의 불확실성은 영급별로 약 5.8%의 차이를 나타낸 반면, 바이오매스 확장계수의 불확실성은 20년생 이하가 21년생 이상 보다 약 37.9%로 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 성숙임분은 불확실성이 상대적으로 작게 나타났으며, 반면에 유령임분은 높게 나타났다. 따라서 줄기밀도와 바이오매스 확장계수를 사용할 경우, 20년생 이하의 영급과 21년생 이상의 영급을 구분하여 줄기밀도와 바이오매스 확장계수를 적용하여야 할 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to examine the uncertainty analysis of the stem density and biomass expansion factor for Pinus rigida in Korea. A total of 57 representative sample trees were harvested. The age class in Pinus rigida forests was divided into two, which were stands with less than 20 years and more than 21 years. The influence of stand ages on biomass expansion factor showed that it was statistically significant (p=0.0001), but it was not significant on stem density (p=0.8070). The results of this study based on the uncertainty evaluation method which were suggested by IPCC guide line indicated that stem density of the stand with less than 20 years were 30.92%, while were 25.12% the stands with more than 21years. The uncertainty in biomass expansion factor of less than 20 years and more than 21 years were 60.32% and 22.42%, respectively. The uncertainty of less than 20 years was higher compared to those stands with more than 21 years. In the case of old stand, it showed the lowest uncertainty results but younger stands showed the highest uncertainty results. This study could be applied to our country`s emission factor by using stem density and biomass expansion factors which were less than 20 years and more than 21 years for Pinus rigida in Korea.

예방적 건강행위로부터 건강증진에 이르기까지 : 긍정적인 건강개념의 발달

서연옥,Seo, Yeon-Ok 대한간호협회 1993 대한간호 Vol.32 No.3

차광 처리가 빌레나무(Maesa japonica)의 개화 및 생장에 미치는 영향

박민지(Min Ji Park),서연옥(Yeon Ok Seo),최형순(Hyung Soon Choi),최병기(Byoung Ki Choi),임은영(Eun Young Im),양주은(Ju Eun Yang),이채빈(Chae bin Lee) 한국자원식물학회 2021 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.34 No.5

Maesa japonica (Thunb.) Moritzi & Zoll. is a rare evergreen shrub that occurs in west Gotjawal, Jeju island, Korea. This study was conducted to investigate effects of an artificial shading on flowering and growth characteristics of M. japonica seedlings. The level of shading had been set to be 35%, 55% and 75% using shading net. The stage of flowering and flowering ratio, seedling height, the number of leaves and stems, leaf area were measured. Flowering timings were delayed by shading. The number of flowering seedlings per plot and inflorescences per seedling were the most in 55% shading level. Tendency of decreased seedling height with increased shading level was shown. The number of leaves and stems were the fewest values in 75% shading level. The increased biomass with decreased shading level was statistically significant. Aboveground and underground biomass were 2.1 and 1.7 times higher in shading 35% than in shading 75%, respectively. Meanwhile, all seedlings in non-shading plots were dead in winter. Such might be speculated as results of the light stress. As a result, we conclude that M. japonica vitally demands the shading for growth and the optimal shading levels for growth and flowering are 35% and 55%, respectively.

충청지역 주요 수종의 수고-흉고직경 생장모델에 관한 연구

서연옥 ( Yeon Ok Seo ),이영진 ( Young Jin Lee ),노대균 ( Dai Kyun Rho ),김성호 ( Sung Ho Kim ),최정기 ( Jung Kee Cho ),이우균 ( Woo Kyun Lee ) 한국임학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.1

본 연구는 5차 국가산림자원조사(National Forest Inventory, NFI) 표본점 자료를 이용하여 충청도 지역에 분포하는 주요 수종에 대한 수고-흉고직경 생장모델을 개발하고자 하였다. 충청도 지역 고정표본지 내에서 수고와 흉고직경이 측정된 주요 수종의 총 임목 본수는 2,681본이었으며, 무작위로 생장모델의 개발을 위해 90% 자료와 모델타당성 검정을 위해 10% 자료로 나누어서 분석하였고, 본 연구에서 제시된 최종모형의 추정된 계수는 100% 자료를 이용하였다. 8개 주요 수종에 대한 생장모델들의 적합성 검정은 결정계수(R2), 추정치의 오차인 평균제곱근오차(RMSE), 평균편의(MD), 절대평균편의(AMD)와 직경급별로 평균편의(MD)를 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과에 의하면, 6개 주요 생장식의 결정계수는 모두 94% 이상의 높은 설명력을 나타냈으며, 특히 C-R 생장모델과 Weibull 생장모델은 다른 모델에 비해 좋은 결과를 나타냈다. 직경급 30 cm 이하에서는 소나무, 리기다소나무, 굴참나무, 신갈나무가 상대적으로 가장 작은 평균편의를 나타낸 반면, 직경급 30 cm 이상에서는 신갈나무, 상수리나무, 졸참나무가 큰 평균편의를 나타냈다. 또한 본 연구의 결과로 제시된 6개 주요 생장식에서 추정한 수고를 임목자원평가 프로그램에 적용하여 간재적을 분석한 결과, 직경급 30 cm까지는 큰 차이를 보이지 않지만, 30 cm 이상인 대경목의 경우 추정된 간재적은 큰 차이를 보이므로, 생장모델 선정에 주의를 기울여야 한다. Six commonly used non-linear growth functions were fitted to individual tree height-dbh data of eight major tree species measured by the 5th National Forest Inventory in Chungcheong province. A total of 2,681 trees were collected from permanent sample plots across Chungcheong province. The available data for each species were randomly splitted into two sets: the majority (90%) was used to estimate model parameters and the remaining data (10%) were reserved to validate the models. The performance of the models was compared and evaluated by R2, RMSE, mean difference (MD), absolute mean difference (AMD) and mean difference(MD) for diameter classes. The combined data (100%) were used for final model fitting. The results showed that these six sigmoidal models were able to capture the height-diameter relationships and fit the data equally well, but produced different asymptote estimates. Sigmoidal growth models such as Chapman-Richards, Weibull functions provided the most satisfactory height predictions. The effect of model performance on stem volume estimation was also investigated. Tree volumes of different species were computed by the Forest Resources Evaluation and Prediction Program using observed range of diameter and the predicted tree total height from the six models. For trees with diameter less than 30 cm, the six height-dbh models produced very similar results for all species, while more differentiation among the models was observed for large-sized trees.

충남 청양, 보령지역 소나무림의 지상부와 지하부 바이오매스 및 순생산량에 관한 연구

서연옥 ( Yeon Ok Seo ),이영진 ( Young Jin Lee ),표정기 ( Jung Kee Pyo ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ),이경학 ( Kyeong Hak Lee ) 한국산림과학회 2010 한국산림과학회지 Vol.99 No.6

This study analyzed the above-and belowground biomass, net primary production, stem density, and biomass expansion factors for Pinus densiflora stands of Cheongyang and Boryeong regions in Chungnam. The total dry weights in Cheongyang and Boryeong regions were 122.36 kg/tree and 137.68 kg/tree while the aboveground biomass for these two regions were 72.23 Mg/ha and 143.27 Mg/ha, respectively. Total(above-and belowground) biomass were 91.77 Mg/ha and 178.98 Mg/ha, respectively. Net primary production of above-and belowground biomass in Cheongyang and Boryeong regions were 8.69 Mg/ha, 10.03 Mg/ha, 16.00 Mg/ha and 18.66 Mg/ha, respectively. Stem density (g/cm3) was 0.457 and 0.421 while the above and total biomass expansion factors were 1.394~1.662 and 1.324~1.639, respectively. These results suggested that stand density and site quality could be influenced on the biomass and net primary production of the two regions. In addition, the results of this study could be very useful to calculate carbon sequestrations by applying stem density values and biomass expansion factors for Pinus densiflora in these two regions.

제주도 자생 왕벚나무의 연륜생장 특성 분석

서연옥 ( Yeon Ok Seo ),김찬수 ( Chan-soo Kim ),송관필 ( Gwan Pil Song ),정성철 ( Sung Cheol Jung ) 한국환경과학회 2018 한국환경과학회지 Vol.27 No.7

This study conducted to analyze the growth characteristics of old Prunus yedoensis on Jeju island. The diameter growth per year was measured using a DTRS-2000 instrument. The DBH, ground DBH and height of the investigated P. yedoensis were 137 cm, 143 cm, and 15.5 m, respectively. Our analysis showed that the age of the old P. yedoensis was 93 years. An annual diameter growth of 2.85 mm±0.96 was observed. The result of age estimation, about 265±64 years in P. yedoensis on Jeju island. This information could be useful to understand the annual diameter growth characteristics the P. yedoensis distributed on Jeju island.

부트스트랩 시뮬레이션을 이용한 리기다소나무림의 줄기밀도와 바이오매스 확장계수 평가

서연옥 ( Yeon Ok Seo ),이영진 ( Young Jin Lee ),표정기 ( Jung Kee Pyo ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ),이경학 ( Kyeong Hak Lee ) 한국산림과학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.4

This study was conducted to examine the bootstrap evaluation of the stem density and biomass expansion factor for Pinus rigida plantations in Korea. The stem density (g/cm3) in less than 20 tree years were 0.460 while more than 21 tree years were 0.456 respectively. Biomass expansion factor of less than 20 years and more than 21 years were 2.013, 1.171, respectively. The results of 100 and 500 bootstrap iterations, stem density (g/cm3) in less than 20 years were 0.456~0.462 while more than 21 years were 0.457~0.456 respectively. Biomass expansion factor of less than 20 years and more than 21 years were 1.990~2.039, 1.173~1.170, respectively. The mean differences between observed biomass factor and average parameter estimates showed within 5 percent differences. The split datasets of younger stands and old stands were compared to the results of bootstrap simulations. The stem density in less than 20 years of mean difference were 0.441~1.049% while more than 21years were 0.123~0.206% respectively. Biomass expansion factor in less than 20 years and more than 21 years were -1.102~1.340%, -0.024~0.215% respectively. Younger stand had relatively higher errors compared to the old stand. The results of stem density and biomass expansion factor using the bootstrap simulation method indicated approximately 1.1% and 1.4%, respectively.

소나무재선충병 피해를 받은 곰솔 원목의 열처리 소요시간 예측

한연중 ( Yeon Jung Han ),서연옥 ( Yeon-ok Seo ),정성철 ( Sung-cheol Jung ),엄창득 ( Chang-deuk Eom ) 한국목재공학회 2016 목재공학 Vol.44 No.3

제주도 지역에서 소나무재선충병 피해를 받은 곰솔 원목의 이용확대를 위하여 열처리를 수행하였다. 열처리는 처리원목의 중심부가 소나무재선충의 사멸온도인 56℃를 30분간 유지하여야 한다. 곰솔 원목의 초기함수율과 말구지름은 각각 46% ∼ 141%, 180 mm ∼ 500 mm의 범위이고, 기본비중과 전건비중은 각각 0.47, 0.52이었다. 105℃ 조건에서 함수율과 말구지름에 따라 열처리에 소요되는 시간은 7.7 h ∼ 44.2 h의 범위로 측정되었다. 다양한 함수율 및 지름을 갖는 곰솔 원목의 열처리 소요시간을 예측하기 위하여 열처리 진행 중 처리목 내부의 온도분포를 유한차분법을 적용한 2차원 열전달 해석을 통하여 제시하였다. 열전달 해석을 위한 목재의 열적 특성은 함수율에 따른 열전도계수와 비열을 적용하였으며, 자연대류와 강제대류를 합한 형태의 혼합대류에 의한 혼합대류계수를 적용하였다. 실험값과 예측값의 오차는 3 ∼ 45%의 범위로 분석되었다. 곰솔 원목에서 초기함수율이 50%이고, 말구지름이 200 mm, 300 mm,400 mm인 경우, 예측된 열처리 소요시간은 각각 10.9 h, 18.3 h, 27.0 h이었다. 초기함수율이 75%일 때, 지름에 따라 각각 13.6 h, 22.5 h, 32.8 h이고, 초기함수율이 100%일 때, 지름에 따라 각각 16.2 h, 26.5 h, 38.2 h이었다. 이러한 열처리 소요시간의 예측방법에 소나무와 잣나무 등 다른 소나무재선충병 피해목의 물리적 특성을 적용하면, 함수율과 말구지름에 따른 열처리 소요시간을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. The black pine logs damaged by pine wilt disease in Jeju-do were heat-treated to extend the utilization of domestic trees damaged by pine wilt disease. The heat-treatment of wood requires wood to be heated to 56℃ for 30 min at the core. The average moisture content and top-diameter of the black pine logs were ranged from 46% to 141% and from 180 mm to 500 mm, respectively. And the basic specific gravity and oven-dry specific gravity of the black pine logs were 0.47 and 0.52, respectively. The time required for heat-treatment at 105℃ temperature was ranged from 7.7 h to 44.2 h, depending on moisture content and top-diameter. The temperature distribution was used to predict the time required for heat-treatment of black pine log with various moisture contents and top-diameters using finite difference method. The thermal properties of wood including the thermal conductivity and specific heat in accordance with moisture content were calculated. Heat transfer coefficient for mixed convection in form of adding natural convection and forced convection was used for heat transfer analysis. The error between the measured and predicted values ranged from 3% to 45%. The predicted times required for heat-treatment of black pine log with 50% moisture content and 200 mm, 300 mm, and 400 mm top-diameter were 10.9 h, 18.3 h, and 27.0 h, respectively. If the initial moisture content of black pine log is 75%, heat treatment times of 13.6 h, 22.5 h, and 32.8 h were predicted in accordance with top-diameter. And if the initial moisture content of black pine log is 100%, heat treatment times of 16.2 h, 26.5 h, and 38.2 h were predicted in accordance with top-diameter. When the physical properties of logs damaged by pine wilt disease are presented, these results can be applicable to the heat-treatment of red pine and Korean pine logs as well.

제주도산 목련강의 목련아강, 조록나무아강, 석죽아강, 딜레니아아강의 목록

김경희(Kim, Kyeong-Hee),서연옥(Seo, Yeon-Ok),송관필(Song, Gwan-Pil) 제주학회 2021 濟州島硏究 Vol.55 No.-

제주도에 자생하는 관속식물의 종합적인 목록을 구축하기 위해 국내 주요 표본관 소장 표본 및 관련 문헌들을 조사하였다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 피자식물문 목련강(Magnoliopsida)에 속하는 목련아강(subclass Magnoliidae), 조록나무아강(subclass Hamamelidae), 석죽아강(subclass Caryophyllidae) 및 딜레니아아강(subclass Dilleniidae) 식물의 목록을 작성하였다. 그 결과 제주도에는 목련강 식물이 63과 164속 410종 14변종 등 총 424 분류군이 생육하는 것으로 정리되었다. 이 중 딜레니아아강 식물은 143종 6변종 (149 분류군)으로, 전체 목련강 식물 중 35.2%를 차지하여 가장 많았으며, 그 다음으로 석죽아강 101종 5변종(106 분류군)으로 전체의 25.0%, 목련아강 식물이 103종 1변종(104 분류군)으로 전체의 24.5%로서 석죽아강과 분류군수가 비슷하였으며, 조록나무아강 식물은 63종 2변종(65 분류군)으로 전체의 15.3%를 차지하여 그 수가 가장 적었다. 제주도에 자생하는 목련강 식물 중 한국 고유종은 11과 19종으로 확인되었으며, 이 중 제주도 고유종은 한라투구꽃과 바위미나리아재비, 큰개구리발톱, 섬매자나무, 탐라현호색, 섬거북꼬리, 한라장구채, 제주고추나물, 가지제비꽃, 제주산버들, 벌깨냉이, 탐라까치수염 등 10과 12 분류군이었다. 또한, 제주도에 자생하며 국내 다른 지역에는 생육하지 않는 식물은 27과 47종 1아종 7변종 등 총 53분류군으로, 제주도에 분포하는 목련강 식물의 12.5%로 조사되었다. To compile a comprehensive list of the flora of vascular plants of Jeju-do Province, specimens stored in major herbaria including WTFRC (Warm Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, Jeju-do Province) were examined and literature search was conducted. Especially, the plant list of Magnoliopsida which is composed of subclass Magnoliidae, subclass Hamamelidae, subclass Caryophyllidae and subclass Dilleniidae in Jeju-do Province was completed in this study. A total of 424 taxa of Magnoliopsida belonging to 63 families and 164 genera were listed. Within Magnoliopsida in Jeju-do Province, subclass Dileniidae comprised the largest proportion (35.2%) with 149 taxa (143 species and 6 varieties), followed by subclass Caryophyllidae with 106 taxa (25.0%, 101 species and 5 varieties) and subclass Magnoliidae with 104 taxa (24.5%, 103 species and 1 variety). Only 15.3 % was referred to subclass Hamamelidae, comprised of 65 taxa (63 species and 2 varieties). From among Magnolipsida in Jeju-do Province, 19 species in 11 families were endemic to Korea. Out of these, 12 taxa belonging to 10 families were endemic to Jeju-do Province. Additionally, this study revealed that 53 taxa of Magnoliopsida belonging to 27 families (12.5%) cannot be found from Korea except Jeju-do Province.

제주도 용암숲 곶자왈에 자라는 몇 종 식물의 분류학적 주해

김찬수(Kim, Chan-Soo),서연옥(Seo, Yeon-Ok),최형순(Choi, Hyung-Soon) 제주학회 2021 濟州島硏究 Vol.55 No.-

제주도 내에는 제주도 면적의 6.1%(113.3㎢)에 해당하는 용암숲 곶자왈이 있다. 이 곳은 화산활동으로 형성되었으며, 지역에 따라 모암의 이화학적 특성의 다양성과 위치에 따른 기후요소의 다양성으로 분포식물도 다양하다. 더구나 이 일대에서 최근까지도 빌레나무, 곳섬잔고사리, 낫쇠고사리, 주걱비름, 큰톱지네고사리, 우단석위 등 아열대성종들이 지속하여 보고되고 있는데, 이는 이 종들이 기후 변화에 따른 제주도 생태계 변화의 지표종일 수 있다는 점에서 곶자왈에 관한 관심을 더욱 높이고 있다. 그런데 이처럼 곶자왈을 주목받게 하는 관속식물에 대해서 저자에 따라 학명을 다르게 인용하거나 분포역에 대한 정보에 일관성이 없는 사례가 나타나고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 현상을 보이는 7종에 대해 그 분류학적 실체를 검토하여 바로 잡았다. 본 논문에서 검토한 종은 완도호랑가시나무(Ilex × wandoensis C.F. Miller & M. Kim), 약난초(Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino var. variabilis (Blume) I. D. Lund), 두잎감자난초 (Oreorchis coreana Finet), 으름난초(Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb. f.) Garay), 한라천마(Gastrodia verrucosa Blume), 한라새둥지란(Neottia kiusiana T. Hashim. & S. Hatus.), 대흥란(Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl.)등이다. Lava forest ‘Gotjawal’ is 6.1% (113.3㎢) in the area of jeju island. It was formed volcanic activity. There are diverse of the distributed plants due to diversity of basal rocks and the factors of weather by regions. Subtropical species such as Maesa japonaca (Thunb.) Moritzi & Zoll, Diplazium nipponicum Tagawa, Arachniodes simplicior var. simplicior (Makino), Sedum tosaense Makino, Dryopteris dickinsii (Franch. & Sav.) and Pyrrosia davidii (Baker) have been continuously reported in this area until recently. Since the emergences of these species become indicators of climate change, interest in ecosystem of lava forest ‘Gotjawal’ in increasing. Among the plants living in Gotjawal, scientific names are cited differently by author. In addition, there are cases where information is inconsistent in the distribution area. In this paper, we examined and corrected taxonomic truths for 7 species. The species reviewed in this paper are Ilex × wandoensis C.F. Miller & M. Kim, Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino var. variabilis (Blume) I. D. Lund, Oreorchis coreana Finet, Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb. f.) Garay, Gastrodia verrucosa Blume, Neottia kiusiana T. Hashim. & S. Hatus, and Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl.