골퍼(golfer)들의 골프장 이용에 대한 소비자 만족도 조사

백병주,김명선 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 2004 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.14 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine visitor's satisfaction about facilities and services in golf links. The subjects of this study were 220 people are playing golf at specific four golf links in kyung-ki province. The conclusions are as follows; Firstly, In the visitor's sex, the male was more satisfied with the locker room and shower room, and it revealed significant difference statistically. In the visitor's age, over the 60 years were generally satisfied with every factors without costs, but it did not reveal significant difference statistically. In the visitor's scholarly attainments, significant difference was revealed in the factor of scenery and course, and more learned was not satisfied with other factors such as locker room and shower room, service, restroom and booking, etc. In the visitor' income, significant difference was revealed statistically in every factors, and visitors who earned 1,000 thousand won per month revealed the lowest satisfaction level. Secondly, In the visitor's career, significant difference was revealed in the other factors such as lighting, scenery and facilities, and high career visitors were not satisfied with the factors of subordinate position. In the visitor's batting average, significant difference was revealed in every factors without the service, costs and caddie. In the visitor's reason of choice, significant difference was not revealed at the number of usage per month, reason of visit and member or nonmember without the scenery and course.

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome 환아의 치과 치료

백병주,김재곤,양연미,박종하,김성희,Baik, Byeong-Ju,Kim, Jae-Gon,Yang, Yeon-Mi,Park, Jong-Ha,Kim, Sung-Hee 대한소아치과학회 2004 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.31 No.1

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome은 이형성적 특징들에 의해 특징 지워지는 증후군으로서 정확히 알려지지 않은 원인을 가진 이상증이다. 이 증후군은 이형성적 임상증상에 의거하여 진단되기 때문에 염색체 검사, 유전자 검사 등의 진단 목적의 다른 검사들은 유효하지 않다고 할 수 있다. 임상증상으로는 전반적 발육 장애 정신지체, 외소증 다모증(hypertrichosis), 갈매기 모양의 눈썹(confluent eye brows), 낮은 헤어라인, 낮고 평평한 코, 위로 들린 코끝, 사지 기형, 발가락의 합지증(webbing), 심장기형, 위식도 역류 질환, 청력 이상, 그리고 안 질환 등이 나타나며 구강관련 증상으로는 왜소악 치아 맹출 지연, 구순 구개열, 높은 구개궁, 얇은 상순, 그리고 처진 구각 등이 나타난다. 본 증례에서는 전북대학교병원 소아치과에 치아 우식증을 주소로 내원한 Cornelia do Lange Syndrome을 가진 3세 및 4세 여환의 치료 예를 보고하는 바이다. Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a disorder of unknown etiology resulting in an syndrome characterized by specific dysmorphic features. Therefore this syndrome is diagnosed only by clinical features and other examinations for diagnostic aim are not effective. There are general growth retardation, mental retardation, hypertrichosis, confluent eye brows, low hair line, broad nasal bridge, anteverted nose tip, malformed limbs, webbing of toes, heart defect, gastroesophageal reflux disease, ear and ocular problems. Features associated oral structures are micrognathia, delayed eruption of teeth, cleft lip, cleft plate, thin upper lip and downturned angles of mouth. These are cases about two children who visited Department of Pediatric Dentistry of Chonbuk National University because of dental caries with Cornelia do Lange syndrome.

광중합형 복합레진과 법랑질간의 마모특성 평가

백병주,이승영,이두철,김재곤 대한소아치과학회 2001 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.28 No.2

본 연구에서는 최근 치과임상에서 이용되고 있는 7종의 복합레진을 시험재료로 선택한 다음 법랑질과 복합레진 충전재가 대합하는 경우의 마모 양상을 조사하기 위해 광중합형 복합레진과 제2소구치 교두를 핀-디스크 구동 방식의 전동식 마모시험기에 고정한 다음 68.6N의 하중을 가한 상태에서 30,000 회전시켜 1.3×103m의 미끄럼 접촉을 가하였다. 마모를 평가하기 위해 복합레진의 종류에 따른 제2소구치 교두의 수직고경 변화, 시편의 두께 감소와 체적 손실 및 마모시험 전후의 표면을 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였고, 표면경도가 마모도에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 누프 경도를 측정한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 누프 경도는 Speotrum 군에서 70.4로 가장 높고 Heliomolar 군에서 19.8로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, Tukey 다중범위검증법에 의해서 각 군 사이의 통계적 유의성을 검중한 결과, Spectrum군, Z100군 및 Clearfil AP-X군을 제외한 나머지 모든 군들 사이에서 상호간에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 법랑질의 내마모성은 microfill 형인 Heliomolar 군과 대합하는 경우에 가장 높게 나타났으며, 구치부용에서는 구상의 zirconia silica 미세 입자를 복합화한 micro hybrid 형의 Palpique 군에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 3. 복합레진의 연마성 마모에 대한 저항성은 필러의 평균 입경이 작고 미세 필러를 고밀도로 분산시켜 복합화한 hybrid형 복합레진에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 4. 주사전자현미경 관찰 결과, 마모면에서는 필러의 돌출, 마멸과 탈락 및 기질레진의 미세 균열 진전과 표면층의 박리 등이 관찰되었다. This study was perfsrmed to evaluate wear characteristics of light-cured composites when opposed by human enamel. Seven light-cured restorative composites were selected and enamel cusps sectioned from premolars. All samples were stored in distilled water at 37℃ for 10 days 68.6 N of weight was loaded during the teat. The measurements of vertical loss of enamel cusps, weight loss and volume loss of composites, and SEM observations of the polished and abraded surfaces were made after 30,000 cycles. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The highest hardness vague of 70.4 was observed in the Spectrum group and the lowest value of 19.8 was observed in the Heliomolar group. Results of Tukey test showed that an overall significant difference was indicated except the Spectrum, Z10O and Clearfil AP-X groups(p<0.05). 2. Enamel showed the good abrasion resistance against the Heliomolar group of microfilled composite and the Palplque Toughwell group containing the submicron hybrid type spherical fillers. 3. The abrasive wear resistance of hybrid composites was improved with the decrease of mean particle size and hybrid of submicron particle filler. 4. SEM observation of worn surfaces revealed the protrusion, attrition and missing of fillers, clacks developing and delamination in the matrix.

하악 매복 견치의 치과적 접근

백병주,서정아,박종하,양연미,김재곤,Baik, Byeong-Ju,Seo, Jeong-Ah,Park, Jong-Ha,Yang, Yeon-Mi,Kim, Jae-Gon 대한소아치과학회 2003 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.30 No.4

하악 견치의 매복은 약 0.1%의 발생 빈도로서 상악의 경우보다 드물게 나타나며, 매복의 원인으로는 맹출 및 배열 공간의 부족, 유견치의 조기상실, 과도한 치관 길이, 유전적 요인, 내분비선의 기능적 장애, 종양, 외상 등이 있다. 하악 매복 견치에 대한 치과적 접근으로는 교정적 힘을 가하여 매복치아를 구강으로 맹출시키는 방법과 외과적으로 매복치아를 노출시켜 제거하는 방법이 있다. 다음의 두 증례는 하악 매복 견치의 두 가지 치료 방법에 대한 것으로서 공간 부족, 매복 치아의 예후, 인접치아의 접근 정도 등을 고려하여 외과적 치료를 시행한 11세 여자 환자의 경우와 교정적 정출을 시도한 14세 남자 환자의 경우이며, 모두 양호한 결과를 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다. Impacted mandibular canines are less common than impacted maxillary canines. The proceeding studies show that impacted mandibular canines occur in approximately 0.1% of patients examined. The causes of impacted mandibular canines are inadequate space, premature loss of the primary dentition, excessive crown length, hereditary factors, functional disturbances of endocrine glands, tumors, and traumas. The basic choices for treatment of those cases are orthodontic migration or surgical removal. This is a case report about those two different treatment methods. One patient was 11 years old female who had treated with surgical approach and the other was 14 years old male who had received orthodontic treatment.

$Carisolv^{TM}$ 에 의한 우식제거후 Microtensile Bonding Strength에 관한 연구

백병주,권병우,김재곤,전철완,Baik, Byeong-Ju,Kwon, Byoung-Woo,Kim, Jae-Gon,Cheon, Cheol-Wan 대한소아치과학회 2002 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.29 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 전형적인 우식제거(bur)와 기계화학적으로 제거된 상아질($Carisolv^{TM}$)의 microtensile bonding strength를 비교하는 것이다. 다음과 같은 결합 system이 사용되었다; AB: All Bond 2(3M, USA), PB: Prime & Bond 2.1(Dentsply, DE), AQ: AQ Bond(sun medical, Japan). 교합면 우식증을 가지고 있는 42개의 사람 대구치를 6개 그룹으로 나누었다. 각각의 그룹은 다음과 같이 나누었다; $Carisolv^{TM}$를 적용한 그룹 A, B, C와 bur를 사용한 그룹 D, E, F, A와 D 그룹에서는 AB가 상아질 결합제로 사용하였고, 그룹 B, E는 PB를 그룹 C, F는 AQ를 사용하였다. 그 후 와동은 복합레진(Z-100)으로 충전하였다. 각각의 시편을 0.7 mm 두께로 자르고 0.7 mm의 넓이로 다시 잘랐다. Microtensile bonding strength test는 $0.5\;mm/min^{-1}$의 crosshead에서 시행하여 파절면을 scanning electron microscope(JSM-6400, Jeol, Japan)로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. $Carisolv^{TM}$로 우식을 제거했을 때 Microtensile bonding strength는 bur를 사용한 것에 비해서 75.8-80%로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 2. $Carisolv^{TM}$로 우식을 제거했을 때 Microtensile bonding strength가 감소된 정도는 상아질 결합제의 종류에 따라 각 군별로 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 3. $Carisolv^{TM}$로 우식을 제거했을 때 All bonds는 32.6 MPa, Prime & bond는 30.1 Mpa, AQ bond는 21.2 Mpa이었다. 4. Bur와 $Carisolv^{TM}$로 우식제거시 AQ bond는 All bond와 Prime & bond 2.1보다 유의하게 낮은 결합강도를 가졌다(p<0.01). The purpose of this study was to compare the microtensile bonding strength of chemomechanically excavated dentin($Carisolv^{TM}$) to conventional caries removal(bur). The following adhesive systems were used; AB: All-Bond 2(3M, USA), PB: Prime & Bond 2.1(Dentsply, DE), AQ: AQ Bond(sun medical, Japan). 42 human molars with occlusal caries were assigned to 6 groups. Sequential caries removal was controlled with laser fluorescence. Each group was devided as follows; group A, B, C were $Carisolv^{TM}$ applied, group D,E,F were bur used. In group A and D, AB was used as a dentin adhesive. group B,E and group C,F was AQ and AQ was used each. The cavity was filled with composite resin(Z-100). The specimens were sectioned vertically into multiple serial 0.7 mm thick slabs. And then those slabs were sectioned into rectangular parts under 0.7 mm width. Finally 0.7-1.0 mm a right hexahedron shape stick become. Microtensile bonding test was carried out with testing apparatus at cross-head speed of $0.5\;mm/min^{-1}$ and fractured surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscope(JSM-6400, Jeol, Japan). The obtained results were summarized as follows ; 1. In the group of caries removal with $Carisolv^{TM}$, micro-tensile bonding strength decreased to $75.8{\sim}80$ percent of bur used group. 2. In the group of caries removal with $Carisolv^{TM}$, decreased degree of micro-tensile bonding strength is not so different in 3 kinds of dentin adhesives(p<0.05). 3. In the group of caries removal with $Carisolv^{TM}$, microtensile bonding strength of AB, PB, AQ was 32.6MPa(2.4), 30.1Mpa (1.8), 21.2Mpa(1.9). 4. In the group of caries removal with Bur and $Carisolv^{TM}$, microtensile bonding strength of AQ was significantly lower than that of AB and PB(p<0.01).

소아의 최대개구량에 관한 연구

백병주,김상훈,양연미,김재곤 大韓小兒齒科學會 2001 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.28 No.4

최근에 측두하악장애(Temporomandibular Disorder, TMD)는 해마다 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 측두하악장애는 저작근, 측두하악관절 및 그와 관련된 구조물의 많은 임상증상을 포함하는 포괄적인 용어이다. 측두하악장애로 치과에 내원하는 환자는 여성이 많으며, 각 연령별 분포에서 보면 10대 후반에서 20대 후반에 호발한다. 그러나 최근에는 호발연령이 낮아지는 경향을 보이고 있다. 이에 측두하악장애의 조기진단의 필요성이 요구되어지며, 본 논문에서는 진단의 한 방법으로 간편하면서 쉽게 시행할 수 있는 최대개구량을 측정하였다. 최대개구량에 관한 여러 보고가 있지만, 소아기의 전 연령을 대상으로 광범위하게 조사된 보고는 희귀하다. 이에 저자는 4세부터 13세까지 1775명의 어린이를 대상으로 최대개구량을 측정하였으며, 최대개구량과 연련, 신장, 체중에 관한 상관관계를 조사하여 악관절장애 진단의 기초적인 참고자료로 이용하고자한다. 본 연구에서는 4세에서 13세까지의 1775명(남자943명, 여자832명)을 대상으로 최대개구량과 연령, 신장, 체중의 상관관계에 관한 비교분석을 시행하여 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1. 4세에서 12세까지의 연령군중 4세, 8세, 12세의 평균 최대개구량을 보면 남자의 경우 각각 40.16mm, 47.32mm, 50.54mm였고, 여자의 경우 각각 39.79mm, 44.85mm, 48.09mm였다. 2. 연령이 증가함에 따라 최대개구량은 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 남자가 여자보다 큰 측정치를 보였다. 3. 신장이 증가함에 따라 최대개구량은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 105cm 이상 115cm 미만을 제외하고는 남자가 여자보다 큰 측정치를 보였다. 4. 체중이 증가함에 따라 최대개구량은 증가되는 경향을 보였으며, 모든 군에서 남자가 여자보다 큰 측정치를 보였다. 5. 최대개구량과 연령, 신장, 체중간의 관계에서 유의한 순상관 관계를 보였으며, 신장이 가장 높은 상관성을 보였다. Recently, tempormandibular disorder(TMD) shows an tendency to increase every year. TMD is a collective term embracing a number of clinical problems that involve the masticatory musculature, temporomandibular joint(TMJ) and associated structures, or both. TMD, viewed in distribution of age, often occurred from late teens to late twenties. But recently, the age of occurrence tends to be lower. Accordingly, early diagnosis of tempormandibular disorder is very important. In this study, we measured the maximum mouth opening which is simple and easy to carry out as a way of TMD diagnosis. In this study, the maximum mouth opening was examined for 1,775 children from 4 to 12 years of age. We compared the relationship between the maximum mouth opening with the age, height, and weight. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The mean maximum mouth openings of 4, 8, and 12 year of age were respectively 40.16mm, 47.32mm, 50.54mm for male, 39.79mm, 44.85mm, 48.09mm for female. 2. The maximum mouth opening increased with age, and the values were greater in male than in female. 3. The maximum mouth opening increased wit height, and the values were greater in male than in female except between 105cm and 115cm. 4. The maximum mouth opening increased with weight, and the values were greater in male than in female. 5. The correlation between the maximum mouth opeing with the age, height, and weight was all significant and height showed the highest correlation.

齒牙우식兒童과 그의 母親의 齒苔에서 分離한 Streptococcus mutans의 血淸型 分布및 藥劑耐性에 關한 硏究

白秉周 大韓小兒齒科學會 1984 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

A total of 141 strains of Streptococcus mutans were isolated from dental plaques of 153 subjects. Eight-two children with caries-experience, 18 caries-free children and their mothers were participated. All isolates were examined for their serotypes by immunodiffusion method with 7 reference sera and their antibiotic susceptibilities to 7 antibiotics by agar dilution method using 7 kinds of antibiotics, and were compared their results by caries experience (DMFT ratio) and by intrafamilial levels. 1. Isolation rate of Streptococcus mutans were greater in samples of carious teeth than those of sound teeth, and in mothers than in children. 2. Multiple serotypes of Streptococcus mutans were occasionally found in a single samples. 3. Of the total 141 isolates (83 isolates from children, and 58 from their mothers), type c isolates were most prevalent (63.8%). Type d,e and f were found, comprizing 14.9%, 10.6% and 6.4% respectively, Serotype g, a and untypable strain were also found but far lower frequencies (2.8-0.7%), and type b was detected. 4. These results suggest that there are no significant correlation among the distribution of serotypes, antibiotic susceptibilities, caries experience and intrafamilial relationships. 5. Most of isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol (100%), penicillin (95.7%), ampicillin (94.3%), and gentamicin (92.2%), but about one-third isolates were resistant to cephaloridine (27%), streptomycin (33.3%) and kanamycin (47.6%), resulting that 91 strains (64.5%) among 141 isolates were resistant to one or more drugs used. 6. Of the 91 resistant strains, 20 different resistant patterns were observed, and the most frequently encountered patterns were KM, SM and CE.

근육이완훈련과 스윙분석 기구를 이용한 골프지도방법에 관한 연구

백병주 한국골프학회 2009 골프연구 Vol.3 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of golf teacing method for using Muscle looseness Training and Swing Machine. The 13 golfer in university were selected for sample. Their major are golf and 10 males and 3 females. Two times per week, golfers were trained with Muscle looseness Training and they practiced driver shot in the class. The driver distance, driver speed, tempo, and rounding scores of golfers were checked for each two weeks until 8 weeks. The golfers hit the ball with driver and their swing were analysed with swing machine for each two weeks to know dirver distance and head speed were increased or not as well as tempo score was different or same. The results of this study were as follows: First, driver head speed of golfers were statistically no significant difference. Second, Driver distance of golfers were statistically no significant difference except third test and fifth test. Therefore, third and fifth test were statistically significant difference. Third, Tempo was statistically no significant difference. Finally, Rounding scores were statistically significant difference at only second test.

영구치의 치아크기에 관한 연구

백병주,박정렬,김재곤,이두철 대한소아치과학회 2003 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

After 800 students of Chonbuk National University was examined, 86 people (male : 43, female : 43, mean age : 22.2 years old) was selected as a group of normal occlusion. From their gypsum cast, this conclusion was obtained 1. Intra-observer measurement errors in buccolingual diameter, maxillary lateral incisors have somewhat bigger errors. In mesiodistal diameter, maxillary first molars and maxillary second molar have bigger numerical value. Mean errors of measurement are 0.051mm at buccolingual diameter of crown and 0.083mm at mesiodistal diameter. 2. Fluctuating asymmetry is 0.030 average in buccolingual diameter, and 0.037 average in mesiodistal diameter. Statistically there are no big differences. 3. Male has longer buccolingual diameter than female in every permanent teeth. Teeth which have statistical difference in buccolingual diameter are maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canine, maxillary second molar, mandibular central incisor, mandibular canine, mandibular second premolar, and mandibular first molar. In mesiodistal diameter maxillary central incisor, maxillary canine, and mandibular first molar have statistically difference. 4. Tooth which has the biggest difference depending on gender is maxillary lateral incisor in buccolingual diameter and mandibular canine in mesiodistal diameter. 5. Both sexes have similar crown index. Male has bigger value of crown module measurement and crown area measurement in every tooth. Crown area considered as size of tooth from occlusal surface was bigger in male than in female statistically except some teeth, maxillary first premolar, mandibular lateral incisor, first premolar and second premolar. 전북대학교에 재학중인 학생 800명을 대상으로 구강 검사를 시행하여 정상교합자로 판단되는 86명(남자 43명, 여자 43명, 평균나이 22.2세)의 석고모형을 채득하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 계측자내 오차는 순(협)설 치관 직경에서 상악 측절치가, 근원심 치관 직경에서는 상악 제1대구치, 상악 제2대구치에서 다소 큰 값을 나타내었다. 평균 계측 오차는 순(협)설 치관 직경 측정은 0.051mm, 근원심 치관 직경 측정은 0.083mm였다. 2. 좌우측 계측치 간의 차이는 순(협)설 치관 직경에서 평균 0.030mm, 근원심 치관 직경에서 평균 0.037mm를 보였으며, 통계학적으로 좌우측 계측치간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3. 영구치의 순(협)설 및 근원심 치관 직경은 전체 영구치에서 남자가 여자보다 컸다. 통계학적으로 유의성이 있는 치아는 순(협)설 치관 직경에서 상악 측절치, 상악 견치, 상악 제2소구치, 상악 제1대구치, 상악 제2대구치, 하악 중절치, 하악 견치, 하악 제2소구치, 하악 제1대구치 등이었고, 근원심 치관 직경에서 상악 중절치, 상악견치, 하악 견치, 하악 제1대구치 등이었다. 4. 남녀의 성차가 가장 인정되는 치아는 순(협)설 치관 직경에서는 상악 측절치, 근원심 치관 직경에서는 하악 견치였다. 5. Crown index는 남녀간에 비슷한 값을 보였고, Crown module과 Crown area는 모든 값에서 남자의 계측치가 컸다. 순(설)측 치관 직경값과 근원심 치관 직경값의 곱으로 표현되는 Crown area는 상악 제1소구치, 하악 측절치, 하악 제1소구치, 하악 2제소구치, 하악 제2대구치를 제외한 모든 치아에서 남녀간 차이에 통계학적 유의성이 있었다. (p<0.05)

골프지도자의 지도실태 조사연구

백병주,이석동 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 2002 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this study was to research about teaching condition of golf instructors. The study of this subject was performed by sample survey for 50 professional golf trainers. The study shows the following facts. Most of the instructors depended on their experiences rather than teaching plans and their income varied by their levels of qualification or locations and regions where they worked. The average age of the sample was 31 years of age and high school graduates took the biggest share (33 people ) in education level. 36%(18 people) of sample instructors had 6 to 10 years of teaching career and 78% (39 people)of them were qualified as an instructor with certificate. 11 PGA professional golfers in the sample trained student golfers and earned a large amount of money. On the other hand, the semiprofessionals in the sample gave a lesson to adults and were paid 100,000~200,000 Won per person for monthly lesson fee. The non-qualified instructors worked mostly at indoor golf practice ranges and they earned 1,000,000Won~ 1,500,000 Won of montly salary and they are not paid well comparing wit professionals or semiprofessionals. In most case, the instructors got advice from their peer or senior instructors when they came across obstacles in teaching. 40%(20 people)of the instructors did not have any instruction plans but gave lessons to their trainees based on their own golf experiences in an unplanned way. 60%(30 people)of the instructors said they were studying the method of teaching and 74%(37 people)said they kept consistency in their methods. The instructors focused on trainees interest and enjoyment with a high priority and they used round score as the key estimative objective of trainees. We rarely have any well-established course for professional golf trainers in Korea in the present. It was a few years ago that we began to open a golf department in universities such as Y, J, H University and started to educate professional instructors. Despite the current realities, the PGA member has settle up few trainership programs. Accordingly, the related organizations are required not to select professional trainers only for their physical abilities but to establish instructorship courses and select trainers in a period of time during the courses.