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한국 영아의 문제해결 능력의 발달적 변화에 대한 단기 종단적 연구
배기조,성현란,조윤경 한국인간발달학회 2005 人間發達硏究 Vol.12 No.2
The purpose of present study was to investigate the developmental change of the goal-directed problem solving among Korean infants through a longitudinal design. To measure the problem solving ability, two kinds of tasks were used: means-ends task and action planning task. In the means-ends problems, infants were presented with a desired toy that was just out of their reach on the far end of a cloth support. In the action planning problems, we presented a spoon on a holder that raised it off the table's surface. Young children's strategies were evaluated as they grasped and used the spoon. The results were as follows. The means-ends task using the cloth support showed a significant performance differences difference between 10- and 12-month-old infants, and 12-month-old infants' score was higher than that of 10-month-old infants. The percentage of right hand-preference among infants was 76.4 in the 10 month age group, 77.2 in the 12 month age group, and 85.5 in the 15 month age group, respectively, revealing that right hand-preference was prevalent in the 10 month age group. With regard to the method of spoon grasping, there was no significant difference as a function of age, in the whereas there was a significant difference in the condition(easy > difficult). Yet, there was a significant difference in terms of conveying the spoon into their mouth according to age(10- < 12- < 15-month-old-infants) and conditions(easy > difficult). There were partially positive correlations between means-ends and action planning tasks. The significance of the present study was to investigate the developmental change of the problem-solving ability through two familiar tasks. 본 연구의 목적은 한국 영아의 문제해결 능력의 발달적 변화를 단기 종단적 설계를 통해 살펴보는 것이었다. 영아의 문제해결 능력을 측정하기 위해 두 종류의 과제 즉 수단-목적 과제(천을 당겨서 갖기)와 행위 계획하기 과제(숟가락 이용)를 사용하였다. 수단-목적 과제에서는 영아의 손이 직접 닿지 않는 천의 끝 지점에 인형을 올려두고 영아가 천을 당겨서 대상물을 갖는지 관찰하였고, 행위 계획하기 과제에서는 지지대위에 숟가락을 올려서 영아에게 제시한 후, 스푼을 잡고 사용할 때에 보이는 영아의 책략을 알아보았다. 연구 결과, 수단-목적 과제는 10개월과 12개월간에 차이가 나타나서 10개월에 비해 12개월에 수행 점수가 더 높았다. 영아의 오른손 우세 비율은 10개월에 76.4%, 12개월에 77.2%, 15개월에 85.5%로, 10개월에 이미 상당히 높은 비율을 나타냈다. 행위 계획하기 과제를 통한 문제해결 능력의 발달을 살펴보면, 숟가락 잡기에 있어서는 월령에 따라 차이가 나지 않았고, 조건에 따라 차이를 보여, 어려운 조건에 비해 쉬운 조건에서 수행 점수가 높았다. 숟가락을 입으로 가져가는 행동은 월령과 조건에 따른 주효과가 유의미하게 나타났다(10개월<12개월=15개월). 천 당기기 과제와 숟가락 과제 간에는 부분적으로 상관관계가 유의미하였다. 본 연구의 의의는 두 가지 친숙한 과제를 이용하여 영아의 문제해결 능력의 발달적 변화를 살펴본 것이었다.
배기조,최보가 한국유아교육학회 2002 유아교육연구 Vol.22 No.2
이 논문은 마음의 이론과 유아의 개인 및 가족적 특성 변인간의 관계를 알아보는 것이다. 3, 4, 5세 유아 300명을 대상으로 하여 마음의 이론 과제로 실험을 하고, 부모와 담당 교사를 통해 양육방식과 사회경제적 지위 및 사회적 역량에 대한 자료를 수집했다. 회귀분석 결과 마음의 이론에 대한 상대적 크기는 연령, 사회적 역량, 언어능력, 그리고 애정적인 양육방식 순으로 나타났다. 또한 유아의 연령, 사회적 역량, 언어능력 및 양육방식 중 애정-거부 요인은 마음의 이론에 직접적인 영향을 주었으며 연령, 양육방식, 사회경제적 지위, 형제유무 및 언어능력은 간접적인 영향을 나타냈다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the causal relationships of age, language ablility, social competence, parenting style, socioeconomic status, and sibling influence with preschoolers' theory of mind. The subjects were selected randomly from kindergartens and composed of three hundred 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds and their parents and teachers. The research instruments used to measure preschoolers' theory of mind were deception and false belief tasks. The major findings of this study were summarized as follows: children's age, social competence, language ability, affection-rejection attitude in parenting style were directly related to performance on theory of mind while age, parenting style, socioeconomic status, the presence of siblings, and language ability were indirectly related to it. Taken altogether, it was found that children achieve an understanding of theory of mind in a certain period - around 4 years of age, and that age, social competence, language ability, and parenting style are major contributions to the acquisition of better understanding. It is also very improtant to note that s caring environment along with the factor mentioned above appears to be the best context in which children can practice and further develop their understanding of mind.
취학전 아동의 개인 및 가족적 특성이 마음의 이론 발달에 미치는 영향
배기조,최보가 대한가정학회 2002 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.40 No.8
The purpose of this study was to analyze effects of child's age, language ability, social competence, parenting style, and socioeconomic status on preschoolers' theory of mind. The subjects were selected randomly from kindergartens and composed of three hundred 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds and their parents and teachers. The data was analyzed by analysis of covariance and t-test. The major findings of this study were summarized as follows: it was found that language ability, parenting style, SES, and social competence had a positive effect upon preschoolers' theory of mind. This relation remained significant with children's age controlled. Children's theory of mind was more strongly related when their parents were highly affectionate with their children, children's language ability was greater, parents held higher socioeconomic status than those who had less prominent one, or children with higher social competence.
배기조,성현란,이지연,곽금주,장유경,심희옥 한국인간발달학회 2004 人間發達硏究 Vol.11 No.3
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the developmental change of pretend play and imitation according to age and gender difference. The subjects in this study were 787 infants aged 9 to 11 months and 16 to 24 months, along with 2102 mothers of infants aged 9 to 36 months. Pretend play checklist was adopted to estimate the degree to which infants demonstrated their ability in pretend play. Questionnaire was used to check the degree to which their mothers participated in various plays. And experimenters observed responding of infants to their imitation at each infant's home. In results, The score of functional and pretend play and the symbolic level of plays improved as a function of age. Girls showed higher competence in pretend play than boys. The relation infants' between pretend play and parents' participation in play with their children also showed a significant correlation. It was also revealed that the degree of mothers' participation contributes to higher scores in pretend play. While imitation abilities improved with age, they revealed no significant effects involving gender. In addition, there were significant positive correlations between symbolic abilities and imitation abilities. showing that the infants with successful imitation abilities had more symbolic abilities than those not. 본 연구의 목적은 한국 유아의 가장놀이와 모방 능력의 연령에 따른 발달적 변화 및 성차를 검토하고, 가장놀이와 모방 능력간의 관계를 알아보는 것이었다. 본 연구의 대상은 9-11개월과 16-24개월에 걸친 영아 및 유아 787명과 9-36개월 유아의 어머니 2102명이었다. 유아의 가장놀이와 부모의 놀이 참여 정도를 측정하기 위해 부모질문지가 사용되었고, 모방 능력을 측정하기 위해 관찰자가 가정 방문하여 복잡한 동작과 눈에 보이지 않는 동작을 시범 보인 후 유아의 반응을 관찰하여 기록하였다. 연구 결과, 월령이 증가함에 따라 전반적으로 기능놀이와 가장놀이의 점수가 높아지는 경향을 보였으며, 상징성 점수 또한 월령에 따라 의미있게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 성차가 있었는데 남아보다 여아가 기능놀이와 가장놀이를 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다. 가장놀이와 부모의 놀이 참여와의 상관관계도 유의하게 나타나서, 부모가 많이 놀아줄수록 유아의 가장놀이 점수가 높았다. 모방 능력 또한 월령이 증가함에 따라 향상되는 경향을 보였으나, 성차는 나타나지 않았다. 가장놀이와 모방 능력간의 상관관계와 모방과 상징성 점수간의 상관도 유의하게 나타나서 모방을 잘 하는 유아가 놀이의 상징성도 더 잘 발달한 것을 알 수 있다.
배기조(Bae Ki-Jo),이종열(Lee Jong-Yeol),권수옥(Kweon Soo-Ok),이지민(Lee Ji-Min) 한국열린유아교육학회 2008 열린유아교육연구 Vol.13 No.3
본 연구에서는 언어능력을 통제한 상황에서 유아의 은유 이해 능력의 발달적 변화와 은유 유형별 변화를 살펴보고, 마음의 이론의 연령에 따른 발달적 변화와 은유 이해 능력과 다음의 이론 간의 관계를 알아보았다. 본 연구의 대상은 만 3. 4. 5세 유아 123명이었다. 유아의 은유 이해 능력을 측정하기 위해 은유 이해도 측정도구를 이용하였으며. 이 과제는 구체적 은유와 추상적 은유로 구성되어 있었다. 마음의 이론을 측정하기 위해 내용교체 과제와 위치이동 과제를 사용하였다. 언어능력 측정을 위해서 그림어휘력 검사와 표현언어능력 검사를 사용하였다. 연구의 결과 언어능력을 통제하고 연령에 따른 은유 이해 능력을 살펴보았을 때 연령이 유의미한 주효과를 나타냈다. 은유 유형에 따른 유아의 은유 이해 능력에서 지각적 유사성의 수행 점수가 가장 높았고 그 다음 기능적 유사성으로, 전체적으로 구체적 은유의 점수가 높았고, 추상적 은유는 점차 향상되기는 했으나, 구체적 은유에 비해 수행이 낮았다. 은유 이해 능력과 마음의 이론 간에는 전체적으로 상관관계가 유의미하였으며 마음의 이론 수준이 높을수록 은유 이해 능력이 높게 나타났다. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the developmental changes in young children's metaphor comprehension with language ability controlled, and metaphor types as a function of age, attempting to explore the relationship between metaphor comprehension and theory of mind. The subjects in this study were 123 children aged 3 to 5 years. The children's metaphor comprehension was measured metaphor tasks involving concrete metaphors and abstract metaphors. Theory of mind was assessed by the unexpected location change and unexpected content change tasks. The language ability was assessed by ITPA and PPVT-R tasks. The analysis showed statistically significant main effect of age in metaphor comprehension with language ability controlled. Among given tasks, the young children scored higher in perceptual similarity than in functional similarity. Also, the participants did better in their interpretation of concrete metaphors than abstract metaphors although the performance on abstract metaphors improved significantly with age. Overall, the understanding of metaphors was closely tied to theory of mind, with increases in theory of mind leading to better comprehension of metaphors.
OMC-2010 구성약재가 마우스의 비장세포 cytokine 생성에 미치는 영향
배기상,김현식,박경철,최선복,조일주,이창혁,서상완,김종진,신용국,김민선,박규환 대한본초학회 2012 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.27 No.6
Objective: We recently reported that OMC-2010 has an immuno-modulatory effects via inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-5. However, we did not find out which constituents play an important role in immuno-modulatory effect of OMC-2010, Thus, this study was performed to estimate the effects of constituents of OMC-2010 on cytokine production in mouse spleen cells, then ultimately reach to find out effective constituents regulating splenic cytokine production. Methods: Mouse spleen cells were pre-treated with water and ethanol extract of constituents of OMC-2010 such as Rehmannia glutinosa (RG), Pinellia ternata (PT), Citrus unshiu Markovich (CUM), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU), Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), Schisandra chinensis (SC). After 1 h, the cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 ㎍/ml) for 48 h. Then the cells were harvested for real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect cytokine productions. Results: The water extract of RG extract significantly inhibited the LPS-induced inTNF-α and IL-5 mRNA expressions, but the water extract of PT, CUM, GU, PG, and SC did not. The ethanol extract of RG, PT, and SC significantly inhibited the LPS-induced TNF-α, and IL-5 mRNA expressions, but the ethanol extract of CUM, GU, and PG did not. Conclusions: Theses results could suggest that the water extract of RG and the ethanol extract of RG, PT, and SC inhibited the expression of TNF-α and IL-5, which means that the possible candidate of OMC-2010 water extract's action might be RG, and ethanol extract's action might be RG, PR, and SC.