구글 플레이의 안드로이드 스마트폰 선탑재에 대한 공정거래법상 검토

배건호 서울대학교 기술과법센터 2016 Law & technology Vol.12 No.2

구글 플레이는 안드로이드 앱 등을 사고 팔 수 있는 디지털 콘텐츠 플랫폼이다. 구글 플레이 역시 앱의 형식을 취하고 있는바, 이는 안드로이드용 스마트폰에 출고 당시부터 설치되어 있는 ‘선 탑재 앱’이다. 그런데 현재 구글 플레이는 우리나 라 앱마켓 시장 중 상당한 부분을 점유하고 있는 바, 이러한 결과가 구글 플레이의 선탑재 행위로 인한 것은 아닌지, 스마트폰 운영체제의 시장지배적 지위를 가지고 있는 구글이 이를 남용하여 공정거래법을 위반한 것은 아닌지에 관한 지적이 있어 왔다. 대법원은 대판 2011. 10. 13. 2008두1832에서 배타적 DRM을 탑재하여 음악 파일 다운로드 서비스의 상호호환성을 제거한 SKT의 DRM 탑 재행위에 관하여, 부당한 사업활동 방해행위 및 소비자 이익을 현저하게 저해하는 행위가 아니라고 판단하였다. 이는 디지털 기술의 특성 및 공정 거래법의 기본적 목적 중 하나인 혁신의 필요성에 대해 충분히 고려하지 않았다는 점에서 한계가 있는 것으로 보인다. 구글 플레이 선탑재 행위는 소비자에게 구글 플레이를 이용하게 하고 서드 파티 앱마켓을 사실 상 이용할 수 없게 강제한다는 점에서 부당한 사업활동 방해행위에 해당한다고 보아야 한다. 나아가 앱마켓은 단순한 서비스가 아니라 앱의 배포 및 유통 구조 그 자체인 플랫폼이라고 할 것인바, 그 플랫폼을 한 명의 사업자에게 독점할 수 있게 하는 것은 결과적으로 소비자에게 현저한 불이익을 입히는 것으로 보아야 한다고 생각된다. 우리나라 모바일 산업계는 강력한 인터넷 인프라를 기반으로 하여 빠른 성장을 하고 있으며 앱의 수출 역시 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 모바일 산업을 이끄는 가장 강력한 원동력은 다름 아닌 혁신인바, 구글과 같은 대기업의 시장지배적 지위의 남용행위를 제어하지 못한다면 우리나라 모바일 산업계의 성장은 제한적일 것이다. Google Play is a digital contents platform enabling transaction of Android Apps. Google Play itself takes the form of an App, and is pre-installed in Android Smartphones. There has been accusations that the Google Play’s predominant position in the Korean App Market Industry is largely due to the pre-installation of Google Play and that Google has abused its position thereby violating the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFT Act). The Supreme Court, in its decision 2008Du1832 rendered in 2011. 10. 13., found that SKT’s use of an exclusive DRM, which eliminated compatibility among various MP3 file download services, did not constitute an unreasonable obstruction of business activities of other enterprisers or unfair harm of consumers’ interests. This decision is unreasonable in that, it does not consider the unique characteristics of the digital technology, nor does it take into account the need for innovation, which is one of the main purposes of the MRFT Act. The pre-installation of Google Play on Android Smarthphone is a strong arm tactic to urge the users to use Google Play and abandon third party App markets. As such, it constitutes unreasonable obstruction of business activites of other enterprisers. Also, because App Market is more of a platform for distributing Apps than just a App serving limited purposes, enabling a single enterprise to monopolize the App Market Industry is likely to considerably harm the interests of the consumers. The Korean mobile industry has seen considerable growth both domestically and internationally during the last decade based on powerful internet infrastructure. Because innovation is the most important element that drives the mobile industry, if the abuse of market-dominating position by major corporations such as Google is not kept in check, the industry is likely to face an untimely fall.

노안이 동반된 근시 환자에서 비구면 미세단안시 라식을 이용한 노안 교정수술의 임상결과

배건호,금지은,정태영,정의상 대한안과학회 2012 대한안과학회지 Vol.53 No.1

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and satisfaction of patients who underwent the aspheric micro-monovision protocol for the correction of myopia with presbyopia. Methods: A retrospective, noncomparative study included 40 eyes of 20 consecutive patients with myopia and presbyopia who were treated with LASIK-induced micro-monovision. Monocular and binocular visual outcomes of uncorrected and best-corrected distance, intermediate, and near visual acuity were measured. Depth of focus, spherical aberration, stereopsis and satisfaction were evaluated before surgery and 3 months after surgery. Results: Mean patient age was 48.7 years. Monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.8 in 94% of dominant eyes, and monocular uncorrected near visual acuity was J3 in 94% in non-dominant eyes. Binocular uncorrected near visual acuity was J2 in 94% and J5 in 100% of dominant and non-dominant patient eyes, respectively. Binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity was 1.0 in 100% of patients, and binocular uncorrected near visual acuity was J2 in 94% of patients. Our results showed a significant improvement in depth of focus and a positive shift in spherical aberration in dominant eyes; however, there were no significant changes in the non-dominant eyes. There was no change in stereopsis or contrast sensitivity at any of the tested spatial frequencies. Satisfactory scores were achieved in all eyes. Conclusions: The aspheric myopic micro-monovision protocol was well-tolerated, stable, and effective for treating patients with presbyopia in myopic astigmatism. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2012;53(1):11-19

Identification of Pathogenic Variants in the CHM Gene in Two Korean Patients With Choroideremia

배건호,송주선,이청,김나영,Woong-Yang Park,김병준,기창석,김상진 대한진단검사의학회 2017 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.37 No.5

Choroideremia is a rare X-linked disorder causing progressive chorioretinal atrophy. Affected patients develop night blindness with progressive peripheral vision loss and eventual blindness. Herein, we report two Korean families with choroideremia. Multimodal imaging studies showed that the probands had progressive loss of visual field with characteristic chorioretinal atrophy, while electroretinography demonstrated nearly extinguished cone and rod responses compatible with choroideremia. Sanger sequencing of all coding exons and flanking intronic regions of the CHM gene revealed a novel small deletion at a splice site (c.184_189+3delTACCAGGTA) in one patient and a deletion of the entire exon 9 in the other. This is the first report on a molecular genetic diagnosis of choroideremia in Korean individuals. Molecular diagnosis of choroideremia should be widely adopted for proper diagnosis and the development of new treatment modalities including gene therapy.

Lysophosphatidic acid protects against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury

배건호,이성균,김형식,이민규,이하영,배외식 생화학분자생물학회 2017 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.49 No.-

We investigated the effect of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in experimental acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury. LPA administration significantly reduced APAP-challenged acute liver injury, showing attenuated liver damage, liver cell death and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. APAP overdose-induced mortality was also significantly decreased by LPA administration. Regarding the mechanism involved in LPA-induced protection against acute liver injury, LPA administration significantly increased the glutathione level, which was markedly decreased in APAP challenge-induced acute liver injury. LPA administration also strongly blocked the APAP challenge-elicited phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and GSK3β, which are involved in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury. Furthermore, LPA administration decreased the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in an experimental drug-induced liver injury animal model. Mouse primary hepatocytes express LPA1,3–6, and injection of the LPA receptor antagonist KI16425 (an LPA1,3-selective inhibitor) or H2L 5765834 (an LPA1,3,5-selective inhibitor) did not reverse the LPA-induced protective effects against acute liver injury. The therapeutic administration of LPA also blocked APAPinduced liver damage, leading to an increased survival rate. Collectively, these results indicate that the well-known bioactive lipid LPA can block the pathogenesis of APAP-induced acute liver injury by increasing the glutathione level but decreasing inflammatory cytokines in an LPA1,3,5-independent manner. Our results suggest that LPA might be an important therapeutic agent for drug-induced liver injury.

Anterior Diabetic Retinopathy Studied by Ultra-widefield Angiography

배건호,이주연,김태협,조가은,안지윤,김상진,김재현,강세웅 대한안과학회 2016 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.30 No.5

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of anterior type diabetic retinopathy (DR) using ultra-widefield fluoresceinangiography and to identify the factors associated with anterior type DR incidence. Methods: A retrospective case review was used in this study. Patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR) underwent examination by ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography, and were classified into anterior,posterior, or diffuse DR groups. Anterior DR was defined if diabetic retinal changes were noted only at thelocation anterior to the imaginary circle bordered by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study seven-standard fields. Correlations between demographic data, as well as systemic and ocular factors, and theincidence of NPDR types were evaluated. Results: Among the 234 eyes of 234 patients with NPDR, 25 eyes (10.7%) demonstrated anterior DR. AnteriorDR was observed in 10 eyes (30.3%) of patients having mild NPDR, three eyes (4.8%) of moderate NPDRpatients, and in 12 eyes (7.1%) of severe NPDR patients (p < 0.001). The incidence of anterior DR positivelycorrelated with lower hemoglobin A1c levels and with greater high-density lipoprotein levels following multiplelogistic regression analysis (p < 0.001). The mean hemoglobin A1c level was 7.03 ± 0.99% in anterior DR, 7.99± 1.74% in posterior DR, and 7.94 ± 1.39% in diffuse DR patients (p = 0.003). The mean high-density lipoproteinlevel was 51.2 ± 12.5 mg/dL in anterior, 49.7 ± 15.2 mg/dL in posterior, and 45.2 ± 13.1 mg/dL in diffuse DRpatients (p = 0.010). Conclusions: Diabetic retinal changes confined to an anterior location were more frequently noted in earlierstages of NPDR. The incidence of DR sparing posterior retinal involvement was related to favorable bloodsugar and lipid profiles.

잊혀질 권리가 우리나라 법체계에서 가지는 시사점 - 구글 스페인 v. AEPD & Gonzalez 판결문 분석을 위주로 -

배건호 서울대학교 기술과법센터 2016 Law & technology Vol.12 No.4

유럽사법재판소는 구글 v. Gonzalez 사건에서, 유럽 시민들의 “잊혀질 권리”를 보장하기 위하여 검색엔진들이 개인정보 게시물에 관한 특정 검색 결과 링크를 삭제하여야 한다고 판단하였다. 위 판례는 개인정보의 주체에게 검색엔진의 운영자 에게 개인정보가 기재된 게시물의 링크를 삭제할 수 있는 권리를 부여하였다는 점에서 의미가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 그러나, 동시에 표현의 자유 및 정보접근권을 프라이버시권과 어떻게 조화시킬지 에 관한 논의가 충분하게 이루어지지 못했을 뿐만 아니라, 개인정보 보호조치의 1차적 권한을 사기 업인 구글에 전적으로 부여했다는 점에서 한계를 가지는 것으로 판단된다. 잊혀질 권리는 우리나라의 헌법적 기본권인 개 인정보자기결정권의 내용으로 포섭될 수 있을 뿐 만 아니라, 정보통신망법은 제한적으로나마 개인 정보의 잊혀질 권리를 보장하고 있다. 그러나 동 시에 우리나라의 법제는 프라이버시권의 보호에 치중하여 표현의 자유 및 공중의 정보접근권을 충 분히 고려하지 못한 한계를 보이고 있다. 뿐만 아 니라, 개인정보 보호조치와 관련된 1차적 권한을 개인정보보호법의 경우 개인정보처리자, 정보통 신망법의 경우 정보통신서비스 제공자에게 맡기 고 있는바, 위에 해당하는 자가 사적 주체인 경우 이들에게 1차적 권한을 부여하는 것 역시 문제가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 덧붙여, 최근 방송통신위원회에서 발표한 인터 넷 자기게시물 접근배제요청권 가이드라인은 사 실적⋅기술적 이유로 자기 게시물의 삭제가 어려 워질 경우, 게시자의 신청을 통해서 원 게시물 또 는 검색 엔진상의 링크를 삭제할 수 있도록 하고 있다는 점에서 의미가 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러 나 위 가이드라인 역시 표현의 자유 및 공중의 정 보접근권을 충분히 고려하지 못한 한계를 가지는 것으로 보인다. The European Court of Justice found in Google v. Gonzalez that. to protect European citizens’ right to be forgotten, search engines are obligated to delete certain search results containing personal data. The ECJ’s decision is noteworthy in that the subject of personal data has been granted right to request the removal of a link which is connected to the page containing personal data. However, ECJ has upheld the right to privacy at the expense of freedom of speech and the right to access information. Furthermore, the decision is also problematic in that it has afforded Google, a private entity, the preliminary authority regarding personal information protection. The right to be forgotten forms a part of a constitutional right known as the right to informational self-determination. Furthermore, Act on promotion of information and communications network utilization and information protection, etc. enables individuals to exercise the right to be forgotten in certain cases. However the above Act leans toward the protection of private information instead of balancing it with freedom of speech and right to access information. In the case of Personal information protection Act, personal information processor, or in the case of Act on promotion of information and communications network utilization and information protection, etc., internet service provider is obligated to ensure personal data protection. As such, when the obligated entity is a private entity, a similar problem as in the case of Google v. Gonzalez arises. The recently announced Guidelines on the right to request access restriction on personal internet postings by the Korea Comunications Commision, affords the right to request deletion of postings (including search engine links) made by the user himself or herself in the event of technical difficulties. However it should be noted that the above guideline is also imbalanced in that it does not consider the weight of freedom of speech and the right to access information.

성인의 눈꺼풀에 발생한 Muir-Torre 증후군 1예

배건호,김윤덕,우경인,Kunho Bae,Yoon-Duck Kim,Kyung-In Woo 대한안과학회 2011 대한안과학회지 Vol.52 No.3

Purpose: To present a rare case of Muir-Torre syndrome characterized by the association of sebaceous skin tumors and systemic malignancies. Case summary: A 65-year-old female visited our clinic with an irregular nodular mass of the right lower eyelid, which developed 1 year earlier. An excisional biopsy and lower lid reconstruction with Tenzel’s semicircular rotational flap was performed under local anesthesia. Histopathologic examination showed well-differentiated sebaceous cells, consistent with sebaceous adenoma. The patient had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy and lower anterior resection due to endometrial cancer and sigmoid colon cancer 5 years before, and nephroureterectomy due to papillary urothelial carcinoma 3 years before. Based on the history of systemic malignancy and sebaceous skin cancer, a diagnosis of Muir-Torre syndrome was made. Conclusions: When a sebaceous gland tumor of the eyelids is detected, Muir-Torre syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis, and systemic work-up for the internal malignancy must be performed. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2011;52(3):355-358

공동주택 주차장 축적먼지의 중금속 오염도 평가 : 대구광역시

배건호,정철수,박규태,이명숙,신동찬,김용혜,윤민혜,한영진,최혁,백성옥 한국대기환경학회 2011 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.5월

공동주택 주차장의 축적먼지 중 미량원소성분 분석과 오염원 평가

배건호(Gun Ho Bae),정철수(Cheol Su Jung),박규태(Kyu Tae Park),이명숙(Myoung Sook Lee),신동찬(Dong Chan Shin),김용혜(Yong Hye Kim),윤민혜(Min Hye Yoon),한영진(Young Jin Han),최혁(Hyuek Choi),백성옥(Sung Ok Baek) 大韓環境工學會 2011 대한환경공학회지 Vol.33 No.10

공동주택 주차장의 먼지오염실태를 연구하기 위하여 2010년 3월말에서 6월초까지 대구지역 공동주택 36곳의 지상주차장(36지점)과 지하주차장(36지점)을 대상으로 채취한 총 72개의 시료를 100 μm 이하로 체거름하고 산추출한 후 ICP로 14개원소를 분석하였다. 농축계수를 이용한 미량원소성분의 발생원 평가결과는 지상주차장과 지하주차장 모두 Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V의 성분은 자연적인 발생원에 의한 영향을 받고 있는 반면에 Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn의 성분은 인위적인 발생원에 의한 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 Ca은 지상주차장의 경우에는 자연적인 발생원의 영향을 받았고, 지하주차장의 경우에는 인위적인 발생원의 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 미량원소성분의 농도분석 결과는 자연적인 발생원과 관련된 성분이 인위적인 발생원과 관련된 성분보다 매우 높은 농도를 보였다. 인위적인 발생원성분의 기여도는 지하주차장이 지상주차장보다 높았으며, 미량원소성분의 평균농도 또한 지하주차장이 지상주차장보다 높았다. 오염지수를 이용한 중금속성분의 오염도를 평가한결과는 지하주차장이 지상주차장보다 5.5배정도 높게 오염된 것으로 나타났다. 미량원소성분간의 상관성 분석결과는 지상주차장이 지하주차장에 비해 유의한 상관성을 나타내는 항목이 많았으며, 특히 자연적 발생원 성분간 유의한 상관성이 더욱 크게 나타났다. 또한 유해 중금속성분과 지하주차장의 영향인자간의 상관성을 분석한 결과는 주차대수(공간)가 적은 지점이 큰 지점보다, 환기장치를 가동하지 않은 지점이 가동한 지점보다, 그리고 최근 도색년도와 청소일이 오래된 지점이 상대적으로 유해중금속을 많이 함유하고 있었다. In order to investigate the degree of apartment parking lot dust contamination, total 72 samples of parking lot dust (36 from ground parking lots and 36 from the underground parking lots) were collected in Daegu city from the end of March to the early June 2010. The dust samples were sieved below 100 μm, and analysed by ICP for 14 elements after an acid extraction. Results obtained from the source assessment of trace element using enrichment factor showed that Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and V were influenced by natural sources, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were influenced by anthropogenic sources in both the ground parking lot and the underground parking lot. And results showed that Ca were influenced by natural sources in the ground parking lot, but influenced by anthropogenic sources in the underground parking lot. The measured values were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from anthropogenic sources. Underground parking lot dust was more affected by anthropogenic sources and contaminated compared with the ground parking lot dust. Pollution index of heavy metals revealed that underground parking lot dust was 5.5 times more contaminated with heavy metal components than the ground parking lot dust. The results of correlation analysis among trace elements indicated that components in the ground parking lot were more correlated than those in the underground parking lot, and especially more correlated with natural sources-natural sources. Analysis for correlations between components and influencing factors in the underground parking lot showed that concentrations of heavy metals were higher with smaller number of parking spaces and no ventilation system, and older apartments in last paint and cleaning had relatively higher contents of heavy metals than those of recently painted and cleaned.

결절맥락막혈관병증 환자에서 애플리버셉트 유리체내주사 후 전층황반원공의 자연발생 및 폐쇄

이강민,배건호 한국망막학회 2020 Journal of Retina Vol.5 No.1

Purpose: To report a case of spontaneous closure of full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) secondary to intravitreal aflibercept injection in a patient with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Case summary: A 64-year-old female presented with decreased visual acuity in her left eye, which had a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.25. PCV with a massive submacular hemorrhage was observed in the left eye. Six weeks after initial intravitreal aflibercept treatment, FTMH developed in the same eye and BCVA decreased to 0.10. Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment was administered. After 2 weeks, BCVA improved to 0.30 and OCT showed spontaneous closure of the FTMH. The patient was treated with intravitreal C3F8 gas tamponade and no recurrence of FTMH was observed. Conclusions: FTMH may occur after intravitreal aflibercept injection during PCV treatment, and physicians should consider careful follow- up rather than immediate surgical treatment. 목적: 결절맥락막혈관병증 환자에서 애플리버셉트 유리체내주사 후 발생한 전층황반원공이 자연 폐쇄된 증례를 경험하여 이를 보고하고자 한다. 증례 요약: 64세 여자 환자가 갑작스러운 좌안 시력저하를 주소로 내원하였다. 좌안의 최대교정시력은 0.25였다. 인도시아닌그린혈관조영술에서 비정상적 분지혈관망과 폴립이 관찰되어 결절맥락막혈관병증으로 진단하고 애플리버셉트 유리체내주사를 시행하였다. 주사 6주 후 최대교정시력이 0.1로 저하되었으며, 빛간섭단층촬영검사에서 전층황반원공이 발생한 것을 확인하였다. 유리체절제술 계획하에 이에 앞서 베바시주맙 유리체내주사 치료하였다. 주사 2주 후 좌안 최대교정시력은 0.3으로 호전되었으며, 전층황반원공이 자연 폐쇄된 것을 확인하였고 추가적으로 유리체내 과불화프로판(C3F8) 가스 주입술을 시행하였다. 주입술 후 1개월째 좌안 최대교정시력은 0.3이었고 황반원공의 재발도 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: 결절맥락막혈관병증 환자에서 애플리버셉트를 포함한 항혈관내피성장인자의 유리체내주사는 황반원공을 유발할 수 있어 주의를 요하며, 전층황반원공이 발생하는 경우 비수술적인 치료로 폐쇄를 보일 수 있어 즉각적인 수술보다는 경과 관찰을 고려해볼 수 있겠다.