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박재억 한국식품과학회 2024 식품과학과 산업 Vol.57 No.4
Smart farms and vertical farms are emerging as innovative paradigms driving the production and commercialization of high-value natural products. Unlike traditional agriculture, which responds slowly to climate change and shifting consumer demands, smart farms utilize advanced digital technologies and precise environmental control to quickly meet market needs by adjusting target traits. This ensures a stable supply of high-quality natural products for industries such as functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, boosting product diversity and competitiveness. These farms optimize specific components through cultivation, producing high-value materials that meet consumer needs and promote sustainable growth. These technologies improve efficiency and sustainability, enabling data-driven decisions that guide agriculture’s future. Furthermore, the integration of agriculture and the food industry through models like ‘Farm to Table’ strengthens their complementary relationship, creating new opportunities. Government support, industry innovation, academic research, and increasing consumer awareness of sustainable products are essential to advancing the industrialization of food materials and positioning agriculture as a future economic driver.
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체육필수시설 담보신탁을 근거로 한 매각 절차와 인수인의 체육시설업자 권리·의무 승계 여부
박재억 사법발전재단 2019 사법 Vol.1 No.47
「체육시설의 설치 및 이용에 관한 법률」(이하 ‘체육시설법’이라 한다) 제27조 제1항은 상속과 합병 외에 영업양도의 경우에도 체육시설업의 등록 또는 신고에 따른 권리·의무를 승계한다고 정하고, 제2항은 경매를 비롯하여 이와 유사한 절차로 체육시설업의 시설 기준에 따른 필수시설(이하 ‘체육필수시설’이라 한다)을 인수한 자에 대해서도 제1항을 준용하고 있다. 위와 같은 방법으로 체육시설업자의 영업이나 체육필수시설이 타인에게 이전된 경우 영업양수인 또는 체육필수시설의 인수인 등은 체육시설업과 관련하여 형성된 공법상의 권리·의무뿐만 아니라 체육시설업자와 회원 간의 사법상 약정에 따른 권리·의무도 승계한다. 체육시설업자가 담보 목적으로 체육필수시설을 신탁법에 따라 담보신탁을 하였다가 채무를 갚지 못하여 체육필수시설이 공개경쟁입찰방식에 의한 매각(이하 ‘공매’라 한다) 절차에 따라 처분되거나 공매 절차에서 정해진 공매 조건에 따라 수의계약으로 처분되어 체육필수시설이 일괄하여 이전되는 경우에 회원에 대한 권리·의무도 승계되는지 문제가 된다. 대상판결은 담보신탁을 근거로 한 수의계약에 따라 골프장 토지와 건물인 체육필수시설이 일괄하여 이전된 경우 그 인수인이 체육시설업자의 입회금반환채무를 승계하는지가 문제가 된 사안이다. 대법원은 전원합의체 판결을 통해 이러한 경우에도 체육시설법 제27조의 문언과 체계, 입법 연혁과 그 목적, 담보신탁의 실질적인 기능 등에 비추어 체육필수시설의 인수인은 체육시설업자와 회원 간에 약정한 사항을 포함하여 그 체육시설업의 등록 또는 신고에 따른 권리·의무를 승계한다고 판단하였다. 대상판결은 체육필수시설이 일괄하여 인수인에게 이전되는 경우 회원에 대한 권리·의무도 승계된다고 보는 것이 법률의 목적에 부합하고, 담보신탁에 따른 공매나 수의계약으로 체육필수시설이 이전된 경우에도 회원에 대한 권리·의무의 승계를 인정하는 것이 문언해석에도 부합하며, 이러한 해석은 입법 연혁과 경위에서 알 수 있는 입법자의 의사에도 부합한다는 점을 근거로 들었다. 또한 담보신탁의 기능 등에 비추어 그에 따른 공매 등은 저당권 등 담보권 실행을 위한 경매 절차 등과 구별하여 다루어야 할 만큼 실질적인 차이가 없고, 담보신탁을 근거로 한 공매 절차에서 도산격리 효과를 일부 제한하여 체육필수시설의 인수인에 대해 입회금반환채무를 포함한 권리·의무의 승계를 인정하는 것이 이익형량의 관점에서도 타당하다는 점을 근거로 들었다. 대상판결은 체육필수시설에 관한 담보신탁계약에서 정한 공매나 수의계약으로 체육필수시설이 일괄하여 이전되는 때에 체육필수시설의 인수인은 체육시설업자와 회원 간에 약정한 사항을 포함하여 그 체육시설업의 등록 또는 신고에 따른 권리·의무를 승계한다고 판시한 최초의 판결이다. 이 판결로써 체육시설업자와 이용관계를 맺은 다수 회원의 이익을 보호하려는 체육시설법 제27조의 입법 목적을 실현하는 데에도 이바지할 수 있다. Article 27 Parag. 1 of the Installation and Utilization of Sports Facilities Act (hereinafter “Sports Facilities Act”) provides that the rights and obligations are inherited upon the registration or reporting of the sports facility business not only in cases of inheritance and merger but also in cases of business transfer. Furthermore, the Act stipulates under Parag. 2 that Parag. 1 applies mutatis mutandis to a person who acquires essential facilities in compliance with the facility standards for sports facility business (hereinafter “essential sports facilities”) through an auction or other similar procedures. In a case where businesses of sports facility business entities or essential sports facilities are transferred to others in the above manner, a transferee of the business or a person who acquires the essential sports facilities succeeds to not only the rights and obligations under public law, created in relation to the sports facilities business, but also the rights and obligations arising from a private agreement forged between the sports facilities business entity and its members. Where a sports facility business entity creates a security trust of the essential sports facility for security purposes in accordance with the Trust Act, but fails to pay back a loan it borrowed against the relevant essential sports facility, the pertinent essential sports facility may either be sold by means of open competitive bids (hereinafter “public sale”) or by a negotiated contract pursuant to the conditions of public sale prescribed at the public sale proceedings, through which it is transferred en bloc. What becomes a matter for concern is whether the rights and obligations towards the members of the pertinent essential sports facility are inherited as well. The subject case pertains to a question of whether an acquirer of the essential sports facilities, including the golf course land and buildings, which are transferred en bloc pursuant to a negotiated contract based on a security trust, succeeds to the sport facility business entity's obligation to return a security deposit for membership. In an en banc decision, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea held that a person who acquires the essential sports facility also succeeds to the rights and obligations upon the registration or reporting of a sports facility business, including the matters agreed upon between the sports facility business entity and its members, in light of (i) the language and text and the structure of Article 27 of the Sports Facilities Act, (ii) its legislative history and its purpose, and (iii) the practical function of a security trust. The subject case cited the following as the grounds for its determination: (i) it conforms to the legislative purpose to deem that the rights and obligations towards the members are inherited by the acquirer of the essential sports facility transferred en bloc; (ii) it is more aligned with the literal interpretation of the law to deem that the rights and obligations towards the members are inherited where the essential sports facility is transferred by a public sale or a negotiated contract based on security trust, and such an interpretation is consonant with the legislative intent demonstrated through the legislative history and process. Furthermore, the court argued that there is no substantial difference between a public sale based on security trust and an auction procedure for exercise of a security right, such as a mortgage, in light of the function of security trust, and that it is more reasonable from the standpoint of balancing of interests to restrict, to some extent, the effect of bankruptcy remoteness in a public sale proceeding based on security trust, thereby recognizing the succession of the rights and obligations, including the obligation to return a security deposit for membership, by a transferee of an essential sports facility. The subject case marks the first ruling explicitly stat...
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박재억(Je-Uk Park),남동석(Dong-Seok Nahm) 대한치과교정학회 1988 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.18 No.1
The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate what proportion is the characteristics in Korean dental arches with normal occlusion. Many others have already indicated Golden proportion in normal dental arches, but have not considered any racial and sociocultural differences. So the author postulated (√2)<sup>n</sup> relations in Koreans. The materials were consisted of 134 dental casts with normal occlusion, which have never undergone orthodontic and prosthodontic procedures. Measurements were made on the arch dimensions using sliding caliper and data were computerized. The findings were as follows: 1. The width between the distal surfaces of the upper centrals, had (√2)<sup>³</sup> relation with the width between the buccal surfaces of the upper 1st premolars in Koreans. 2. The width between the distal surfaces of the lower laterals had (√2) relation with the width between the distal surfaces of the lower canines, and had (√2)<sup>²</sup> relation with the distal surfaces of the upper centrals. 3. The width between the distal surfaces of the lower centrals had (√2)<sup>²</sup> relation with the width between the distal surfaces of the lower laterals, and had (√2)<sup>³</sup> relation with the width between the distal surfaces of the upper centrals.
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박재억(Je Uk Park),윤경인(Kyoung In Yoon) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2000 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.26 No.6
Orbital injuries are common with facial trauma. Direct injuries to the globe are not rare but it can result in complications such as chemosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage and hyphema. Periorbital trauma or injuries to the extraocular muscles and blow-out fracture may result in lid edema, ecchymosis & ptosis and diplopia or limitation of ocular motion respectively. Indirect injuries to the optic nerve come up without any injuries but its complication is irreversible and severe such as loss of vision. The aim of this study is to review the literature on blindness or ptosis following facial trauma and present the cases of blindness after facial trauma and ptosis after mandibular fracture without specific clinical findings.
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