대규모 LPWA기반 네트워크에서 분산된 주차 공간 관리서비스의 설계 및 구현

박신열 ( Shinyeol Park ),정종필 ( Jongpil Jeong ),박동범 ( Dongbeom Park ),박병준 ( Byungjun Park ) 한국정보처리학회 2018 정보처리학회논문지. 컴퓨터 및 통신시스템 Vol.7 No.10

Due to the development of cities and the increase of vehicles, effective control of parking space management service in cities is needed. However, the existing parking lot management system does not provide limited or convenient service in terms of space and time. In this paper, we propose distributed parking space management service based on large scale LPWA (Low-Power Wide-Area). The parking sensor collects parking space information from the parking lot and is transmitted over a low-power wide network. All parking data is processed and analyzed in the IoT cloud. Through a parking space management service system in all cities, users are given the temporal convenience of determining the parking space and the area efficiency of the parking space.

변화와 변용으로 본 근대기 서울 남산의 공원

박희성,Park, Hee-Soung 한국조경학회 2015 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.43 No.4

Unlike other mountains in Korea, Seoul Namsan(南山), which is one of the landmarks that represent the country's capital city, is perceived as a city park. This article aims to study the process that Namsan became a park and the transformation of its place in Korean Emperor and Japanese colonial period. The serial changes in Namsan, in early modern era, mean that is associated with the colonial urbanization and the rule of space by Japan. The stages of Waeseongdae Park(倭城臺公園), Gyeongseong Park(京城公園) and Hanyang Park(漢陽公園) under the leadership of Japan, due to the extension of Japan's power, Namsan has became the park. Here, the park has become a strategic tool of other's occupying Hanseongbu(漢城府), a capital city. The process that Namsan became a park dose not mean making the space for recreation and rest, but is an excuse for using the land. Since then, Namsan's parks barely fulfilled its original function as park as it was transformed into a shrine, Gyeongseong Jinjya(京城神社), for Japanese warriors or was incurred upon by Joseon Singung(朝鮮神宮), which was established as a facility to govern Korea, sometimes is gradually and sometimes is mercilessly. The fact, transplantation of Japanese culture and replacement as ruler space, is another aspect of occupying and govern place. In other words, while the process that Namsan became a park is the way of establishing Japanese force, the transformation of its place show a colonial rule as an aspect of space. Meanwhile, in spite of transformation to shrine, Namsan became accepted as a park for a long time, because of the forest of Namsan. Japan managed forest as a sacred place. It is also a result of the Japanese rule of space.

서구 공원 녹지 배치 계획 이론의 초기 발전 과정과 특성

박구원 ( Koo Won Park ) 한국녹지환경디자인학회 2006 녹지환경학회지 Vol.2 No.2

In America and Europe from the latter part of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the planning ideologies of park system and greenbelts were made and these planning ideologies are called Green Network System. They are different in terms of the purpose, type and method, but they have common characteristics of encouraging order and amenity in cities based on the consecutive connection of green space, and of coping with the problems happening in cities. Just as the park system was made, centering around new America and greenbelts were developed to meet with the problems happening in large cities, the structural arrangement and the roles of greens should be different. However, this connection system of greens was oriented in the circumstances of America and Europe at that time so it has not been confirmed what sizes of cities it would be useful for. On the other hand, separately from the Green Network System, the theory of park arrangement is being developed. It intends to cope with deterioration of the living environment caused by overcrowded cities and with increase in the demands of public parks. It is based on the neighborhood unit and the science of human settlement. In addition, the theory of park arrangement is based on the effects of greens in use, rather than, in decoration so it encourages dispersion and hierarchical system of parks, having the human settlement as base. Consequently, the theory of park arrangement is influenced by the characteristics and the type of households, and it has a required area and planning unit. However, this theory has the right for walking and human scale as the basic unit so for the large parks that are beyond the human scale, the planning criteria are not clear. The theory of park arrangement, which is based on the neighborhood unit, may be useful for the cities with tens of thousands of residents, but it is partially applied for the cities with 500,000~1,000,000 residents. And further, in organizing the green system for the whole city, the theory of park arrangement can be ignored. As seen in the above, the existing arrangement theory has some problems: it is just for partial application; and it is not suitable for the size and the growing speed of cities. The greens in cities should be operated as the comprehensive system, but greenbelts and park arrangement have been studied separately so far. That`s why it is necessary to review again the existing arrangement theory.

도시공원녹지의 구성과 배치 특성에 따른 이용만족도에 관한 연구 - 일본 타마뉴타운의 사례중심으로 -

염성진,박청인,Yeom, Sung-Jin,Park, Chung-In 한국조경학회 2011 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.39 No.5

Parks and green spaces have various functions for improving urban physical and social environments. Urban parks and green space planning have been applied in this study for the purpose of enhancing the urban environment. The most popular method for urban parks and green space planning is incrementing the quantity of parks and green spaces. However, it may not be possible to designate new parks and green spaces in a large city because of the difficulty of obtaining land. This study explores how urban parks and green space planning produces better quality urban environments without having to designate new parks and green spaces. The study evaluates existing parks and green spaces according to the satisfaction of the users. This evaluation could be a useful tool for those planning urban parks and green space systems. The study was performed in Tama Newtown, Japan, within two districts with two distinct characteristics of park systems: concentration and equality arrangement forms. For comparison, on-site questionnaires were used, with 319 residents in the area responding to the study. The data was collected and analyzed, using t-test, factor analysis, and multiple regression methods. The study found there was no difference in satisfaction factors be tween the two districts. However, differences were found within each of the districts, depending on parks and green space components. For example, the quality of green space was the most important factor for the district with a planned concentration arrangement form of parks and green spaces, but, separation of the pedestrian and vehicular systems was the most important factor in the district with a planned equality arrangement form of park system. Factors affecting the satisfaction of parks and green spaces that were common between the two sites were: accessibility, quality of park, quality of green space, and separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffics.

국내 역사공원의 지정 및 조성 경향 분석

길지혜,박희성,박재민,Gil, Ji-Hye,Park, Hee-Soung,Park, Jae-Min 한국조경학회 2016 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.44 No.2

After the revision of the Urban Park Act in 2005, historical parks emerged in Korea to promote the preservation of historical heritage while also offering recreation and education to ordinary citizens. It is now time to examine the characteristics of domestic historical parks by examining their current operational conditions, and seek appropriate institutional improvements. By studying the characteristics of historical parks in various countries, as well as the trends in the designation and development of domestic historical parks, this study attempts to examine the function and role of historical parks, and seeks a direction for future action. Through its literature review, this study also examines the current state of historical parks through cooperation with relevant public officials and experts. The results of the study show that, despite historical resources being concentrated in sites dating to the Joseon Dynasty, they also include heritage pertaining to persons, events, and places. There is also a trend toward increasing the focus on modern heritage. Historical parks show differences across existing cities and new towns, as well as between major cities and provincial cities. Provincial cities showed a recent trend of using historical parks as important resources for strengthening their economics and solidifying their identities. Also, there are many cases where the designated category for a park is changed to a historical park. In such cases, there may be a problem where certain functions of the park run into conflict. Domestic historical parks can be divided into four categories: heritage parks, memorial parks, historical theme parks, and historic parks. Such detailed classification schemes may serve as the strategic foundation for later conservation and usage of historical heritage, as well as a standard for suggesting concrete direction in the operation of historical parks.

공원 환경설계를 통한 범죄예방 연구

이화(Lee, Hwa),박행렬(Park, Haeng Ryeol) 한국공안행정학회 2018 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.27 No.3

본 연구는 공원 CPTED 원리를 가이드라인으로 하여 대전광역시 어린이공원 50곳을 현장조사한 후, 그 결과를 바탕으로 범죄로부터 안전한 공원을 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 현장조사 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주･야간 약 50%로 사각지대 가 발생하고, 공원 주위에 주차된 차량으로 인해 시각 가림 현상이 일어나는 곳도 약 50% 정도였다. 조명은 전체적으로 밝고 높이가 적정하여 가시성을 확보할수 있었지만 설치위치가 부적당하여(60%) 추가 또는 이전 설치가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 출입구는 1~3개로 적절했으며, 출입구 이외의 경계부는 철제, 관목을 주로 한 펜스로 이루어져 있어 공원 내･외부 영역을 명확하게 구분할 수 있었다. CCTV는 360°회전 가능한 구조로 98% 설치되어 있어 감시기능에는 문제 가 없었다. 공원 내 비상벨이 설치된 비율은 28%로 매우 낮았다. 셋째, 공원 내부 및 주위 이용 인원은 주･야간 모두 낮은 것으로 나타나 조사 대상 공원이 덜 활성화되어 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째, 50%정도의 공원은 청결했지만 28%는 쓰레기 투기로 인해 불결한 편으로 나타났다. 이런 문제점을 개선하기 위해서는 사각지대에 대한 재정비, 양방향 자연적 감시의 어려움을 개선하기 위한 주･정차 차량 단속, 위급한 상황에 대처할 수 있는 비상벨의 설치, 지속적인 유지 관리 등이 필요할 것이다. 본 연구는 겨울철에 조사된 결과이므로 이용인원, 수목관리 상태 등 일부항목은 시기에 따라 다를 수 있기에 향후 계절별 조사를 더한 전반적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 본다. This study provided ways for safe parks from crime through field survey, based on the principle of park CPTED, of 50 children s parks in Daejeon Metropolitan City. The results of the field survey are as follows. First, about 50 percent of the park caused blind spots and 50 percent of the park was blocked one’s view by cars parked around the park. Although the lighting was generally bright and properly high enough to ensure visibility, it was found that the installation location was unsuitable (60%). Second, the gates were from one to three gates, and the boundaries consisted mainly of steel and shrubs so that the inside park from outside could be clearly identified. Since CCTV is installed with a 360° rotating structure, there were no problems with its monitoring function. The rate of emergency bells installed in the park was 28 percent, very low. Third, the number of people using the park was low, indicating that the park under investigation was less active. Fourth, about 50 percent of the parks were clean but 28 percent were unclean due to trash speculation. Improving these problems will require readjustment of blind spots, installation of emergency bells to cope with emergencies, and ongoing maintenance.

도시공원 바닥포장의 디자인 개선에 관한 연구

김신원(Shin Won Kim),박태석(Tae Seok Park),노희곤(Hee Gon Noh) 한국디자인문화학회 2009 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.15 No.3

도시가 발전하면서 사람들은 삶에 있어 정신적, 문화적 욕구의 충족에 더 많은 관심을 가지게 된다. 도시환경을 개선하고자 하는 요구는 과거에 비해 더욱 심화되었다. 조경 분야에서 외부 환경의 물리적 요소는 이러한 요구에 부응하는데 있어 중요한 역할을 한다. 일반적으로 외부 공간을 형성하는 주요한 골격은 토지, 식물, 정형적 요소 등이다. 도시생활에서 이용자가 향유하는 공간으로는 주로 자연이 우세한 자연적 공간, 인공적 요소가 가미된 자연적 공간, 인공성이 주가 되는 자연적 공간 등이 있다. 이러한 공간은 사람들이 자연과 접하며 휴식하고 만나고 담소를 나누는 장소가 된다. 외부 공간은 실용적인 기능뿐만이 아니라 시각적인 아름다움도 지녀야 한다. 최근 들어 조경디자인 분야에서 공간을 구성하는데 질 높은 다양한 재료들이 활용되고 있다. 그런데 도시공원을 보면 특히 바닥포장과 관련해서는 개선해야 할 부분이 많이 있다. 시대의 흐름 및 도시민의 요구에 부응하여 빠른 시일 내에 도시공원 바닥포장 디자인의 개선이 이루어져야 하고 재료 선정에 변화가 있어야 한다. 도시공원의 바닥포장은 이용자의 쾌적성, 안전성, 접근성 등에 영향을 준다. 도시공원 바닥포장의 디자인 개선에 관한 본 연구는 쾌적한 도시공원을 위해 필요로 하는 바닥포장의 조성에 대한 연구이다. 연구방법은 선유도, 서울숲, 월드컵공원의 현황을 조사하여 바닥포장과 관련된 문제의 요인과 유형을 분석하고, 문제를 해결하고 공간의 질을 높이기 위해 바닥포장 개선 방안을 연구하여 설계안을 제시하였다. 도시공원 바닥포장의 품질 개선을 도모하며, 향후 도시공원 바닥포장 디자인의 수준을 제고하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 자료를 제공하는 것에 본 연구의 의의와 목적이 있다. 연구를 수행하기 위하여 도시공원 바닥포장에 대해 현황 조사 및 분석이 이루어졌다. 또한 연구 결과를 토대로 하여 바람직한 바닥포장 재료 및 색채를 선정하고 적절한 바닥포장 디자인의 변경안을 제시하였다. 도시공원 바닥포장의 디자인 변경이 요구되는 현황을 조사하고 그 원인을 분석하여 개선안을 제시한 본 연구의 내용은 이용자가 만족할 수 있는 쾌적하고 아름다운 도시공간을 조성하는데 도움이 될 것이다. As cities continue to develop, people desire to fulfil their mental and cultural desires. So the demand for improving the city environment is more palatable than ever. The `outer-space` physical element in landscape architecture has its own role to play in satisfying this demand. The general frame of `outer-space` is mostly based on land, plants, and formative factors, regardless of size, fixedness, or location. The space for leisure use is divided into three parts. The first is `natural space` including mountains, rivers, and seas. The second is `natural space with added artificial elements` such as parks and terraced land on the rivers, which are created to protect the natural space from probable damage and to make full use of the space as rest areas. The third is `purposeful space` such as squares and parks with environmental and human facilities. They are the spaces made for the purposes of resting, recreation, and/or indicating the border of inside or outside of buildings. The ideal function of the elements of outer space is not only providing beauty, but also playing an important role in determining the atmosphere of limited space like parks. With the rapidly changing social norm, the design period tends to get shorter and shorter, and the recent trend is to use materials with high quality and diversity. However, the design of pavement in city parks has not been remodeled. Great improvements to facility maintenance, repair work, and plant preservation in parks have been made, but the issue of remodelling pavement has hardly been considered. Given that the type of pavement can give comfort or stress to the people visiting parks, it plays an important role in park design. This study is to design and create surface pavement for improving the outdoor spatial quality of city parks. The specific goals and objectives of this study are: to develop design criteria for creating user-responsive outdoor space, based upon the research findings drawn from site survey and analysis focusing on the surface pavement in city parks; and to make specific design recommendations, if there is room for improvement, for improving the outdoor spatial quality of city parks. This research study focused on surface pavement in 3 city parks (Seonyu Island, Seoul Forest, World Cup Park) such as overall image, arrangement of pavement, design and pattern, material, and color. With this background, and with survey and analysis, this study will suggest design changes to pavement in order to make the public space of the city park more satisfying and comfortable to its users. Findings obtained from this research study could be used in the designing of future projects in order to get a better understanding of the needs of users. The changes in order to meet users` needs and to improve the spatial quality of the city parks should be implemented.

고용접근성에 기반한 산업단지 교외화 지수 개발 및 적용

박정일(Park, Jeong-Il) 대한국토·도시계획학회 2015 국토계획 Vol.50 No.6

While there is a growing concerns that developments of new industrial parks are spread out to rural areas or otherwise undeveloped land at the outskirts of the urban area, very few studies attempt to empirically investigate the locational patterns of industrial parks in Korea. Using spatial dataset for industrial parks from 2001 to 2014 and eup-myeon-dong level population data in 2000, this study develops and applies a sprawl index for individual industrial park that accounts for its job accessibility or job-resident spatial matching. Results of the sprawl index analysis show that industrial park location became more inaccessible relative to populated places, especially, after the year 2008, when the special act for simplification of authorization and permission procedures for industrial parks was enacted. Measuring industrial park sprawl as accessibility among job potential and populated places gives planners and policy makers a better understanding how industrial park locations link to the strategies for increasing job opportunities for urban neighborhood and for promoting sustainability through slowing greenfield consumption and suburbanization of industrial activities.

박태원 문학의 문학사 기입과정 연구

박진숙(Park, Jin-sook) 우리말글학회 2016 우리말 글 Vol.71 No.-

이 글은 박태원 문학이 한국문학사에 어떤 식으로 기입되었는지 그 과정을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 박태원의 「소설가 구보씨의 일일」이 발표된 1934년 전후의 비평계에 박태원이 어떠한 평가를 얻고 있었는지, 한국문학사에는 어떤 식으로 기입되어 있는지 그 과정을 추적해보았다. 1934년을 전후한 비평계에서 박태원은 문체, 형식 면에서도 조선어문학의 새로운 경지를 개척하였으며, 1936년 무렵 고현학에 대한 소개가 있었다는 것, 이태준의 지지가 「소설가 구보씨의 일일」에 매우 중요한 역할을 했다는 것, 프로작가들은 기교파, 심리주의라고 비판했으나 안회남부터 박태원의 도회적 감각, 기교주의의 긍정성에 대한 평가를 하고 있다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 백철의 문학사에서는 최재서의 비평을 토대로 천변풍경에 대한 평가가 이루어지고, 조연현의 문학사에서는 박태원에 대한 언급이 사라졌다. 박태원이 문학사에 복원되는 것은 1973년 김윤식 김현의 한국문학사 서술에서이다. 여기서 언급된 장거리문장은 1938년 이태준이 단행본 『소설가 구보씨의 일일』 서문에서 언급한 것이 유래가 된다. 이러한 논의에 기대어 박태원과 이태준이 공유하고 있는 문학, 한국문학사 내에서 장거리문장에 대한 본격적인 연구, 기교파라는 지칭의 일본 · 조선 간 비평의 맥락에 대한 복원 등을 통해 박태원 연구 나아가 한국문학연구가 풍성해지길 전망해본다. This study is to trace the process of how the works of Tae-won Park secured a position in Korean literary history. Above all, I traced what evaluations Tae-won Park received in the field of literary criticism around the year of 1934, when his novel A day in the life of Mr. Gubo the Novelist was published, and how he is described in Korean literary history nowadays. The results are as follows: Park developed a new fields in the aspects of writing style and literary form in Korean literature around the year of 1934. Mun-chip Kim introduced the modernology around 1936. The support of Tae-joon Lee played a critical role in the evaluation of the novel A day in the life of Mr. Gubo the Novelist. While the writers in proletarian literature criticized him as technicism or psychologism, Hoe-nam Ahn appraised his urban sensibility and technicism. After Korea’s independence, Chol Paik rated Scenes From Chong-gye Stream high in his literary historiography, on the while Yeon-hyeon Cho never gave any comment on Tae-won Park in his literary history. It is in the Korean literary history by Hyeon Kim and Yun-shik Kim in 1973 that Park is restored in literary history. The concept of ‘long distance sentence’ referred by them, originated in Tae-joon Lee’s preface which was included in the Park’s book A day in the life of Mr. Gubo the Novelist. I am looking forward that research of Korean literature as well as Tae-won Park will bear abundant fruit with my findings as followings: ‘long distance sentences’ in Korean literary history which Park and Tae-joon Lee is sharing, technicism in the contexts of criticism between Colonial Korea and Japan.

서울시 도시공원 변천에 관한 연구

박인재 ( In Jae Park ),이재근 ( Jae Keun Lee ) 한국전통조경학회 2002 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.20 No.4